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Unsaturated esters may be epoxidized using either electrophilic or nucleophilic methods. Lanthanide-mediated epoxidation has been successfully applied to cinnamates and β-heteroaryl unsaturated esters. Amides are also epoxidized under lanthanide-mediated conditions.
Epoxidations of other electron-deficient double bonds... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction can be used to facilitate one carbon ring expansions when the substrate ketone is cyclic. For instance, the reaction of cyclopentanone with diazomethane forms cyclohexanone (shown below). The Büchner ring expansion reactions utilizing diazoalkanes have proven to be synthetica... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac). Such an interacting ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A dispersed medium consists of two media that do not mix. More specifically, it contains discrete elements of one medium which are dispersed in a continuous second medium. The two media can be of very different nature. In particular, they can be a gas, a liquid or a solid.
Many materials which we encounter during the d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Randle cycle is a biochemical mechanism involving the competition between glucose and fatty acids for their oxidation and uptake in muscle and adipose tissue. The cycle controls fuel selection and adapts the substrate supply and demand in normal tissues. This cycle adds a nutrient-mediated fine tuning on top of the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When an herbivore starts eating a plant, the plant may respond by increasing its production of volatiles or changing its volatile profile. This plasticity is controlled by either the jasmonic acid pathway or the salicylic acid pathway, depending largely on the herbivore; these substances are often called herbivore-indu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gas lasers, laser diodes, and solid-state lasers can be manufactured to emit ultraviolet rays, and lasers are available that cover the entire UV range. The nitrogen gas laser uses electronic excitation of nitrogen molecules to emit a beam that is mostly UV. The strongest ultraviolet lines are at 337.1 nm and 357.6 nm i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1822, Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour discovered the critical point of a substance in his famous cannon barrel experiments. Listening to discontinuities in the sound of a rolling flint ball in a sealed cannon filled with fluids at various temperatures, he observed the critical temperature. Above this temperature, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A quinone dimethide (or "xylylene") is a compound with the formula CH(=CH). Thus they are related to quinone monomethides (the topic of this article) by replacing the keto group with methylidene. A well studied example is tetracyanoquinodimethane. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
p75NTR serves as a regulator for actin assembly. Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) causes the actin cytoskeleton to become rigid which limits growth cone mobility and inhibits neuronal elongation in the developing nervous system. p75NTR without a ligand bound activates RhoA and limits actin assembly, but neurotrophin ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and physical activity level (PAL). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements. An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the Harris-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early history of the Solar System, radioactive isotopes having a half-life on the order of a few million years (such as aluminium-26 and iron-60) were sufficiently abundant to produce enough heat to cause internal melting of some moons and even some asteroids, such as Vesta noted above. After these radioactive ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The prognosis is good for paracetamol overdoses if treatment is initiated up to 8 hours after the drug has been taken. Most hospitals stock the antidote (acetylcysteine), which replenishes the liver's supply of glutathione, allowing the NAPQI to be metabolized safely. Without early administration of the antidote, fulmi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William Christopher Zeise was born 15 October 1789 in Slagelse, the son of an apothecary, Frederick Zeise (1754–1836), who was an old friend of physicist Hans Christian Ørsteds father. Zeise attended Slagelse Latin school until he went to Copenhagen in 1805 to take up an apprenticeship under Gottfried Becker as a pharm... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The lost-wax casting tradition was developed by the peoples of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, northwest Venezuela, Andean America, and the western portion of South America. Lost-wax casting produced some of the regions typical gold wire and delicate wire ornament, such as fine ear ornaments. The process was e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phenolphthalein's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications: concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water. As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, pH decreases to 8.5–9. When a 1% phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal con... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Planet Simulator, also known as a Planetary Simulator, is a climate-controlled simulation chamber designed to study the origin of life. The device was announced by researchers at McMaster University on behalf of the Origins Institute on 4 October 2018. The simulator project begun in 2012 and was funded with $1 mill... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Levorphanol is listed under the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is regulated like morphine in most countries. In the U.S., it is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance with a DEA ACSCN of 9220 and 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 4.5 kilograms. The salts in use are the tartrate (free base ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Strecker degradation is a chemical reaction which converts an α-amino acid into an aldehyde containing the side chain, by way of an imine intermediate. It is named after Adolph Strecker, a German chemist.
The original observation by Strecker involved the use of alloxan as the oxidant in the first step, followed by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With the excellent nature in biodegradation and biocompatibility, supramolecular polymers show great potential in the development of drug delivery, gene transfection and other biomedical applications.
: Multiple cellular stimuli could induce responses in supramolecular polymers. The dynamic molecular skeletons of supra... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are four main factors influencing photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The four main are:
* Light irradiance and wavelength
* Water absorption
* Carbon dioxide concentration
* Temperature.
Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Most genes considered master regulators code for transcription factor proteins, which in turn alter the expression of downstream genes in the pathway. Canonical examples of master regulators include Oct-4 (also called POU5F1), SOX2, and NANOG, all transcription factors involved in maintaining pluripotency in stem cells... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When monomers with two types of functional groups A and B undergo step growth polymerisation by virtue of a reaction between A and B groups, a similar analytical results are known. See the table on the right for several examples. In this case, is the fraction of initial monomers with groups A and groups B. Suppose t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isoaspartyl formation reactions have been conjectured to be one of the factors that limit the useful lifetime of proteins.
Isoaspartyl formation proceeds much more quickly if the asparagine is followed by a small, flexible residue (such as Gly) that leaves the peptide group open for attack. These reactions also procee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. If the feedstock oil is used or has a high acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty acids with alcohol to produce biodiesel.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy that is concerned with infrared and Raman spectra of molecules in the gas phase. Transitions involving changes in both vibrational and rotational states can be abbreviated as rovibrational (or ro-vibrational) transitions. When such transitions em... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mitochondria (or related structures) are found in all eukaryotes (except the Oxymonad Monocercomonoides). Although commonly depicted as bean-like structures they form a highly dynamic network in the majority of cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion. The population of all the mitochondria of a given cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the restoration of democracy in 1974, Zervas was able to contribute once more to research and educational policy. As previously, refusing to take a salary for these positions, he served a second time as the President of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (1974–1975) and then as the President of the National Hellen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Heterotopic groups are those that when substituted are structurally different. They are neither diastereotopic or enantiotopic nor homotopic. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Water has a very high specific heat capacity of 4184 J/(kg·K) at 20 °C (4182 J/(kg·K) at 25 °C) —the second-highest among all the heteroatomic species (after ammonia), as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65 kJ/mol or 2257 kJ/kg at the normal boiling point), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen bo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Globo H (globohexaosylceramide) is a globo-series glycosphingolipid antigen that is present on the outer membrane of some cancer cells. Globo H is not expressed in normal tissue cells, but is expressed in a number of types of cancers, including cancers of the breast, prostate, and pancreas. Globo H's exclusivity for ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are success... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Huang et al. investigated the feasibility of using gold nanorods for both cancer cell imaging as well as photothermal therapy. The authors conjugated antibodies (anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies) to the surface of gold nanorods, allowing the gold nanorods to bind specifically to certain malignant cancer cells (HSC and H... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Genome-wide knockdown studies are an example of the reverse genetics made possible by the acquisition of whole genome sequences, and the advent of genomics and gene-silencing technologies, mainly siRNA and deletion mapping. Genome-wide knockdown studies involve systematic knockdown or deletion of genes or segments of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyridine is readily degraded by bacteria to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The unsubstituted pyridine ring degrades more rapidly than picoline, lutidine, chloropyridine, or aminopyridines, and a number of pyridine degraders have been shown to overproduce riboflavin in the presence of pyridine. Ionizable N-heterocyclic com... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metals can be coated with paint or other less conductive metals (passivation). This prevents the metal surface from being exposed to electrolytes. Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion. The region under the coating adjacent to the scratch acts as the anode of the reaction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In cooperativity, the initial ligand binding affects the host's affinity for subsequent ligands. In positive cooperativity, the first binding event enhances the affinity of the host for another ligand. Examples of positive and negative cooperativity are hemoglobin and aspartate receptor, respectively.
The thermodynamic... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Neurochemistry International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in neurochemistry, including molecular and cellular neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and genetic aspects of central nervous system function, neuroimmunology, metabolism as well as the neurochemistry of neurological and psychiatric dis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carotenoids are located primarily outside the cell nucleus in different cytoplasm organelles, lipid droplets, cytosomes and granules. They have been visualised and quantified by raman spectroscopy in an algal cell.
With the development of monoclonal antibodies to trans-lycopene it was possible to localise this caroteno... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Most of the time, artificial tissue is grown from the patients own cells. However, when the damage is so extreme that it is impossible to use the patients own cells, artificial tissue cells are grown. The difficulty is in finding a scaffold that the cells can grow and organize on. The characteristics of the scaffold mu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The free-living bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, uses another signaling molecule in addition to an acylated homoserine lactone. This molecule, termed Autoinducer-2 (or AI-2), is a furanosyl borate diester. AI-2, which is also produced and used by a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Yulia Sister was born in 1936 in Chișinău (Russian: Kishinev), at the time in the Kingdom of Romania, a city which later became the capital of the Moldavian SSR and since 1991 is the capital of Moldova. Her parents and paternal grandparents were also born in this city. The grandparents were there and survived the pogr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PaNie is a 25 kDa protein produced by the root rot disease-causing pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. It stands for Pythium aphanidermatum Necrosis inducing elicitor. PaNie (aka NLP) belongs to a family of elicitors named the Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), which cause necrosis when injected into the leaves of dicotyledonous ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ertl is one of the editors of the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis. ()
Ertl is the co-editor of Engineering Of Chemical Complexity. 2013, World Scientific Publishing. () | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The perchlorate ion is monovalent, in other words, it has valence 1.<br />
Valences may also be different from absolute values of oxidation states due to different polarity of bonds. For example, in dichloromethane, , carbon has valence 4 but oxidation state 0.<br />
Iron oxides appear in a crystal structure, so no ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final, processed messenger RNA (mRNA) pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2007 a quantum model was proposed by Graham Fleming and his co-workers which includes the possibility that photosynthetic energy transfer might involve quantum oscillations, explaining its unusually high efficiency.
According to Fleming there is direct evidence that remarkably long-lived wavelike electronic quantum ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An aragonite sea contains aragonite and high-magnesium calcite as the primary inorganic calcium carbonate precipitates. The chemical conditions of the seawater must be notably high in magnesium content relative to calcium (high Mg/Ca ratio) for an aragonite sea to form. This is in contrast to a calcite sea in which se... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Transacetylation uses vinyl acetate as an acetyl donor and lipase as a catalyst. This methodology allows the preparation of enantio-enriched alcohols and acetates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Levoketoconazole, sold under the brand name Recorlev, is a steroidogenesis inhibitor that is used for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Levoketoconazole was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2021.
Levoketoconazole is the levorotatory or (2S,4R) enantiomer of ketoconazole, and it is an inhibit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Wood-tar creosote is to some extent used for wood preservation, but it is generally mixed with coal-tar creosote, since the former is not as effective. Commercially available preparations of "liquid smoke", marketed to add a smoked flavour to meat and aid as a preservative, consist primarily of creosote and other const... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Contraindications to its use include volume-depleted patients, a history of angioedema while on an ACE inhibitor, pregnancy and hypotension.
People should not take ramipril (or any ACE inhibitors) if they have hyperkalemia. It is also recommended to avoid using salt-substitutes as this can further increase potassium le... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) is the organosulfur compound with the formula EtNSF. This liquid is a fluorinating reagent used for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. The compound is colourless; older samples assume an orange colour. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crystallographic image processing (CIP) is traditionally understood as being a set of key steps in the determination of the atomic structure of crystalline matter from high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images obtained in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) that is run in the parallel illumination mode. Th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alcohols react with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides to give esters:
The reactions are irreversible simplifying work-up. Since acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides also react with water, anhydrous conditions are preferred. The analogous acylations of amines to give amides are less sensitive because amines are stronger ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel has been studied in combination with androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone as a hormonal contraceptive for men. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The recent discovery of the reversibility of many reactions catalyzed by inverting glycosyltransferases served as a paradigm shift in the field and raises questions regarding the designation of sugar nucleotides as activated donors. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The discovery of the internucleosomal fragmentation of genomic DNA to regular repeating oligonucleosomal fragments generated by Ca/Mg-dependent endonuclease is accepted as one of the best-characterized biochemical markers of apoptosis (programmed cell death).
In 1970, described that cytoplasmic DNA isolated from mouse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sometimes the term point mutation is used to describe insertions or deletions of a single base pair (which has more of an adverse effect on the synthesized protein due to the nucleotides' still being read in triplets, but in different frames: a mutation called a frameshift mutation). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source:
* 2024: Kelly Nguyen
* 2023: Stephen Wallace
* 2022: Tanmay A. M. Bharat
* 2021: Giulia Zanetti
* 2020: Stephan Uphoff
* 2019: Melina Schuh
* 2018: Matthew Johnson
* 2017: Markus Ralser
* 2016: David Grainger
* 2015: Helen Walden
* 2014: M. Madan Babu
* 2012: Akhilesh Reddy
* 2011: Sarah Teichmann
* 2007: Fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a monodisperse aerosol, a single number—the particle diameter—suffices to describe the size of the particles. However, more complicated particle-size distributions describe the sizes of the particles in a polydisperse aerosol. This distribution defines the relative amounts of particles, sorted according to size. On... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GPC is a type of chromatography in which analytes are separated, based on their size or hydrodynamic volume (radius of gyration). This differs from other chromatographic techniques, which depend upon chemical or physical interactions between the mobile and stationary phases to separate analytes. Separation occurs via t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Krupp-Renn process is suitable for producing pre-reduced iron ore from highly siliceous and acidic ores (CaO/SiO2 basicity index of 0.1 to 0.4), which begin generating a pasty slag at 1,200 °C. Additionally, due to the slag's acidity, it becomes vitreous, facilitating separation from the iron through easy crushing.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Paterson and his co-workers at the University of Cambridge have developed a strategy which utilizes novel chelation-controlled and reagent-controlled aldol reactions with high selectivity for subunit connections. Another feature of this synthesis was the induction of C(8)-C(9) olefin with cis geometry via Still-Gennari... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Let's assume that we understand mechanics well enough to understand and measure volume, area, mass, and force. These may be combined to understand the concept of pressure, which is force per unit area and density, which is mass per unit volume. It has been experimentally determined that, at low enough pressures and den... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Popular growth models include:
* KPZ equation
* Dimer model
* Eden growth model
* SOS model
*Self-avoiding walk
*Abelian sandpile model
*Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation (or the flame equation, for studying the surface of a flame front)
They are studied for their fractal properties, scaling behavior, critical exponents, u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Similarly to Rosetta@home, Foldit is a means to discover native protein structures faster through distributed computing. However, Foldit has a greater emphasis on community collaboration through its forums, where users can collaborate on certain folds. Furthermore, Foldits crowdsourced approach places a greater emphasi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two vertices (or edges) of a periodic graph are symmetric if they are in the same orbit of the symmetry group of the graph; in other words, two vertices (or edges) are symmetric if there is a symmetry of the net that moves one onto the other. In chemistry, there is a tendency to refer to orbits of vertices or edges as ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*DNA sequencing
*Polymerase chain reaction
*Northern blotting
*Southern blotting
*Fusion proteins
*DNA microarray
*Bioinformatics
*Flow cytometry | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are at least ten methods of naming space groups. Some of these methods can assign several different names to the same space group, so altogether there are many thousands of different names.
; Number: The International Union of Crystallography publishes tables of all space group types, and assigns each a unique n... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrazones are susceptible to hydrolysis:
Alkyl hydrazones are 10- to 10-fold more sensitive to hydrolysis than analogous oximes.
When derived from hydrazine itself, hydrazones condense with a second equivalent of a carbonyl to give azines:
Hydrazones are intermediates in the Wolff–Kishner reduction.
Hydrazones are rea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sometimes, special circuits are built for the purpose of sensing and controlling the temperature or voltage status. Devices such as thermistors, voltage-dependent resistors, thermostats and sensors such as infrared thermometers are used to modify the current upon different conditions such as circuit-temperature and inp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Immunoglobulin-like receptors are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and have one or more 70-110 residue immunoglobulin domains (Ig) in their extracellular region, typically multiple such domains in tandem. Many of the genes encoding these proteins occur in the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC), a large gene clus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law states that the first spark (singly ionized) spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the arc (neutral) spectrum of the element preceding it in the periodic table. Likewise, the second (doubly ionized) spark spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the first... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nickel–cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) use nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium electrodes with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Sealed Ni-Cd batteries were widely used in photography equipment, handheld power tools, and radio-controlled toys from the early 1940s until the early 1990s, when nickel–metal hydride ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Along with several other NSAIDs, chronic ibuprofen use has been found correlated with risk of progression to hypertension in women, though less than for paracetamol (acetaminophen), and myocardial infarction (heart attack), particularly among those chronically using higher doses. On 9 July 2015, the US FDA toughened wa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
siRNAs act in the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are involved in RNAi as well as CDGS. siRNAs come from long dsRNA precursors derived from a variety of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) precursors, such as sense and antisense RNAs. siRNAs also come from hairpin RNAs derived from transcription of inverted repeat regions. siRNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to its ease of operation and its usefulness in polishing irregularly-shaped objects, electropolishing has become a common process in the production of semiconductors.
As electropolishing can also be used to sterilize workpieces, the process plays an essential role in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Ripper Method is commonly used in wine making applications as SO is often added to wine to maintain its freshness and the concentration needs to be determined. The technique is not precise and is prone to systematic error as well. This limits its use, despite being a fast and inexpensive test. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body:
# Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
# Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
# Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
# Cellular and protein recognition | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dihydroxyacetone (DHA) pathway, also known as the xylulose monophosphate (XuMP) pathway, is found exclusively in yeast. This pathway assimilates three molecules of formaldehyde into 1 molecule of DHAP using 3 molecules of xylulose 5-phosphate as the key intermediate.
DHA synthase acts as a transferase (transketolas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite, or possibly because of, its long-known toxicity, arsenic-containing potions and drugs have a history in medicine and quackery that continues into the 21st century. Starting in the early 19th century and continuing into the 20th century, Fowler's solution, a toxic concoction of sodium arsenite, was sold. The o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ISO 7027:1999 is an ISO standard for water quality that enables the determination of turbidity. The ISO 7027 technique is used to determine the concentration of suspended particles in a sample of water by measuring the incident light scattered at right angles from the sample. The scattered light is captured by a photod... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur. The activation energy (E) of a reaction is measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Activation energy can be thought of a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
IRsweep is a Swiss company offering optical spectroscopy solutions and multipass absorption cells.
The spectroscopy is based on semiconductor quantum cascade laser frequency combs
in the mid-infrared wavelength range. The company is based in Zurich, Switzerland and was founded in 2014 and acquired by Sensirion Holding ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The analogy applies to other shapes besides tetrahedral and octahedral geometries. The derivations used in octahedral geometry are valid for most other geometries. The exception is square-planar because square-planar complexes typically abide by the 16-electron rule. Assuming ligands act as two-electron donors the meta... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The TRH test involves administration of a small amount of TRH intravenously, following which levels of TSH will be measured at several subsequent time points using samples of blood taken from a peripheral vein.
The test is used in the differential diagnosis of secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism. First, blood is dra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The growth (starting materials, flux, and crucible) are heated to form a complete liquid solution. The growth is cooled to a temperature where the solution is fully saturated. Further cooling causes crystals to precipitate from the solution, lowering the concentration of starting materials in solution, and lowering the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mitochondrial respirometry is used to study mitochondrial functionality in
mitochondrial diseases or diseases with a (suspected) strong link to mitochondria, e.g. diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity and cancer. Other fields of application are e.g. sports science and the connection between mitochondrial function and agin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The General Meeting of the Association is the ultimate authority in the Association. A delegate of each ECCA member company is appointed to participate in and vote at the General Meeting of the Association.
The Executive Committee comprises the President, the immediate Past-President, the Vice-President, the Marketing ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure ( = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of Schiff bas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ATSDR works closely with communities to evaluate the public health effects related to redevelopment of brownfields properties. These are sites that were formerly used for industrial purposes and may still be contaminated with hazardous substances. ATSDR has worked at more than 400 brownfield or land reuse sites to asse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this section of the Holton Taxol synthesis (Scheme 4), the oxetane D ring was completed and ring B was functionalized with the correct substituents. Allylic alcohol 34, obtained from deprotection of silyl enol ether 33 with hydrofluoric acid, was oxidized with osmium tetroxide in pyridine to give triol 35. After pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In addition to the method of proton extrusion discussed above, it is believed that the general method of cellular respiration is different in obligate alkaliphiles as compared to neutrophiles. Generally, ATP production operates by establishing a proton gradient (greater H+ concentration outside the membrane) and a tran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
pHydrion is the trademarked name for a popular line of chemical test products, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory, Inc., the original manufacturer of Hydrion and pHydrion products. The trademarked pHydrion product line comprises chemical test papers, chemical indicators, chemical test kits, chemical indicator kits,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Adrenal androgen stimulating hormone (AASH), also known as cortical androgen stimulating hormone (CASH), is a hypothetical hormone which has been proposed to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest forge, known as the Corsican, was used prior to the advent of Christianity. Examples of improved bloomeries are the Stuckofen, sometimes called wolf-furnace,) which remained until the beginning of the 19th century. Instead of using natural draught, air was pumped in by a trompe, resulting in better quality... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex. Binding selectivity describes how a ligand may bind more preferentially to one receptor than another. A selectivity coefficient is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of displacement by one ligand... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The vast majority of genetically modified animals are at the research stage with the number close to entering the market remaining small. As of 2018 only three genetically modified animals have been approved, all in the USA. A goat and a chicken have been engineered to produce medicines and a salmon has increased its o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size.
This ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that hydrolysis of an α-lactam gives an α-amino acid and that of a β-Lactam gives a β-amino acid, and so on. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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