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When encapsulating hydrophobic or potentially toxic materials it is important that the encapsulant remain intact while inside the body. Studying the rheological properties of the micelles permits identification and selection of the polymer that is most appropriate for use in long-term biological applications. R-PEG exh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one. Such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally, as by an animal feeding on the plant. Generally TMV, potato viruses and cucumber mosaic viruses are transmitted via... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at absolute pressures of about 25 to 35 bar, while the ammonia synthesis loop operates at temperatures of and pressures ranging from 60 to 180 bar depending upon the method used. The resulting ammonia must then be separat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GPCRs become desensitized when exposed to their ligand for a long period of time. There are two recognized forms of desensitization: 1) homologous desensitization, in which the activated GPCR is downregulated; and 2) heterologous desensitization, wherein the activated GPCR causes downregulation of a different GPCR. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There exist many different conformations for cyclohexane, such as chair, boat, and twist-boat, but the chair conformation is the most commonly observed state for cyclohexanes because it requires the least amount of energy. The chair conformation minimizes both angle strain and torsional strain by having all carbon-carb... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Early African miners used copper oxides and carbonates rather than sulfides, because they were able to reduce oxides and carbonates to copper metal, but not sulfides. Sulfides were more complex to reduce to metal and required multiple stages. Complex deep-mining methods and special tools were not needed, because oxides... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An opioidergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the opioid neuropeptide systems (i.e., endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin, nociceptin) in the body or brain. Examples include opioid analgesics such as morphine and opioid antagonists such as naloxone. Opioidergics also comprise allosteric ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Burks is a popular science communicator, using pop culture as an anchor to explore chemistry. She appeared on the Science Channels Outrageous Acts of Science and Reactions, the video series for the American Chemical Society. She has appeared on Mother Jones Inquiring Minds podcast to share how chemistry can save you fr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1990, Asemota moved to Jamaica to take up a position as Associate Honorary Lecturer at the University of the West Indies. She was appointed Lecturer in 1996, and promoted to Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry and Biotechnology in 1998. In 2003, Asemota was promoted to Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Floral scent is often composed of hundreds of VOCs, in very variable proportions. The method used is a tradeoff between accurately detecting quantifying minor compounds and avoiding detector saturation by major compounds. For most analysis methods routinely used, the detection threshold of many VOCs is still higher tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A: Focus on Chemistry () is an English-language translation of the eponymous Russian-language peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Pleiades Publishing. It was established in 1930 and focuses on review articles pertaining to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amphetamine and its enantiomers have been identified as potent full agonists of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a GPCR, discovered in 2001, that is important for regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain. Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits the fu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef, considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a biodiversity hotspot, is located in Australia. Similar to other coral reefs, it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acid... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The principle of this method is based on the nucleic acid-binding properties of silica particles or diatoms in the presence of a chaotropic agent, which follows the chaotropic effect.
Put simply, the chaotropic effect is where a chaotropic anion in an aqueous solution disturbs the structure of water, and weakens the hy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Actinic inspection of masks in computer chip manufacture refers to inspecting the mask with the same wavelength of light that the lithography system will use. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cell–cell fusogens have several different applications. These chemical agents can play a significant part in sexual and asexual reproduction by promoting the fusion of the membrane bilayers. With sexual reproduction, evidence found to prove that in mice, some mandatory sperm-egg fusogens are responsible for fusion; two... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another approach to improving media sensitivity has been to employ resonant two-photon absorption (also known as "1+1" or "sequential" two–photon absorbance). Nonresonant two-photon absorption (as is generally used) is weak since in order for excitation to take place, the two exciting photons must arrive at the chromop... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Gill remodelling happens in only a few species of fish, and it involves the buildup or removal of an inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). As a response to hypoxia, some fish are able to remodel their gills to increase respiratory surface area, with some species such as goldfish doubling their lamellar surface areas in as ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
MAO is prepared by the incomplete hydrolysis of trimethylaluminium, as indicated by this idealized equation
:n Al(CH) + n HO → (Al(CH)O) + 2n CH
Diverse mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of MAO. Well defined analogues of MAO can be generated with tert-butyl substituents. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dr. Norbert Bischofberger (born 10 January 1956 in Mellau, Austria) is an Austrian scientist and one of the inventors of the antiviral drug Tamiflu generically known as oseltamivir, which is, as of 2009, the only oral medication on the market to treat influenza A and B as well as the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 (swine flu), the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Low-volume/high-velocity (LVHV) capture systems are specialised types of LEV that use an extractor hood designed as an integral part of the tool or positioned very close to the operating point of the cutting tool. The hood is designed to provide high capture velocities, often greater than 50 m/s (10,000 fpm) at the con... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The hardness of local water supplies depends on the source of water. Water in streams flowing over volcanic (igneous) rocks will be soft, while water from boreholes drilled into porous rock is normally very hard. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the major concerns associated with telomere lengthening is the potential for increased cancer risk. Telomeres naturally shorten with each cell division and act as a tumor suppressor mechanism. Extending telomeres can allow cells to divide more and increase the risk of uncontrolled cell growth and cancer developm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Kröhnke synthesis for making pyridines possesses a number of succinct advantages over other methods. Unlike the Hantzsch synthesis, the Kröhnke method does not require oxidation to generate the desired product since the α-pyridinium methyl ketone already possesses the correct oxidation state.
Another advantage of t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ages of domestic cats and dogs are often referred to in terms of "cat years" or "dog years", representing a conversion to human-equivalent years. One formula for cat years is based on a cat reaching maturity in approximately 1 year, which could be seen as 16 in human terms, then adding about 4 years for every year ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Untreated organic matter that contains fecal coliform can be harmful to the environment. Aerobic decomposition of this material can reduce dissolved oxygen levels if discharged into rivers or waterways. This may reduce the oxygen level enough to kill fish and other aquatic life. Reduction of fecal coliform in wastewate... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The lost-wax casting process may also be used in the production of cast glass sculptures. The original sculpture is made from wax. The sculpture is then covered with mold material (e.g., plaster), except for the bottom of the mold which must remain open. When the mold has hardened, the encased sculpture is removed by a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Booth designed an electromechanical computer, the ARC (Automatic Relay Computer), in the late 1940s (1947-1948). Later on, they built an experimental electronic computer named SEC (Simple Electronic Computer, designed around 1948-1949) - and finally, the APE(X)C (All-Purpose Electronic Computer) series.
The computers ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem relates the derivative of the total energy with respect to a parameter to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to that same parameter. According to the theorem, once the spatial distribution of the electrons has been determined by sol... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
* "Alloy White Cast Iron" U.S. Patent 3623922, November 10, 1971.
* "Annealing Process Control Method and Apparatus", U.S. Patent 4595427, June 17, 1986.
* "Annealing Process Control Method and Apparatus", Canadian Patent 1,225,522, August 18, 1987. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Exemestane is quickly absorbed from the gut, but undergoes a strong first-pass effect in the liver. Highest blood plasma concentrations are reached after 1.2 hours in breast cancer patients and after 2.9 hours in healthy subjects. Maximal aromatase inhibition occurs after two to three days. 90% of the absorbed substanc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1946, Leo Sommer and Frank C. Whitmore reported that radically chlorinating liquid ethyltrichlorosilane gave an isomeric mixture with exhibited unexpected reactivity in aqueous base. All chlorides pendant to silicon hydrolyze, but the geminal chlorine on carbon failed to hydrolyze, and the vicinal chlorine eliminat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Persons are generally warned not to enter or drink water from algal blooms, or let their pets swim in the water since many pets have died from algal blooms. In at least one case, people began getting sick before warnings were issued. There is no treatment available for animals, including livestock cattle, if they drink... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bioluminescence is produced by the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense, which glows blue when agitated. Although the phytoplankton responsible for the phenomenon of bioluminescence is found throughout the Antilles, Puerto Mosquito is one of the seven year-round bioluminescent bays in the Caribbean. The bioluminescence ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pol I is a 590 kDa enzyme that consists of 14 protein subunits (polypeptides), and its crystal structure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solved at 2.8Å resolution in 2013. Twelve of its subunits have identical or related counterparts in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III). The other t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NANOG is a transcription factor in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and is thought to be a key factor in maintaining pluripotency. NANOG is thought to function in concert with other factors such as POU5F1 (Oct-4) and SOX2 to establish ESC identity. These cells offer an important area of study because of their ability to mai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The added complexity of generating a eukaryotic cell carries with it an increase in the complexity of transcriptional regulation. Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases, known as Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III. Each polymerase has specific targets and activities, and is regulated by independent mechanisms. There are a numbe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scar sequences are common in multiple segment DNA assembly. In the multisegment assembly method Gateway, segments are added into the donor with additional ATT sequences, which overlap in those added segments, and this results in the segments separated by the ATT sequences. In BioBrick assembly, an eight-nucleotide scar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to copper oxide heap leaching, also using dilute sulfuric acid. Rio Tinto is commercializing this technology in Namibia and Australia; the French nuclear fuel company Orano, in Niger with two mines and Namibia; and several other companies are studying its feasibility.
The final product is yellowcake and requir... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gluten & Food Allergens (GFA) program focuses on coordinating all future consensus-driven need for development, validation, and implementation of methods for the analysis of a wide range of food-associated allergens and gluten. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
James Murray worked at the University of Otago in Dunedin as a senior lecturer in chemistry.
Murray began research with lichens in the 1950s, applying his knowledge and skills in plant secondary compounds as well as morphology. This was the first systematic work on the lichens of New Zealand since the 1890s. He revise... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is possible to synthesize COFs using both dynamic covalent and non-covalent chemistry. The kinetic approach involves a stepwise process of polymerizing pre-assembled 2D-monomer while thermodynamic control exploits reversible covalent chemistry to allow simultaneous monomer assembly and polymerization. Under thermody... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He has published over 400 papers and 25 books over the course of his career.
Notable publications include:
*Tamejiro Hiyama and Koichiro Oshima, “有機合成化学” [Organic Synthetic Chemistry], Tokyo Kagaku Dojin, 2012,
*G. S. Zweifel, M. H. Nantz, Tamejiro Hiyama, “最新有機合成法 設計と戦略 – Modern Organic Synthesis: An Introduction”, K... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are multiple conventions for naming polymer substances. Many commonly used polymers, such as those found in consumer products, are referred to by a common or trivial name. The trivial name is assigned based on historical precedent or popular usage rather than a standardized naming convention. Both the American Ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CTCF physically binds to itself to form homodimers,
which causes the bound DNA to form loops. CTCF also occurs frequently at the boundaries of sections of DNA bound to the nuclear lamina. Using chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) followed by ChIP-seq, it was found that CTCF localizes with cohesin genome-wide and affe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Under the framework of valence bond theory, resonance is an extension of the idea that the bonding in a chemical species can be described by a Lewis structure. For many chemical species, a single Lewis structure, consisting of atoms obeying the octet rule, possibly bearing formal charges, and connected by bonds of pos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An auxiliary protein unique to most eukaryotes is the E3 binding protein (E3BP), which serves to bind the E3 subunit to the PDC complex. In the case of human E3BP, hydrophobic proline and leucine residues in the BP interact with the surface recognition site formed by the binding of two identical E3 monomers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystallization is largely over when reaches values close to 1, which will be at a crystallization time defined by , as then the exponential term in the above expression for will be small. Thus crystallization takes a time of order
i.e., crystallization takes a time that decreases as one over the one-quarter power ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Central to the MaxEnt thesis is the principle of maximum entropy. It demands as given some partly specified model and some specified data related to the model. It selects a preferred probability distribution to represent the model. The given data state "testable information" about the probability distribution, for exam... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the large size of the α-pinenyl substituents, diisopinocampheylborane only hydroborates unhindered alkenes. These reactions proceed with high enantioselectivity. 2-Butene, 2-pentene, 3-hexene are converted to the respective chiral alcohols in high ees. Norbornene under the same conditions gave an 83% ee. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Initially, More O’Ferrall introduced this type of analysis to discuss the continuity between concerted and step-wise β-elimination reaction mechanisms. The model also provided a framework within which to explain the effects of substituents and reaction conditions on the mechanism. The appropriate lower energy species w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It was not long until several executives of large banks persuaded him to develop security systems for the Internet to work. They were worried about the fact that no useful framework for electronic commerce would have been possible at that time without innovation in the computer and network security industry. Following ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
By the process of silylation, polar functional groups such as alcohols and amines readily undergo reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride, giving trimethylsilyl ethers and trimethylsilyl amines. These new groups "protect" the original functional group by removing the labile protons and decreasing the basicity of the hete... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The timing electronics is needed to losslessly reconstruct the histogram of the distribution of time of flight of photons. This is done by using the technique of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), where the individual photon arrival times are marked with respect to a start/stop signal provided by the perio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RT-PCR can be used to diagnose genetic disease such as Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. This genetic disease is caused by a malfunction in the HPRT1 gene, which clinically leads to the fatal uric acid urinary stone and symptoms similar to gout. Analyzing a pregnant mother and a fetus for mRNA expression levels of HPRT1 will revea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, heat is the thermal energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference. In colloquial use, heat sometimes refers to thermal energy itself. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance.
An example of formal vs. informal usage may be obtained from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
I-type lectin named from the immunoglobulin-like domain. Sialoadhesin is one of the I-type lectin, which binds specifically to sialic acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The gene gun was originally a Crosman air pistol modified to fire dense tungsten particles. It was invented by John C Sanford, Ed Wolf, and Nelson Allen at Cornell University along with Ted Klein of DuPont between 1983 and 1986. The original target was onions (chosen for their large cell size), and the device was used... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reproductive cloning generally uses "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All cells need energy to survive. Mitochondria is a double-membrane structure in the body cell that generates and transports essential metabolic products. The three layers of this structure are the outer membrane, intermembrane space, and inner membrane. The space inside the mitochondria is called the mitochondrial mat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inorganic atoms form cyclic compounds as well. Examples include sulfur and nitrogen (e.g. heptasulfur imide , trithiazyl trichloride , tetrasulfur tetranitride ), silicon (e.g., cyclopentasilane ), phosphorus and nitrogen (e.g., hexachlorophosphazene ), phosphorus and oxygen (e.g., metaphosphates and other cyclic phos... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Trimethylsilyl iodide is used to introduce the trimethylsilyl group onto alcohols (ROH):
:R-OH + TMSI → R-OTMS + HI
This type of reaction may be useful for gas chromatography analysis; the resultant silyl ether is more volatile than the underivatized original materials. However, for the preparation of bulk trimethylsil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ores are treated by a sulfatizing roast in a fluidized bed furnace to convert copper and cobalt sulfides into soluble sulfates and iron into insoluble hematite. The calcine is subsequently leached with sulfuric acid from the spent copper recovery electrolyte. Oxide concentrates are introduced at this leaching step ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Introduction of too many siRNA can result in nonspecific events due to activation of innate immune responses. Most evidence to date suggests that this is probably due to activation of the dsRNA sensor PKR, although retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) may also be involved. The induction of cytokines via toll-like rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Semiconductors are usually studied in a photoelectrochemical cell. Different configurations exist with a three electrode device. The phenomenon to study happens at the working electrode WE while the differential potential is applied between the WE and a reference electrode RE (saturated calomel, Ag/AgCl). The current i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The independent coordinate has sense of time. Indeed, it may be proportional to time with some relation like , where is constant.
The derivative may have sense of velocity of particle with coordinate ; then can be interpreted as acceleration; and the mass of such a particle is equal to unity.
The dissipative funct... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Meropenem rapidly reduces serum concentrations of valproic acid. As a result, people who use valproic acid for epilepsy are at increased risk of seizures during treatment with meropenem. In situations where the use of meropenem cannot be avoided, prescription of an additional anticonvulsant should be considered. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In computational chemistry a chicken wire model or chicken wire surface plot is a way to visualize molecular models by drawing the polygon mesh of their surface (defined e.g. as the van der Waals radius or a certain electron density). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Radiogenic isotopes provide powerful tracers for studying the ages and origins of Earth systems. They are particularly useful to understand mixing processes between different components, because (heavy) radiogenic isotope ratios are not usually fractionated by chemical processes.
Radiogenic isotope tracers are most pow... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Aromaticity is found in ions as well: the cyclopropenyl cation (2e system), the cyclopentadienyl anion (6e system), the tropylium ion (6e), and the cyclooctatetraene dianion (10e). Aromatic properties have been attributed to non-benzenoid compounds such as tropone. Aromatic properties are tested to the limit in a class... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria. CYN is a polycyclic uracil derivative containing guanidino and sulfate groups. It is also zwitterionic, making it highly water soluble. CYN is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The successful operation and development of the demonstration copper ISASMELT, and the degree of interest shown in the new process by the global smelting community, gave MIM Holdings sufficient confidence to license the ISASMELT technology to external companies, so an agreement under which MIM could incorporate the Sir... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Photoelectrolysis of water, also known as photoelectrochemical water splitting, occurs in a photoelectrochemical cell when light is used as the energy source for the electrolysis of water, producing dihydrogen which can be used as a fuel. This process is one route to a "hydrogen economy", in which hydrogen fuel is prod... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Solvophoresis is a spontaneous motion of dispersed particles in a mixed solvent induced by a gradient of solvent concentration. Solvophoresis was experimentally established by Marek Kosmulski and Egon Matijevic. Solvophoresis is similar to diffusiophoresis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Tsuji-Wacker oxidation oxidizes terminal olefin to the corresponding methyl ketone under the Wacker process condition. Almost identical to that of Wacker Process, the proposed catalytic cycle(Figure 1) begins with complexation of PdCl and two chloride anions to PdCl, which then undergoes subsequent ligand exchange ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The tandem affinity purification (TAP) method allows the high-throughput identification of proteins interactions. In contrast with the Y2H approach, the accuracy of the method can be compared to those of small-scale experiments (Collins et al., 2007) and the interactions are detected within the correct cellular environ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ICBM cooperates closely with the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology und MARUM, both located in Bremen; with the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, as well as with the Senckenberg Institute by the Sea and the Jade University of Applied Sciences, both located in Wilhelmshaven. The ICBM is a member of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Bioassays. Test organisms are exposed to an environment and their response is measured. Typical organisms used in bioassays are certain species of plants, bacteria, fish, water fleas (Daphnia), and frogs.
* Community assessments. Also called biosurveys. An entire community of organisms is sampled to see what types of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Phosphoranes of the type RP=CR are more common and more important. Phosphoranes are also considered to be one of the resonance structures of ylides, these compounds feature a tetrahedral phosphorus center including a phosphorus–carbon double bond. These compounds are used as reagents in the Wittig reaction, for instanc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consider the reaction
:A ⇌ 2 B + 3 C
Suppose an infinitesimal amount of the reactant A changes into B and C. This requires that all three mole numbers change according to the stoichiometry of the reaction, but they will not change by the same amounts. However, the extent of reaction can be used to describe the change... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pan Britannica Industries Ltd (PBI) was a household and agrochemical formulation company incorporated in 1932 and based at Britannica House, Stewardstone Road, Waltham Abbey and with a distribution presence in Wisbech in Cambridgeshire. PBI was, in common with many other UK household names, both a manufacturer and mar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 1945, Folch married Willa Babcock, who was also a scholar in her own right (in the field of Romance languages) and would later become the academic dean of Tufts University. The couple had three children. Folch died in Boston, Massachusetts on October 3, 1979 at 69 years of age. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both TERS and SERS rely on a localized surface plasmon for increasing the ought-to-be weak Raman signal. The only difference between them is that the sample in SERS has a rough surface that hinders application of a sharp AFM-like tip. TERS, on the other hand, uses a metal-coated tip having some roughness at nanoscale. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The simplest thiophosphates have the formula [PSO]. These trianions are only observed at very high pH, instead they exist in protonated form with the formula [HPSO] (x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 and (n = 1, 2, or 3). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The C and N contents of feedstocks is generally known from lookup tables listing common types of feedstock. It is important to deduct the moisture content if the listed value is for dry material.
For foodstuffs with a nutrition analysis, the N content may be estimated from the protein content as , reversing the crude p... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In a potential application in nanotechnology, the diazonium salts 4-chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate very efficiently functionalizes single wall nanotubes. In order to exfoliate the nanotubes, they are mixed with an ionic liquid in a mortar and pestle. The diazonium salt is added together with potassium carbona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Spice, spiciness, or spicity, symbol τ, is a term in oceanography referring to variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater over space or time, whose combined effects leave the water's density unchanged. For a given spice, any change in temperature is offset by a change in salinity to maintain unchanged den... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As long ago as 1890, Hiorns observed as follows:
:"Noble Metals. Gold, Platinum, Silver, and a few rare metals. The members of this class have little or no tendency to unite with oxygen in the free state, and when placed in water at a red heat do not alter its composition. The oxides are readily decomposed by heat in ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sea salt aerosols are mainly constituted of sodium chloride (NaCl), but other chemical ions which are common in sea water, such as K, Mg, Ca, SO and so on, can also be found. A recent study revealed that sea salt aerosols also contain a substantial amount of organic matter. Mostly, organic materials are internally mixe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Three minerals exist that are industrially relevant sources of fluorine: fluorite, fluorapatite, and cryolite. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In analytical chemistry, crossed molecular beam experiments involve two beams of atoms or molecules which are collided together to study the dynamics of the chemical reaction, and can detect individual reactive collisions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oncometabolites are metabolites whose abundance increases markedly in cancer cells through loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations in specific enzymes involved in their production, the accumulation of these endogenous metabolites initiates or sustains tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer cells rely on aerobic gly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Experimentally, it is hard to map the phase diagram of quark matter because it has been rather difficult to learn how to tune to high enough temperatures and density in the laboratory experiment using collisions of relativistic heavy ions as experimental tools. However, these collisions ultimately will provide informat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Helmut Cölfen discovered and named mesocrystals in 2005 during his studies on biominerals. He suggested that their growth was due to a non-classical, self-assembly based process. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In simple cases there is only one grain or one type of material in the area used for collecting a diffraction pattern. However, often there is more than one. If they are in different areas then the diffraction pattern will be a combination. In addition there can be one grain on top of another, in which case the electro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Corepressor proteins also bind to the surface of the ligand binding domain of nuclear receptors, but through a LXXXIXXX(I/L) motif of amino acids (where L = leucine, I = isoleucine and X = any amino acid). In addition, compressors bind preferentially to the apo (ligand free) form of the nuclear receptor (or possibly a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the lachrymatory effects of chloroacetophenone and choking effects of chloropicrin. It has a flypaper-like odor.
CNS was used as a riot control agent, but it's no longer used now. | 1 | Biochemistry |
From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the puzzle of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functions in living cells. The fi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Apart from being as a general tumor suppressor gene, p53 also plays an important part in regulating of metabolism. p53 activates hexokinase 2 (HK2) that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) which enters glycolysis to produce ATP, or enters the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It therefore, supports macromolecu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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