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Aluminium granules are manufactured by the melting of primary or secondary aluminium and blown in air or vacuum, or are cast in sand and then sieved off. Other methods include casting of molten aluminium in water. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In anaerobic sediments and soils, 5β-coprostanol is stable for many hundreds of years enabling it to be used as an indicator of past faecal discharges. As such, records of 5β-coprostanol from paleo-environmental archives have been used to further constrain the timing of human settlements in a region, as well as reconst... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The enzyme responsible for apoptotic DNA fragmentation is the Caspase-Activated DNase (CAD). CAD is normally inhibited by another protein, the Inhibitor of Caspase Activated DNase (ICAD). During apoptosis, the apoptotic effector caspase, caspase-3, cleaves ICAD and thus causes CAD to become activated.
CAD cleaves DNA a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
dactinomycin - decarboxylation reaction - delta opioid receptor - denaturation (biochemistry) - dendrite - dendritic cell - dendritic spine - deoxyribonucleoprotein - deoxyribose - desmopressin - deuterium - developmental biology - dialysis (chemical) - diffusion - dimer - dinucleotide repeat - diploid - disaccharide -... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chirality can be traced back to 1812, when physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot found out about a phenomenon called "optical activity." Louis Pasteur, a famous student of Biot's, made a series of observations that led him to suggest that the optical activity of some substances is caused by their molecular asymmetry, which make... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Calcitriol enters the target cell and binds to the vitamin D receptor in the cytoplasm. This activated receptor enters the nucleus and binds to vitamin D response elements (VDRE) which are specific DNA sequences on genes. Transcription of these genes is stimulated and produces greater levels of the proteins which media... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synthesis of Malonyl-CoA consists of two half reactions. The first being the carboxylation of biotin with bicarbonate and the second being the transfer of the CO group to acetyl-CoA from carboxybiotin to allow for the formation of malonyl-CoA. Two different protein subassemblies, along with BCCP, are required for t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Robert Bob Ramage FRS (4 October 1935 — 16 October 2019) was an organic chemist, born in Glasgow, who specialised in the synthesis and biosynthesis of natural products, peptides, and proteins.
Following his undergraduate degree in chemistry and the University of Glasgow, he stayed on for a PhD in organic chemistry. Aft... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fast Sulphon Black F is a complexometric indicator used with EDTA, almost exclusively used in copper complexation determination. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An E1 reaction consists of a unimolecular elimination, where the rate determining step of the mechanism depends on the removal of a single molecular species. This is a two-step mechanism. The more stable the carbocation intermediate is, the faster the reaction will proceed, favoring the products. Stabilization of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
STAT1 loss of function, therefore STAT1 deficiency can have many variants. There are two main genetic impairments that can cause response to interferons type I and III. First there can be autosomal recessive partial or even complete deficiency of STAT1. That causes intracellular bacterial diseases or viral infections a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William C. Brown demonstrated in 1964, during Walter Cronkite's CBS News program, a microwave-powered model helicopter that received all the power it needed for flight from a microwave beam. Between 1969 and 1975, Bill Brown was technical director of a JPL Raytheon program that beamed 30 kW of power over a distance of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Competitive binding experiments aim to determine the binding of a labeled radioligand at one specific concentration while subjected to various concentrations of a competitor, usually an unlabeled ligand. There are many purposes to competitive binding experiments, including being able to validate that the radioligand of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Histamine N-methyltransferase is encoded by a single gene, called HNMT, which has been mapped to chromosome 2 in humans.
Three transcript variants have been identified for this gene in humans, which produce different protein isoforms due to alternative splicing, which allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There have been a number of reported procedures which take advantage of a chemical reagent/catalyst to perform racemization of the starting material and an enzyme to selectively react with one enantiomer, called chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolutions. PSL-C was utilized along with a ruthenium catalyst (for racemiza... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The relative entropy was introduced by Solomon Kullback and Richard Leibler in as "the mean information for discrimination between and per observation from ", where one is comparing two probability measures , and are the hypotheses that one is selecting from measure (respectively). They denoted this by , and defin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the small size of the fluidic conduits, nanofluidic structures are naturally applied in situations demanding that samples be handled in exceedingly small quantities, including Coulter counting,
analytical separations and determinations of biomolecules, such as proteins and DNA,
and facile handling of mass-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Sm proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm by ribosomes translating Sm messenger RNA, just like any other protein. These are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of three partially assembled rings complexes all associated with the pICln protein. They are a 6S pentamer complex of SmD1, SmD2, SmF, SmE and SmG with ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the silicification of woods, silica dissolves in hydrothermal fluid and seeps into lignin in cell walls. Precipitation of silica out of the fluids produces silica deposition within the voids, especially in the cell walls. Cell materials are broken down by the fluids, yet the structure remains stable due to the devel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ultrapotassic igneous rocks are a class of rare, volumetrically minor, generally ultramafic or mafic silica-depleted igneous rocks.
While there are debates on the exact classifications of ultrapotassic rocks, they are defined by using the chemical screens KO/NaO > 3 in much of the scientific literature. However caution... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Solventogenesis is the biochemical production of solvents (usually acetone and butanol) by Clostridium species. It is the second phase of ABE fermentation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
As Pol I escapes and clears the promoter, UBF and SL1 remain-promoter bound, ready to recruit another Pol I. Indeed, each active rDNA gene can be transcribed multiple times simultaneously, as opposed to Pol II-transcribed genes, which associate with only one complex at a time. While elongation proceeds unimpeded in vit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Real-time stability studies simply hold a set of RM units at a proposed storage temperature and test a proportion of them at regular intervals. The results are usually assessed by inspection and by linear regression to determine whether there is a significant change in measured value over time. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The instantaneous motion of a rigid body may be the combination of rotation about an axis (the screw axis) and a translation along that axis. This screw move is characterized by the velocity vector for the translation and the angular velocity vector in the same or opposite direction. If these two vectors are constant a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The carbon center of a nitrile is electrophilic, hence it is susceptible to nucleophilic addition reactions:
* with an organozinc compound in the Blaise reaction
* with alcohols in the Pinner reaction.
* with amines, e.g. the reaction of the amine sarcosine with cyanamide yields creatine
* Nitriles react in Friedel–Cra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Jelly-falls are marine carbon cycling events whereby gelatinous zooplankton, primarily cnidarians, sink to the seafloor and enhance carbon and nitrogen fluxes via rapidly sinking particulate organic matter. These events provide nutrition to benthic megafauna and bacteria. Jelly-falls have been implicated as a major “ge... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Iron was extracted from iron–nickel alloys, which comprise about 6% of all meteorites that fall on the Earth. That source can often be identified with certainty because of the unique crystalline features (Widmanstätten patterns) of that material, which are preserved when the metal is worked cold or at low temperature. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Recovery of metals from oxide matrixes is generally carried out using mineral acids. However, electrochemical dissolution of metal oxides in DES can allow to enhance the dissolution up to more than 10 000 times in pH neutral solutions.
Studies have shown that ionic oxides such as ZnO tend to have high solubility in ChC... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions, resulting in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrates substrates. The beginning of this process takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, where pyruvate molecules are found. A pyruvate molecule is carboxylated by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The components of bitumen include four main classes of compounds:
* Naphthene aromatics (naphthalene), consisting of partially hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds
* Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic acids produced by partial oxidation of the material
* Saturated hydrocar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: , ), also known as Piotrowskis test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. The reaction was first observed in 18... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
To reach such low temperatures, a combination of several techniques typically has to be used. First, atoms are trapped and pre-cooled via laser... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is the combination of electrochemistry and quartz crystal microbalance, which was generated in the eighties. Typically, an EQCM device contains an electrochemical cells part and a QCM part. Two electrodes on both sides of the quartz crystal serve two purposes. Firstly,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The majority of proteins in a cell are the product of messenger RNA transcribed from nuclear genes, including most of the proteins of the organelles, which are produced in the cytoplasm like all nuclear gene products and then transported to the organelle. Genes in the nucleus are arranged in a linear fashion upon chrom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Autophagy is a self-degradative mechanism that regulates energy sources during growth and reaction to dietary stress. Autophagy also cleans up after itself, clearing aggregated proteins, cleaning damaged structures including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and eradicating intracellular infections. Additionally, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Within molecular and cell biology, temporal feedback, also referred to as interlinked or interlocked feedback, is a biological regulatory motif in which fast and slow positive feedback loops are interlinked to create "all or none" switches. This interlinking produces separate, adjustable activation and de-activation ti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the woolly mammoth, but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal. In January 2011, it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternative preparation of Grignard reagents involves transfer of Mg from a preformed Grignard reagent to an organic halide. Other organomagnesium reagents are used as well. This method offers the advantage that the Mg transfer tolerates many functional groups. An illustrative reaction involves isopropylmagnesium ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CPA-1 and CPA-2 (and, it is presumed, all other CPAs) employ a zinc ion within the protein for hydrolysis of the peptide bond at the C-terminal end of an amino acid residue. Loss of the zinc leads to loss of activity, which can be replaced easily by zinc, and also by some other divalent metals (cobalt, nickel). Carbox... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concatemerization process generates libraries of concatamers for the ELPs. Concatamers are oligomeric products of ligating a single gene with itself. This will result in repeat segments of a gene, all of which can be transcribed and translated immediately to produce the ELP of interest. A major problem with this ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In TEM, the electron beam passes through a thin film of the material as illustrated in Figure 10. Before and after the sample the beam is manipulated by the electron optics including magnetic lenses, deflectors and apertures; these act on the electrons similar to how glass lenses focus and control light. Optical elemen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dragomabin is a bio-active isolate of marine cyanobacteria, Lyngbya majuscula, which has been shown to have good antimalarial activity. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. Repression of gene expression for this operon works via binding of repressor molecules to two operators. These repressors dimerize, creating a loop in the DNA. The loop as well as hindrance from the external operator preve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Primary sources from the group of Irma Rantanen at University of Turku, Finland claim that SLS-containing pastes cause more dry mouth (xerostomia) than their proposed alternative. However, a 2011 Cochrane review of these studies, and of the more general area, concludes that there "is no strong evidence... that any topi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some researchers also identify a third class of transposable elements, which has been described as "a grab-bag consisting of transposons that dont clearly fit into the other two categories". Examples of such TEs are the Foldback (FB) elements of Drosophila melanogaster, the TU elements of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many metabolites found in nature contain alkyne or enyne moieties, and therefore, the Sonogashira reaction has found frequent utility in their syntheses. Several of the most recent and promising applications of this coupling methodology toward the total synthesis of natural products exclusively employed the typical cop... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some hydrogen sulfide gas diffuses into the headspace environment above the wastewater. Moisture evaporated from warm sewage may condense on unsubmerged walls of sewers, and is likely to hang in partially formed droplets from the horizontal crown of the sewer. As a portion of the hydrogen sulfide gas and oxygen gas f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Brian Halton (9 March 1941 – 23 February 2019) was a New Zealand organic chemist. He is noted for his investigation of highly strained and fused aromatic compounds, and was also active as an historian of chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CMTM7 protein levels are low in the malignant tissues of various cancers such as those of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, lung, cervix, and breast. as compared with its expression in the normal tissues of these organs. Furthermore, the forced overexpression of CMTM7 protein in various cancer immortalized cell line... | 1 | Biochemistry |
VMA synthesis is the first step of a two-step process practiced by Rhodia since the 1970s to synthesize artificial vanilla. Specifically the reaction entails the condensation of guaiacol and glyoxylic acid in an ice cold, aqueous solution with sodium hydroxide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If creating an mRNA library (i.e. with cDNA clones), there are several possible protocols for isolating full length mRNA. To extract DNA for genomic DNA (also known as gDNA) libraries, a DNA mini-prep may be useful. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recently, various carbonyls have been turned into organometallic reagent surrogates via hydrazone umpolung by C.-J. Li et al. In the presence of a catalyst, similar to organometallic reagents, hydrazones can undergo nucleophilic additions, conjugate additions, and transition-metal catalyzed cross-couplings with variou... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/accession_report.cgi?id=MGI:71287
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190226/http://www.roswellpark.org/files/1_2_1/photos/smiragliaweb2.jpg a picture of an auto-rad from Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center] | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent research has implicated the UPR in the transformation of cells in to cancer cells. Researchers have identified the SIRT3 axis of UPR as a marker to differentiate between metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer. As many cancers exhibit a metabolic shift from oxidative phosporylation-depentent energy producti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This gene encodes a retina-specific guanylate cyclase, which is a member of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family. Like other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme has a hydrophobic amino-terminal signal sequence followed by a large extracellular domain, a single membrane spanning domain, a kinase homology domain, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The genomic basis of the Crabtree effect is still being investigated, and its evolution likely involved multiple successive molecular steps that increased the efficiency of the lifestyle. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The MRL is usually determined by repeated (on the order of 10) field trials, where the crop has been treated according to good agricultural practice (GAP) and an appropriate pre harvest interval or withholding period has elapsed. For many pesticides this is set at the limit of determination (LOD) – since only major pe... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP), and all associated secretases, are expressed early in development and play a key role in the endocrinology of reproduction – with the differential processing of AβPP by secretases regulating human embryonic stem cell (hESC) proliferation as well as their differentiation into neur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The parameter most commonly used to characterize exposures to wood dust in air is total wood dust concentration, in mass per unit volume. In countries that use the metric system, this is usually measured in mg/m (milligram per cubic metre)
A study to estimate occupational exposure to inhalable wood dust by country, ind... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Two general types of instruments exist: filter fluorometers that use filters to isolate the incident light and fluorescent light and spectrofluorometers that use diffraction grating monochromators to isolate the incident light and fluorescent light.
Both types use the following scheme: the light from an excitation sou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lipid world theory postulates that the first self-replicating object was lipid-like. Phospholipids form lipid bilayers in water while under agitation—the same structure as in cell membranes. These molecules were not present on early Earth, but other amphiphilic long-chain molecules also form membranes. These bodies... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Eukaryote expression vectors require sequences that encode for:
*Polyadenylation tail: Creates a polyadenylation tail at the end of the transcribed pre-mRNA that protects the mRNA from exonucleases and ensures transcriptional and translational termination: stabilizes mRNA production.
*Minimal UTR length: UTRs contain s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The CYP11B1 gene encodes 11β-hydroxylase, a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. The product of this CYP11B1 gene is the 11β-hydroxylase prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts. The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typically, the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synovial Sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint-2 (SSX2) proteins are known to localize in nucleus and work as a transcriptional repressor. In addition, expression of SSX2 is frequently observed in melanoma, but the role of the gene has not been evaluated. Thus, researchers have used the principle of ectopic expression to exp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcription can also be studied at the level of individual cells by single-cell transcriptomics. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a recently developed technique that allows the analysis of the transcriptome of single cells, including bacteria. With single-cell transcriptomics, subpopulations of cell types th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Charge modulation microscopy is a new technology which combines the confocal microscopy with charge modulation spectroscopy. Unlike the charge modulation spectroscopy which is focused on the whole transistor, the charge modulation microscopy give us the local spectra and map. Thanks for this technology, the channel spe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The perilipins are considered to have their origins in a common ancestral gene which, during the first and second vertebrate genome duplication, gave rise to six types of PLIN genes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Response factor, usually in chromatography and spectroscopy, is the ratio between a signal produced by an analyte, and the quantity of analyte which produces the signal. Ideally, and for easy computation, this ratio is unity (one). In real-world scenarios, this is often not the case. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Consider two equal bodies (not affected by gravity), each of mass m, attached to three springs, each with spring constant k. They are attached in the following manner, forming a system that is physically symmetric:
where the edge points are fixed and cannot move. Well use x(t) to denote the horizontal displacement of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The geometry of TAP like all known geometries of tetraarylporphyrins is distorted to take a very characteristic “saddle” shape. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the Gaussian profile is centered at and the Lorentzian profile is centered at , the convolution is centered at and the characteristic function is:
The probability density function is simply offset from the centered profile by :
where:
The mode and median are both located at . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron is important for the growth of phytoplankton. In phytoplankton, iron is used for electron transfer reactions in photosynthesis in both photosystem I and photosystem II. Additionally, iron is an important component of the enzyme nitrogenase, which is used to fix nitrogen. In measurements at open ocean stations, phy... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The following tables offer estimates of oxygen cycle reservoir capacities and fluxes.
These numbers are based primarily on estimates from (Walker, J. C. G.): More recent research indicates that ocean life (marine primary production) is actually responsible for more than half the total oxygen production on Earth.
<br>
... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Archaeometallurgical slag is slag discovered and studied in the context of archaeology. Slag, the byproduct of iron-working processes such as smelting or smithing, is left at the iron-working site rather than being moved away with the product. As it weathers well, it is readily available for study. The size, shape, che... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chemical cycling describes systems of repeated circulation of chemicals between other compounds, states and materials, and back to their original state, that occurs in space, and on many objects in space including the Earth. Active chemical cycling is known to occur in stars, many planets and natural satellites.
Chemic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The primary structure of the SUI1 protein is made up of 108 amino acids. The protein domain has a structure made of a seven-bladed beta-propeller and it also contains a C-terminal alpha helix. Homologues of SUI1 have been found in mammals, insects and plants. SUI1 is also evolutionary related to proteins from Escheric... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A second class of Ziegler–Natta catalysts are soluble in the reaction medium. Traditionally such homogeneous catalysts were derived from metallocenes, but the structures of active catalysts have been significantly broadened to include nitrogen-based ligands. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Free gases exhibit very sharp spectral features, and different gas species have their own unique spectral fingerprints. At atmospheric pressure, absorption linewidths are typically on the order of 0.1 cm (i.e. ~3 GHz in optical frequency or 0.006 nm in wavelength), while solid media have dull spectral behavior with abs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studies on the poorly immunogenic Ag104A sarcoma and the extremely tumorigenic P815 mastocytoma provided the first systematic proof that anti-4-1BB antibodies have potent anti-tumor effects. Anti-4-1BB administration to mice with the aforementioned tumors was shown to substantially inhibit tumor growth by increasing CT... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The replacement of silica involves two processes:
1) Dissolution of rock minerals
2) Precipitation of silica
It could be explained through the carbonate-silica replacement. Hydrothermal fluids are undersaturated with carbonates and supersaturated with silica. When carbonate rocks get in contact with hydrothermal flu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Standard approaches of this type, using atomic contributions, have been named by those formulating them with a prefix letter: AlogP, XlogP, MlogP, etc. A conventional method for predicting log P through this type of method is to parameterize the distribution coefficient contributions of various atoms to the overall mol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The applications of chemotactic drug delivery systems include but are not limited to cancer therapy, wound healing, and inflammation. The ability to target specific cells and locations within the body through chemical cues has opened up new avenues for the field of drug delivery, allowing for increased drug efficacy an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Minerals are the exogenous chemical elements indispensable for life. Although the four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the 1950s, transport due to collisions in non-magnetized plasmas was simultaneously studied by two groups at University of California, Berkeley's Radiation Laboratory. They quoted each other’s results in their respective papers. The first reference deals with the mean-field part of the interaction by using perturbat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylene blue is used in aquaculture and by tropical fish hobbyists as a treatment for fungal infections. It can also be effective in treating fish infected with ich although a combination of malachite green and formaldehyde is far more effective against the parasitic protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. It is usual... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1987 the private New York laboratory, Lifecodes, began assisting Dr. Ferrara in his efforts to establish a DNA laboratory for the state of Virginia.
In 1988 Timothy Spencer, the "Southside Strangler", became first serial killer in the United States to be convicted on the basis of DNA evidence. Spencer committed thre... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Henrys law is a limiting law that only applies for "sufficiently dilute" solutions, while Raoults law is generally valid when the liquid phase is almost pure or for mixtures of similar substances. The range of concentrations in which Henry's law applies becomes narrower the more the system diverges from ideal behavior.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In enzymatic labeling, a DNA construct is first formed, using a gene and the DNA of a fluorescent protein. After transcription, a hybrid RNA + fluorescent is formed. The object of interest is attached to an enzyme that can recognize this hybrid DNA. Usually fluorescein is used as the fluorophore. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cerrosafe is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. It is a non-eutectic mixture consisting of 42.5% bismuth, 37.7% lead, 11.3% tin, and 8.5% cadmium that melts between and . It is useful for making reference castings whose dimensions can be correlated to those of the mold or other template due to its well-known th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual properties, including zero viscosity (the ability to flow without dissipating energy) and the existen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The three-year WeNMR project started in November 2010 as the natural successor of the eNMR project. Financial support was provided by the European Community grants 213010 (eNMR) and 261572 (WeNMR) in the 7th Framework Programme (e-Infrastructure RI-261571). | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the polymers of interest are ideal gaussian chains (or freely-jointed chains), in the limit of very long chains (allows performing a sort of "continuum transition"), the calculation of the structure can be carried out explicitly and result in a sort of Debye function:
With being the polymer's radius of gyration.
in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The symbol used to represent density in equations is ρ (rho) with SI units of kilograms per cubic meter. This term is the reciprocal of specific volume.
Since gas molecules can move freely within a container, their mass is normally characterized by density. Density is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
pCO, pCO, or is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO), often used in reference to blood but also used in meteorology, climate science, oceanography, and limnology to describe the fractional pressure of CO as a function of its concentration in gas or dissolved phases. The units of pCO are mmHg, atm, torr, Pa, or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spin column-based nucleic acid purification is a method of purifying DNA, RNA or plasmid from a sample using a spin column filter. The method is based on the principle of selectively binding nucleic acids to a solid matrix in the spin column, while other contaminants, such as proteins and salts, are washed away. The c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A consumption map or efficiency map shows the brake-specific fuel consumption in g per kWh over mean effective pressure per rotational speed of an internal combustion engine.
The x-axis shows the rotational speed range. The y-axis represents the load on the engine. The contour lines show the specific fuel consumption, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcium deficiency can sometimes be rectified by adding agricultural lime to acid soils, aiming at a pH of 6.5, unless the subject plants specifically prefer acidic soil. Organic matter should be added to the soil to improve its moisture-retaining capacity. However, because of the nature of the disorder (i.e. poor tra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An allosteric site is a site on an enzyme, unrelated to its active site, which can bind an effector molecule. This interaction is another mechanism of enzyme regulation. Allosteric modification usually happens in proteins with more than one subunit. Allosteric interactions are often present in metabolic pathways and ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal irradiation is the rate at which radiation is incident upon a surface per unit area. It is measured in watts per square meter. Irradiation can either be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The components of irradiation can then be characterized by the equation
where, represents the absorptivity, reflectivity... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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