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Megaphone is a cytotoxic neolignan obtained from Aniba megaphylla, a flowering plant of Laurel family which gave the compound its name. Megaphone has also been prepared synthetically.
Studies carried out in the 1960s demonstrated that an alcoholic extract of the ground root of Aniba megaphylla inhibited, in vitro, grow... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Noric steel was a steel from Noricum, a kingdom located in modern Austria and Slovenia.
The proverbial hardness of Noric steel is expressed by Ovid: "...durior [...] ferro quod noricus excoquit ignis..." which roughly translates to "...harder than iron which Noric fire tempers [was Anaxarete towards the advances of Iph... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Also in 2006 the group of Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo published a synthesis again bypassing shikimic acid.
An improved method published in 2007 starts with the enantioselective desymmetrization of aziridine 1 with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN) and a chiral catalyst to the azide 2. The amide group is pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis was reported in 1924 and the basic approach underpins several industrial routes. In its general form, the reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, in ammonia or ammonia derivatives. Applicat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The interaction of the tip with the sample modifies the amplitudes, phase shifts and frequency resonances of the excited modes. Those changes are detected and processed by the feedback of the instrument. Several features make bimodal AFM a very powerful surface characterization method at the nanoscale. (i) Resolution. ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Henry's law describes the tendency of a compound to join air in the vapor phase or dissolve in water. The Henry’s Law constant, sometimes called coefficient, is specific to each compound and depends on the system temperature. The constant is used to predict the amount of contaminant what will remain in the vapor phase... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Live copepods are used in the saltwater aquarium hobby as a food source and are generally considered beneficial in most reef tanks. They are scavengers and also may feed on algae, including coralline algae. Live copepods are popular among hobbyists who are attempting to keep particularly difficult species such as the m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Biotin PEG2 amine is used as a linker or cross linker. This allows to attach specific compounds to proteins or to antibodies.
A common use of biotin PEG2 amine is to use EDC and crosslink the amine in the biotin PEG2 amine to carboxyl groups on protein residues that are either aspartate or glutamate or the carboxy-term... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The NCEC was formed in 1973 as a government agency. On 1 March 1979 the Centre launched, in cooperation with the Home Office, its Hazfile computer database, made available to fifteen British fire services, listing over 10,000 chemical compounds; this was later replaced by the Chemdata system. A similar system in the US... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A crystal system is a set of point groups in which the point groups themselves and their corresponding space groups are assigned to a lattice system. Of the 32 crystallographic point groups that exist in three dimensions, most are assigned to only one lattice system, in which case both the crystal and lattice systems h... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1982, Koiti Titanis lab identified an "N-terminal blocking group" on the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in cows as n-tetradecanoyl. Almost simultaneously in Claude B. Klees lab, this same N-terminal blocking group was further characterized as myristic acid. Both labs made this discovery ut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ribose repressor (RbsR) is a bacterial DNA-binding transcription repressor protein and a member of the LacI/GalR protein family. In Escherichia coli, RbsR is responsible for regulation of genes involved in D-ribose metabolism. In Bacillus subtilis, RbsR was shown to interact with Histidine-containing protein (HPr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Detonation spray coatings are applied using a detonation gun (D-gun) which is composed of a long-water-cooled metal barrel containing inlet valves for introducing gases and powders into the chamber. A preselected amount of the desired protective coating material known as feedstock (in powder form of particle size 5–60μ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diffraction topography with neutron radiation has been in use for several decades, mainly at research reactors with high neutron beam intensities. Neutron topography can make use of contrast mechanisms that are partially different from the X-ray case, and thus serve e.g. to visualize magnetic structures. However, due t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Emission microspectroscopy is a sensitive technique with excitation and emission ranging from the ultraviolet, visible and NIR regions. As such, it has numerous biomedical, biotechnological and agricultural applications. There are several powerful, highly specific and sensitive fluorescence techniques that are current... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phred uses a four-phase procedure as outlined by Ewing et al. to determine a sequence of base calls from the processed DNA sequence tracing:
# Predicted peak locations are determined, based on the assumption that fragments are relatively evenly spaced, on average, in most regions of the gel, to determine the correct n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The DMACA is any of a number of acidified DMACA solutions:
* 0.117 g of DMACA, 39 mL of ethanol, 5 mL of conc hydrochloric acid and diluted to 50mL with water
* 1 g DMACA, 1 mL conc. hydrochloric acid and 99 mL water
* 1 g DMACA in 99 mL conc. hydrochloric acid.
It is primarily used as a histological dye used to detect... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another example of a demethylase is protein-glutamate methylesterase, also known as CheB protein (EC 3.1.1.61), which demethylates MCPs (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins) through hydrolysis of carboxylic ester bonds. The association of a chemotaxis receptor with an agonist leads to the phosphorylation of CheB. Pho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Curvibacter sp. is a gram-negative curved rod-formed bacterium which is the main colonizer of the epithelial cell surfaces of the early branching metazoan Hydra vulgaris. Sequencing the complete genome uncovered a circular chromosome (4.37 Mb), a plasmid (16.5 kb), and two operons coding each for an AHL (N-acyl-homoser... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) also known as receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRIP1 gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Neoendorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide with a nonapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro (YGGFLRKYP).
β-Neoendorphins (β-NEP) have the capability to stimulate wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration. This is achieved by β-NEP's activation of mitogen-activa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An iniferter is a chemical compound that simultaneously acts as initiator, transfer agent, and terminator (hence the name ini-fer-ter) in controlled free radical iniferter polymerizations, the most common is the dithiocarbamate type. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Caesium carbonate can be prepared by thermal decomposition of caesium oxalate. Upon heating, caesium oxalate is converted to caesium carbonate with emission of carbon monoxide.
It can also be synthesized by reacting caesium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Liquid–liquid extraction
** Acid-base extraction
** Supercritical fluid extraction
* Solid-liquid extraction
** Solid-phase extraction
** Maceration
** Ultrasound-assisted extraction
** Microwave-assisted extraction
** Heat reflux extraction
** Instant controlled pressure drop extraction (Détente instantanée contrôlé... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) values are based on dispersion bonds (δD), polar bonds (δP) and hydrogen bonds (δH). These contain information about the inter-molecular interactions with other solvents and also with polymers, pigments, nanoparticles, etc. This allows for rational formulations knowing, for example... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition. This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Calcium is an essential component of soil. When deposited in the form of lime, it cannot be used by plants. To combat this, carbon dioxide produced by plants reacts with water in the environment to produce carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is then able to dissolve limestone, enabling the release of calcium ions. This reacti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to storage, COF materials are exceptional at gas separation. For instance, COFs like imine-linked COF LZU1 and azine-linked COF ACOF-1 were used as a bilayer membrane for the selective separation of the following mixtures: H/CO, H/N, and H/CH. The COFs outperformed molecular sieves due to the inherent therm... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For hydrophobic ligands (e.g. PIP2) in complex with a hydrophobic protein (e.g. lipid-gated ion channels) determining the affinity is complicated by non-specific hydrophobic interactions. Non-specific hydrophobic interactions can be overcome when the affinity of the ligand is high. For example, PIP2 binds with high aff... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the von Baeyer nomenclature is a system for describing polycyclic (i.e. multi-ringed) hydrocarbons. The system was originally developed in 1900 by German chemist Adolf von Baeyer for bicyclic systems and in 1913 expanded by Eduard Buchner and Wilhelm Weigand for tricyclic systems. The system has b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reciprocal silencing on the tissue level refers to the same pattern of silencing and expression of homeologous loci. However, in this case, the differences in silencing and expression occur between two types of tissue within the same individual, rather than in individuals of different populations. This is an example of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This term is also used in the field of gene synthesis—for example "40-base synthetic oligonucleotides are built into 500- to 800-bp synthons". | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* BMS-986121: μ-PAM
* BMS-986122: μ-PAM
* Ignavine
* Oxytocin: μ-PAM
* δ-PAM (see reference)
* Cannabidiol
* Tetrahydrocannabinol
* Sodium (Na) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Materials with anisotropic structures, such as crystals (with less than cubic symmetry, for example martensitic phases) and many composites, will generally have different linear expansion coefficients in different directions. As a result, the total volumetric expansion is distributed unequally among the three axes. If... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phenyl isothiocyanate is reacted with an uncharged N-terminal amino group, under mildly alkaline conditions, to form a cyclical phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative. Then, under acidic conditions, this derivative of the terminal amino acid is cleaved as a thiazolinone derivative. The thiazolinone amino acid is then selective... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The original model for how the respiratory chain complexes are organized was that they diffuse freely and independently in the mitochondrial membrane. However, recent data suggest that the complexes might form higher-order structures called supercomplexes or "respirasomes". In this model, the various complexes exist as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schwab was also known as a writer of physical chemistry and catalysis textbooks, with important works such as the Physico-chemical Foundations of Chemical Technology (, 1928) or Catalysis from the Standoint of Chemical Kinetics (, 1931), the English translation of which was a standard textbook on catalysis for decades.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*An Excellent Nickel Boride Catalyst for the Cis-Selective Semihydrogenation of Acetylenes Tetrahedron (J. Choi and N. M. Yoon), Tetrahedron Lett. Vol.37 p. 1057 (1996)
*A New Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Iodides with Electron Deficient Alkenes Using Nickel Boride(cat.)- Borohydride Exchange Resin in Methanol (T. B. Sim,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A solution containing the analyte, A, in the presence of some conductive buffer. If an electrolytic potential is applied to the solution through a working electrode, then the measured current depends (in part) on the concentration of the analyte. Measurement of this current can be used to determine the concentration ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A polyatomic ion (also known as a molecular ion) is a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero. The term molecule may or may not be used to refer to a polyatomic ion, depending on the definition used. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactive transport models are constructed to understand the composition of natural waters; the origin of economic mineral deposits; the formation and dissolution of rocks and minerals in geologic formations in response to injection of industrial wastes, steam, or carbon dioxide; and the generation of acidic waters and ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Mission data are provided to the public by the NASA Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). The Level 1B data product is the least processed and contains records for all collected soundings (about 74,000 soundings per orbit). The Level 2 product contains estimates of the column-averaged d... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Carbon monoxide bonds to transition metals using "synergistic pi* back-bonding". The M-C bonding has three components, giving rise to a partial triple bond. A sigma (σ) bond arises from overlap of the nonbonding (or weakly anti-bonding) sp-hybridized electron pair on carbon with a blend of d-, s-, and p-orbitals on the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The HNF6 subfamily members contain a cut-homeodomain (ONECUT) bind to DNA as monomers.
* HNF6α/OC-1/ONECUT1 ()
* HNF6β/OC-2/ONECUT2 () | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chloroplasts have their own genome, which encodes a number of thylakoid proteins. However, during the course of plastid evolution from their cyanobacterial endosymbiotic ancestors, extensive gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the cell nucleus took place. This results in the four major thylakoid protein comple... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ampicillin can be administered by mouth, an intramuscular injection (shot) or by intravenous infusion. The oral form, available as capsules or oral suspensions, is not given as an initial treatment for severe infections, but rather as a follow-up to an IM or IV injection. For IV and IM injections, ampicillin is kept as... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Catabolite repression was extensively studied in Escherichia coli. E. coli grows faster on glucose than on any other carbon source. For example, if E. coli is placed on an agar plate containing only glucose and lactose, the bacteria will use glucose first and lactose second. When glucose is available in the environment... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the introduction of pertussis vaccines in the 1940s and 1950s, different genetic changes have been described surrounding the pertussis toxin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1969, he left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor. He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division, from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971. He continued his work on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The debate over the nature and classification of hypervalent molecules goes back to Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir and the debate over the nature of the chemical bond in the 1920s. Lewis maintained the importance of the two-center two-electron (2c-2e) bond in describing hypervalence, thus using expanded octets t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with pseudoephedrine therapy include central nervous system stimulation, insomnia, nervousness, excitability, dizziness and anxiety. Infrequent ADRs include tachycardia or palpitations. Rarely, pseudoephedrine therapy may be associated with mydriasis (dilated pupils), hal... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
miR-324-5p first appeared in literature in a paper published by John Kim et al. in early 2004 that identified 32 entirely new miRNAs from cultured rat cortical neurons using miRNA cloning and RNA analysis. The miRNA quickly gained traction in scientific literature, appearing in articles about the evolutionary conservat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To function, a modern computer needs three different capabilities: It must be able to store information, transmit information between components, and possess a basic system of logic. Prior to March 2013, scientists had successfully demonstrated the ability to store and transmit data using biological components made o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The alcoholysis of acyl halides (the alkoxy-dehalogenation) is believed to proceed via an S2 mechanism (Scheme 10). However, the mechanism can also be tetrahedral or S1 in highly polar solvents (while the S2 reaction involves a concerted reaction, the tetrahedral addition-elimination pathway involves a discernible in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When a ligand activates the G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that exchanges GDP for GTP. The GTP (or GDP) is bound to the G subunit in the traditional view of heterotrimeric GPCR activation. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8–12 glucose units and 2,000-60,000 residues per one molecule of glycogen.
Like amylopectin, glucose units are linked together linearly by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Joule performed his experiment with air at room temperature which was expanded from a pressure of about 22 bar. Air, under these conditions, is almost an ideal gas, but not quite. As a result the real temperature change will not be exactly zero. With our present knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of air we can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As oxygen is fundamental for oxidative phosphorylation, a shortage in O level likely alters ATP production rates. However, proton motive force and ATP production can be maintained by intracellular acidosis. Cytosolic protons that have accumulated with ATP hydrolysis and lactic acidosis can freely diffuse across the mit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ZMapp cocktail was assessed by the World Health Organization for emergency use under the MEURI ethical protocol. The panel agreed that "the benefits of ZMapp outweigh its risks" while noting that it presented logistical challenges, particularly that of requiring a cold chain for distribution and storage. Four alter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1967, the supertanker Torrey Canyon leaked oil onto the English coastline. Alkylphenol surfactants were primarily used to break up the oil, but proved very toxic in the marine environment; all types of marine life were killed. This led to a reformulation of dispersants to be more environmentally sensitive. After th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Intermetallic compounds are generally brittle at room temperature and have high melting points. Cleavage or intergranular fracture modes are typical of intermetallics due to limited independent slip systems required for plastic deformation. However, there are some examples of intermetallics with ductile fracture modes ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The study of action potentials has required the development of new experimental methods. The initial work, prior to 1955, was carried out primarily by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley, who were, along John Carew Eccles, awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contribution to the de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In typical groundwater or seawater, the measured total alkalinity is set equal to:
: A = [] + 2[] + [] + [OH] + 2[] + [] + [] − [H] − []
(Subscript T indicates the total concentration of the species in the solution as measured. This is opposed to the free concentration, which takes into account the significant amount o... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape-memory effect. The special property that allows shape-memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In most crystal transformati... | 8 | Metallurgy |
N,-Diisopropylcarbodiimide is a carbodiimide used in peptide synthesis. As a liquid, it is easier to handle than the commonly used N,-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, a waxy solid. In addition, N,-diisopropylurea, its byproduct in many chemical reactions, is soluble in most organic solvents, a property that facilitates work-u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reverse northern blot differs from both northern and Southern blot in that DNA is first immobilized on a blotting matrix and specific sequences are detected with labeled RNA probes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nanotextured surface (NTS) is a surface which is covered with nano-sized structures. Such surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm. They are currently gaining popularity because of their special applications due to their unique physic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymers are susceptible to attack by atmospheric oxygen, especially at elevated temperatures encountered during processing to shape. Many process methods such as extrusion and injection moulding involve pumping molten polymer into tools, and the high temperatures needed for melting may result in oxidation unless preca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Once a nickel allergy is detected, the best treatment is avoidance of nickel-releasing items. The top 13 categories that contain nickel include beauty accessories, eyeglasses, money, cigarettes, clothes, kitchen and household, electronics and office equipment, metal utensils, aliment, jewelry, batteries, orthodontic an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymes incur catalysis by binding more strongly to transition states than substrates and products. At the catalytic binding site, several different interactions may act upon the substrate. These range from electric catalysis, acid and base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis. These interactions decr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and glutaminolysis can also be targeted for cancer treatment, since they are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Ivosidenib and Enasidenib, two FDA-approved cancer treatments, can arrest the TCA cycle of cancer cells by inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basis for the ISFET is the MOSFET. Dutch engineer Piet Bergveld, at the University of Twente studied the MOSFET and realized it could be adapted into a sensor for electrochemical and biological applications. This led to Bergveld's invention of the ISFET in 1970. He described the ISFET as "a special type of MOSFET w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In aquatic environments (rivers, lakes and ocean), dissolved Si is utilized by diatoms, dictyochales, radiolarians and sponges to produce solid bSiO structures. The biomineralized silica has an amorphous structure and therefore its properties may vary among the different organisms. Biomineralization by diatoms induces ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as specific probes for genetic sequence variations was pioneered by R. Bruce Wallace, working at the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California. In 1979 Wallace and his coworkers reported the use of ASO probes to detect variations in a single-stranded bacterial viru... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some complexes, the arene binds through only two or four carbons, η and η bonding, respectively. In these cases, the arene is no longer planar. Because the arene is dearomatized, the uncoordinated carbon centers display enhanced reactivity. A well studied example is [Ru(η-CMe)(η-CMe)], formed by the reduction of [Ru... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the case of multiple charged projectile ions a particular form of electronic sputtering can take place that has been termed potential sputtering. In these cases the potential energy stored in multiply charged ions (i.e., the energy necessary to produce an ion of this charge state from its neutral atom) is liberated ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Delivery of DDRNAI DNA constructs is simplified by the existence of several clinically approved and well-characterized gene therapy vectors developed for the purpose. Delivery is a major challenge for RNAi-based therapeutics with new modifications and reagents continually being developed to optimize target cell deliver... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many calculational studies have been used to compare the feasibility of different proposed geometries. Using the quantum semi-empirical method of MINDO/3, researchers were not able to conclude which geometry of the 2-norbornyl cation was most energetically favorable. However, the classical structure was found to be the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Green rust is a generic name for various green crystalline chemical compounds containing iron(II) and iron(III) cations, the hydroxide () anion, and another anion such as carbonate (), chloride (), or sulfate (), in a layered double hydroxide structure. The most studied varieties are
* carbonate green rust – GR(): [()]... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a repeating pattern in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of the pattern that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This theoretical paradox is directed at the then-mainstream strand of belief in a classical view of a sempiternal universe, whereby its matter is postulated as everlasting and having always been recognisably the universe. Heat death paradox is born of a paradigm resulting from fundamental ideas about the cosmos. It is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Even once the DNA duplex structure was solved, it was initially an open question whether additional DNA structures were needed to explain its overall topology. there were initially questions about how it might affect DNA replication. In 1963, autoradiographs of the E. coli chromosome demonstrated that it was a single c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitogens act primarily by influencing a set of proteins which are involved in the restriction of progression through the cell cycle. The G1 checkpoint is controlled most directly by mitogens: further cell cycle progression does not need mitogens to continue. The point where mitogens are no longer needed to move the cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If two substituents on an atom are geometric isomers of each other, the Z-isomer has higher priority than the E-isomer. A stereoisomer that contains two higher priority groups on the same face of the double bond (cis) is classified as "Z." The stereoisomer with two higher priority groups on opposite sides of a carbon-c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Compounds that contain the cyanate functional group, −O−C≡N, are known as cyanates or cyanate esters. Aryl cyanates such are phenyl cyanate, can be formed by a reaction of phenol with cyanogen chloride, ClCN, in the presence of a base.
Organic compounds that contain the isocyanate functional group −N=C=O are known as ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The van der Waals binding energy can be analyzed by another simple physical picture: modeling the motion of an electron around its nucleus by a three-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator with a potential energy V:
where m and ω are the mass and vibrational frequency of the electron, respectively.
As this atom a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There have been reports of large magnetoelectric coupling at room-temperature in type-I multiferroics such as in the "diluted" magnetic perovskite (PbZrTiO)–(PbFeTaO) (PZTFT) in certain Aurivillius phases. Here, strong ME coupling has been observed on a microscopic scale using PFM under magnetic field among other techn... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The criterion for aromaticity has evolved as new developments and insights continue to contribute to our understanding of these remarkably stable organic molecules. The required characteristics of these molecules has thus remained the subject of some controversy. Classically, aromatic compounds were defined as planar m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics or composite materials. They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application, and thus comprise the whole or part of a living structure or biom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p13.2) on the plus (Watson) strand. It is 224,161 bases in length organised into 23 exons. The encoded protein has 4,167 amino acids and molecular weight of 460,937 Da. Three isoforms are known. The protein itself has a large tandem-repeat domain comprising 34 impe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are some main areas of focus that can be looked at for the future of SVA to keep improving and being innovational in technology. Firstly, the chambers in which SVA takes place should continue to be improved on to allow precision of the process, as well as, reproducibility of the same structure on each attempt. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The appearance of oxhide ingots in the archaeological record corresponds with the beginning of the bulk copper trade in the Mediterranean—approximately 1600 BC. The earliest oxhide ingots found come from Crete and date to the Late Minoan IB, approximately 1500 BC to 1450 BC. The latest oxhide ingots date to approximate... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Copper was the first metal in common use for tools and containers since it is one of the few metals available in non-oxidized form, not requiring the smelting of an ore. Copper is easily softened by heating and then cooling (it does not harden by quenching, e.g., quenching in cool water). In this annealed state it may ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sandwich assays are generally used for larger analytes because they tend to have multiple binding sites. As the sample migrates through the assay it first encounters a conjugate, which is an antibody specific to the target analyte labelled with a visual tag, usually colloidal gold. The antibodies bind to the target ana... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1931, together with Henri Devaux, Pockels received the Laura R. Leonard Prize from the . In the following year, the Braunschweig University of Technology granted her an honorary doctorate, being the first woman to receive such an award.
Using an improved version of this slide trough, American chemist Irving Langmuir... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Greenhouse gases are infrared active, meaning that they absorb and emit infrared radiation in the same long wavelength range as what is emitted by the Earth's surface, clouds and atmosphere.
99% of the Earths dry atmosphere (excluding water vapor) is made up of nitrogen () (78%) and oxygen () (21%). Because their molec... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ring-closing Metathesis has shown utility in the synthesis of 5-30 membered rings, polycycles, and heterocycles containing atoms such as N, O, S, P, and even Si. Due to the functional group tolerance of modern RCM reactions, the synthesis of structurally complex compounds containing a range of functional groups such as... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Attosecond physics typically deals with non-relativistic bounded particles and employs electromagnetic fields with a moderately high intensity ( W/cm).
This fact allows to set up a discussion in a non-relativistic and semi-classical quantum mechanics environment for light-matter interaction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Titanium boride (TiB) is intentionally added to the melt for grain refinement to improve mechanical properties.
Phosphorus is added to the melt hypereutectic alloys for modification of the silicon phase for better mechanical properties. This creates AlP inclusions.
Boron treatment inclusions ( (Ti, V)B ) form when boro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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