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Tetsuo Nozoe was born on 16 May 1902 in Sendai to Juichi Nozoe, a lawyer and one-time member of the National Diet, and Toyo Nozoe. Tetsuo's family was Buddhist except of his mother who was a devout Christian. Tetsuo had three sisters and seven brothers, and he was the sixth child in the family. He started doing chemica... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Dortmund Data Bank (short DDB) is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data. Its main usage is the data supply for process simulation where experimental data are the basis for the design, analysis, synthesis, and optimization of chemical processes. The DDB is used for fitting parameters for ther... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* 2009 Nexxus Young Life Scientist of the Year
* 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Joseph Black Award
* 2016 Top 50 Women in Analytical Science
* 2016 Coblentz Society Craver Award
* 2017 The Analytical Scientist Top 10 Spectroscopists
* 2018 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE)
* 2023 The Analy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata.
* The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochondrial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes.
* The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hormone transport and the involvement of binding proteins is an essential aspect when considering the function of hormones.
The formation of a complex with a binding protein has several benefits: the effective half-life of the bound hormone is increased, and a reservoir of bound hormones is created, which evens the var... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain methyl groups can be deprotonated. For example, the acidity of the methyl groups in acetone () is about 10 times more acidic than methane. The resulting carbanions are key intermediates in many reactions in organic synthesis and biosynthesis. Fatty acids are produced in this way. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Only a small fraction of the light incident on the ocean will be reflected and received by the satellite. The probability for a photon to reflect and exit the ocean decreases exponentially with length of its path through the water because the ocean is an absorbing medium. The more ocean a photon must travel through, th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Metal oxides excel at catalyzing gas phase reactions by photo-activation, as well as thermal activation of the catalyst. Oxidation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbon monoxide, and ammonia occurs when stimulated with light of greater energy than the band gap of the metal oxide. Homophasic and heterophasic light-induced o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main application of size-exclusion chromatography is the fractionation of proteins and other water-soluble polymers, while gel permeation chromatography is used to analyze the molecular weight distribution of organic-soluble polymers. Either technique should not be confused with gel electrophoresis, where an electr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mice treated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) show suppression of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, a process that is essential for the formation and storage of long-term memory. These results may concur with anecdotal evidence suggesting that smoking cannabis impairs short-term memory. Consistent with this f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The current version, HITRAN2020, contains 55 molecules in the line-by-line portion of HITRAN along with some of their most significant isotopologues (144 isotopologues in total). These data are archived as a multitude of high-resolution line transitions, each containing many spectral parameters required for high-resolu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), also known as electrolytic plasma oxidation (EPO) or microarc oxidation (MAO), is an electrochemical surface treatment process for generating oxide coatings on metals. It is similar to anodizing, but it employs higher potentials, so that discharges occur and the resulting plasma mo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides of six, seven, or eight glucose units designated as α, β, and γ cyclodextrins respectively. Depicted in the diagram below. Daniel Armstrong is considered the pioneer of micelle and cyclodextrin-based separations. Cyclodextrins are covalently attached to silica by Armstron... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface. Depending upon the convention used, the area is either the original, unstretched one which represents a constant number of atoms, or sometimes is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Foldit's developers wanted to attract as many people as possible to the cause of protein folding. So, rather than only building a useful science tool, they used gamification (the inclusion of gaming elements) to make Foldit appealing and engaging to the general public.
As a protein structure is modified, a score is cal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typical stages in 5S rRNA (also termed class I) gene initiation:
*TFIIIA (Transcription Factor for polymerase III A) binds to the intragenic (lying within the transcribed DNA sequence) 5S rRNA control sequence, the C Block (also termed box C).
*TFIIIA serves as a platform that replaces the A and B Blocks for positionin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mycoremediation can even be used for fire management with the encapsulation method. This process consists of using fungal spores coated with agarose in a pellet form, which is introduced to a substrate in the burnt forest, breaking down toxins and stimulating growth. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The olfactory receptor neuron has a fast working negative feedback response upon depolarization. When the neuron is depolarizing, the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. The influx of calcium begins a cascade of events within the cell. Calcium first binds to calmodulin to form CaM... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs.
The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Tafel equation is an equation in electrochemical kinetics relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential. The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification. The equation is named after Swiss chemist Julius Tafel.
Where an electrochemi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During World War II, various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft, although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly r... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A few stable nitronium salts with anions of weak nucleophilicity can be isolated. These include nitronium perchlorate , nitronium tetrafluoroborate , nitronium hexafluorophosphate , nitronium hexafluoroarsenate , and nitronium hexafluoroantimonate . These are all very hygroscopic compounds.
The solid form of dinitrogen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Merv Oasis had been extensively explored in 1904 by an American team; however, the reports published were of a preliminary nature. During the period 1940–50, the Asian Republics started establishing archaeological institutions in their respective countries. Among them, the South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The pyridinium dichromate (PDC) or Cornforth reagent is a pyridinium salt of dichromate with the chemical formula [CHNH][CrO]. This compound is named after the Australian-British chemist Sir John Warcup Cornforth (b. 1917) who introduced it in 1962. The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. They infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. They are the cause of a wide range of diseases in cats, dog, pigs, rodents, cattle and humans. Transmission is by the faeca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common synthesis method of gold(III) bromide is heating gold and excess liquid bromine at 140 °C:
Alternatively, the halide-exchange reaction of gold(III) chloride with hydrobromic acid has also been proven successful in synthesizing gold(III) bromide:
This reaction is driven by the production of the relativel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Phosgene is an insidious poison as the odor may not be noticed and symptoms may be slow to appear.
The odor detection threshold for phosgene is 0.4 ppm, four times the threshold limit value (time weighted average). Its high toxicity arises from the action of the phosgene on the , and groups of the proteins in pulmona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In July 2020 researchers report the discovery of chemolithoautotrophic bacterial culture that feeds on the metal manganese after performing unrelated experiments and named its bacterial species Candidatus Manganitrophus noduliformans and Ramlibacter lithotrophicus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term radiative cooling is generally used for local processes, though the same principles apply to cooling over geological time, which was first used by Kelvin to estimate the age of the Earth (although his estimate ignored the substantial heat released by radioisotope decay, not known at the time, and the effects o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The diffuse series used to be called the first subordinate series, with the sharp series being the second subordinate, both being subordinate to (less intense than) the principal series. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PEP carboxylase is mainly subject to two levels of regulation: phosphorylation and allostery. Figure 3 shows a schematic of the regulatory mechanism.
Phosphorylation by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase turns the enzyme on, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphatase turns it back off. Both kinase and phos... | 5 | Photochemistry |
When brickwork is persistently wet, as in foundations, retaining walls, parapets and chimneys, sulfates in bricks and mortar may in time crystallise and expand and cause mortar and renderings to disintegrate. To minimise this effect specialised brickwork with low sulfate levels should be used. Acid sulfates that are lo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The commercial synthesis of halothane starts from trichloroethylene, which is reacted with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of antimony trichloride at 130 °C to form 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. This is then reacted with bromine at 450 °C to produce halothane. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Alzheimers disease involves the progressive degeneration of the brain, severely impacting mental faculties. Since the Ca hypothesis of Alzheimers was proposed in 1994, several studies have shown that disruptions in Ca signaling are the primary cause of Alzheimers disease. Familial Alzheimers disease has been strongly l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the ability to introduce diverse functionality into COFs’ structure, catalytic sites can be fine-tuned in conjunction with other advantageous properties like conductivity and stability to afford efficient and selective catalysts. COFs have been used as heterogeneous catalysts in organic, electrochemical, as well... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A biotransducer is the recognition-transduction component of a biosensor system. It consists of two intimately coupled parts; a bio-recognition layer and a physicochemical transducer, which acting together converts a biochemical signal to an electronic or optical signal. The bio-recognition layer typically contains an ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When applied globally, PDRC can lower rising temperatures to slow and reverse global warming. Aili et al. concludes that "widescale adoption of radiative cooling could reduce air temperature near the surface, if not the whole atmosphere." To address global warming, PDRCs must be designed "to ensure that the emission is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Muon spin rotation and relaxation are mostly performed with positive muons. They are well suited to the study of magnetic fields at the atomic scale inside matter, such as those produced by various kinds of magnetism and/or superconductivity encountered in compounds occurring in nature or artificially produced by mode... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as its conductivity divided by its molar concentration.
where:
: κ is the measured conductivity (formerly known as specific conductance),
: c is the molar concentration of the electrolyte.
The SI unit of molar conductivity is siemens metres squared per mole (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pher... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism consists of three well-differentiated reactions:
# Phenol O-acylation with formation of a tetrahedral intermediate
# Intramolecular aldol condensation to cyclize and to form a hydroxydihydrochromone
# Elimination of the hydroxyl group to form the chromone (or coumarin) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SLC25 is a gene that is essential for the synthesis of a wide range of mitochondrial transporters, such as citrate shuttle. Mutations in this gene can result in dysfunctional mitochondria. This leads to significant decrease in the energy production of our body cells, causing severe metabolic diseases. It can cause seve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The functional group, the spacer and the lipid tail components of the FSL Kode construct can each be individually designed resulting in FSL Kode constructs with specific biological functions. The functional head group is usually the bioactive component of the construct and the various spacers and lipids influence and e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. These compounds can act as sur... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In eukaryotes, N-linked glycans are derived from a core 14-sugar unit assembled in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum. First, two N-acetylglucosamine residues are attached to dolichol monophosphate, a lipid, on the external side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Five mannose residues are then added to this st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals [Minerals]) is a book in Latin cataloguing the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published a year posthumously in 1556 due to a delay in preparing woodcuts for the text. The author was Georg Bauer, whose pen name was the Latinized Georgius Agri... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mathematical definition given by H.T. Odum is formally analogous to the definition provided on the maximum power theorem article. (For a brief explanation of Odums approach to the relationship between ecology and electronics see Ecological Analog of Ohms Law) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The commercial development of the Cell occurred indirectly as a result of problems being experienced in MIMs Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator (sometimes referred to as a "mill" in the mining industry). MIM had been operating a lead–zinc concentrator at Mount Isa since 1931, although lead–zinc ore was substituted with c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Since 5β-coprostanol is formed from cholesterol in the vertebrate gut, the ratio of the product over reactant can be used to indicate the degree of faecal matter in samples. Raw untreated sewage typically has a 5β-coprostanol / cholesterol ratio of ~10 which decreases through a sewage treatment plant (STP) such that in... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Point mutations usually take place during DNA replication. DNA replication occurs when one double-stranded DNA molecule creates two single strands of DNA, each of which is a template for the creation of the complementary strand. A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. Changing one purine or pyrimidin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Controversy about, and shortages of, injected HCG for weight loss have led to substantial Internet promotion of "homeopathic HCG" for weight control. The ingredients in these products are often obscure, but if prepared from true HCG via homeopathic dilution, they contain either no HCG at all or only trace amounts. More... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transportable semi-mobile installations have gained increasing popularity in the last two decades. They are enabled by the fact that complete sensor-based sorting systems are relatively compact in relation to the capacity in tonnes per hour. This is mainly because little infrastructure is needed. The picture shows a co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chemerin peptides are short peptides (on the order of 9 amino acids) that are produced from the carboxyl terminus of the chemokine chemerin. They display the same activities as chemerin, although at higher efficacy and potency.
A particular synthetic chemerin-derived peptide, termed C15, was developed at Oxford Univers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carriers. For thi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Rockefeller Public Service Award (1953)
* Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award (1966)
* Businessweek’s list of 100 Top Corporate Women (1976) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the competition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
It was named for Philip Randle, who described it in 1963. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) angle and μέτρον (métron) measure. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.
Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Heck reaction is the palladium-catalyzed coupling of an aryl or alkenyl halide with an alkene to form a substituted alkene. Intramolecular variants of the reaction may be used to generate cyclic products containing endo or exo double bonds. Ring sizes produced by the intramolecular Heck reaction range from four to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In order for neuroproteomics to function correctly, proteins must be separated in terms of the proteome from which they came. For example, one set might be under normal conditions, while another might be under diseased conditions. Proteins are commonly separated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It follows immediately that
Substituting Equation 3 back into Equation 1 gives a relationship for the efficiency in terms of temperature:
This is identical to the efficiency formula for Carnot cycle, which effectively employs the ideal gas scale. This means that the two scales equal numerically at every point. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bay mud consists of thick deposits of soft, unconsolidated silty clay, which is saturated with water; these soil layers are situated at the bottom of certain estuaries, which are normally in temperate regions that have experienced cyclical glacial cycles.
Example locations are Cape Cod Bay, Chongming Dongtan Reserve ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Endocrinologists have traditionally classified hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the anabolic steroids, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth, and insulin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PCBs or biphenyl cannot provide energy for microbes, so they are primary energy and carbon sources. As stated before it takes months sometimes for microorganisms to activate their gene for dichlorine after the first exposure to PCBs. It has been proposed to use analogs to promote the activation of genes. However, even ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Kuipers graduated in 1986 in biology at Utrecht University.
* In 1988 Kuipers obtained an EMBO Fellowship for three month at the lab of Dr. J. Gallay of the University of Paris-Sud in Orsay (Paris) to study time-resolved Fluorescence.
* In 1989 Kuipers received a SHELL fellowship to give lectures in the United State... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Levomethamphetamine crosses the blood-brain-barrier and acts as a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor and TAAR1 agonist, functioning as a selective norepinephrine releasing agent (with limited effects on the release of dopamine), thus levomethamphetamine affects the central nervous system, although its effects are qua... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher was a physicist and inventor originally concerned with the electric telegraph. He first published details of his chain in August 1850 in German and in the winter of that same year came to Britain to demonstrate the machine to notable physicians. He visited London and Edinburgh on this trip. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Deficiency of this enzyme will increase the possibility of cholesterol gallstones.
Disruption of CYP7A1 from classic bile acid synthesis in mice leads to either increased postnatal death or a milder phenotype with elevated serum cholesterol. The latter is similar to the case in humans, where CYP7A1 mutations associate ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleic acids (including RNA and DNA) are nucleotide polymers synthesized by polymerase enzymes during either transcription or DNA replication. Following 5-3 synthesis of the backbone, individual nitrogenous bases are capable of interacting with one another via hydrogen bonding, thus allowing for the formation of highe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*It can be prepared by Jones oxidation of cyclooctanol.
*It can also be produced by ketonization reaction starting with azelaic acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A cylinder lens consists of several cylinders whose sides are thin walls. Each cylinder lines up parallel to the optical axis into which electrons enter. There are small gaps put between the cylinders. When each cylinder has a different voltage, the gap between the cylinders works as a lens. The magnification is able t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a face-centered cubic unit cell, the number of atoms is four. A line can be drawn from the top corner of a cube diagonally to the bottom corner on the same side of the cube, which is equal to 4r. Using geometry, and the side length, a can be related to r as:
Knowing this and the formula for the volume of a sphere,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Responses are polyclonal in nature as each clone somewhat specializes in producing antibodies against a given epitope, and because, each antigen contains multiple epitopes, each of which in turn can be recognized by more than one clone of B cells. To be able to react to innumerable antigens, as well as multiple constit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes is dependent on stimulation of helper T cells. However bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, and some polymeric proteins, can stimulate B lymphocytes without involvement of helper T cells. The non-protein microbial antigens cannot sti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitroamines are organic compounds with the general chemical structure . They consist of a nitro group () bonded to an amine. The parent inorganic compound, where both R substituents are hydrogen, is nitramide, . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The nitrogen in ammonia has 5 valence electrons and bonds with three hydrogen atoms to complete the octet. This would result in the geometry of a regular tetrahedron with each bond angle equal to cos(−) ≈ 109.5°. However, the three hydrogen atoms are repelled by the electron lone pair in a way that the geometry is dist... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A number of different structural domains that fold mostly on their own have been found in the APP sequence. The extracellular region, much larger than the intracellular region, is divided into the E1 and E2 domains, linked by an acidic domain (AcD); E1 contains two subdomains including a growth factor-like domain (GFLD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H, or hydrogen ion, gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tetrabutylammonium tribromide, abbreviated to TBATB, is a pale orange solid with the formula [N(CH)]Br. It is a salt of the lipophilic tetrabutylammonium cation and the linear tribromide anion. The salt is sometimes used as a reagent used in organic synthesis as a conveniently weighable, solid source of bromine. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, the most important requisite is to calibrate the incubation time of the assay both to the model cell and the ligand to be evaluated. Too short incubation time results in no cells in the sample, while too long time perturbs the concentration gradients and measures more chemokinetic than chemotactic responses... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ABO blood group system is determined by what type of glycosyltransferases are expressed in the body.
The ABO gene locus expressing the glycosyltransferases has three main allelic forms: A, B, and O. The A allele encodes 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that bonds α-N-acetylgalactosamine to D-galactose end of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the energy formula of Rydberg series is a result of hydrogen-like atom structure, Rydberg states are also present in molecules. Wave functions of high Rydberg states are very diffuse and span diameters that approach infinity. As a result, any isolated neutral molecule behaves like a hydrogen-like atom at the R... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to undergoing S2-type reactions, alkyl halides and similar substrates can add to a metal center via a radical mechanism, although some details remain controversial. Reactions which are generally accepted to proceed by a radical mechanism are known however. One example was proposed by Lednor and co-workers.
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Helferich method may refer to:
#Glycosylation of an alcohol using a glycosyl acetate as glycosyl donor and a Lewis acid (e.g. a metal halide) as promoter
#Glycosylation of an alcohol using a glycosyl halide as a glycosyl donor and a mercury salt as promoter (cf the Koenigs-Knorr reaction, which uses silver salts as... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Baker's yeast (BY) has been utilized for the kinetic resolution of α-stereogenic carbonyl compounds. The enzyme selectively reduces one enantiomer, yielding a highly enantioenriched alcohol and ketone, as shown below.
Bakers yeast has also been used in the kinetic resolution of secondary benzylic alcohols by oxidation.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), a committee of the Human Genome Organisation, for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Together with hydrogen (H), oxygen is evolved by the electrolysis of water. The point of water electrolysis is to store energy in the form of hydrogen gas, a clean-burning fuel. The "oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the major bottleneck [to water electrolysis] due to the sluggish kinetics of this four-electron transf... | 5 | Photochemistry |
If the diffusing particles are hindered by obstacles or pushed by a force (molecular motors, flow, etc.) the dynamics is often not sufficiently well-described by the normal diffusion model, where the mean squared displacement (MSD) grows linearly with time. Instead the diffusion may be better described as anomalous dif... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depleti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Whole cell and tissue analysis is possible using a microPIXE beam, this method is also referred to as nuclear microscopy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This specific sulfinamide chiral auxiliary was initially developed by Jonathan A. Ellman, and its use has been explored extensively by his group. Thus, it is often referred to as Ellmans auxiliary or Ellmans sulfinamide. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pigments absorb light. Soap bubbles show a prism of different colors on their surfaces. These colors result from the way light interacts with differing thicknesses of the bubble's film, a phenomenon called structural color. Part of Qingchen Shen and Silvia Vignolini’s research focuses on identifying the causes behind ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term "fine chemicals" was in use as early as 1908. The emergence of the fine chemical industry as a distinct entity dates to the late 1970s, when the overwhelming success of the histamine H receptor antagonists Tagamet (cimetidine) and Zantac (ranitidine hydrochloride) created a strong demand for advanced organic c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He worked as part of the DNA synthesis group at Genentech from 1986 to 1990, before joining Gilead in 1990 as Director of Organic Chemistry. In 1993, he began work, as head of a team, to create Tamiflu. In 1996, clinical studies were carried out on the drug, which was the first orally active commercially developed anti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In one study, it was estimated that for every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops can yield up to four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Flavin mononucleotide is a prosthetic group found in, among other proteins, NADH dehydrogenase, E.coli nitroreductase and old yellow enzyme. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis is related to energy metabolism and storage. All living cells require a continual supply of energy for two main purposes: the biosynthesis of micro and macromolecules, and the active transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes. The energy derived from the oxidation of nutrients is not used directly... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main compartment of the titration cell contains the anode solution plus the analyte. The anode solution consists of an alcohol (ROH), a base (B), sulfur dioxide () and KI. Typical alcohols that may be used include ethanol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or methanol, sometimes referred to as Karl Fischer grade. ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ellipsometry measures the complex reflectance ratio of a system, which may be parametrized by the amplitude component and the phase difference . The polarization state of the light incident upon the sample may be decomposed into an s and a p component (the s component is oscillating perpendicular to the plane of inci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
P1 was discovered in 1951 by Giuseppe Bertani in Salvador Lurias laboratory, but the phage was little studied until Ed Lennox, also in Lurias group, showed in 1954–5 that it could transduce genetic material between host bacteria. This discovery led to the phage being used for genetic exchange and genome mapping in E. c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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