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During lagging strand synthesis, DNA ligase I connects the Okazaki fragments, following replacement of the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase δ. Okazaki fragments that are not ligated could cause double-strand-breaks, which cleaves the DNA. Since only a small number of double-strand breaks are tolerated... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The scientific branch that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level is called cytopathology. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to the pathology branch of histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate disease... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some biopolymers- such as PLA, naturally occurring zein, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate can be used as plastics, replacing the need for polystyrene or polyethylene based plastics.
Some plastics are now referred to as being degradable, oxy-degradable or UV-degradable. This means that they break down when exposed to light o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catalysis is a major focus of research. Two classes of catalysts are generally recognized for the construction of solar fuel cells for hydrogen production:
1) A homogeneous system is one such that catalysts are not compartmentalized, that is, components are present in the same compartment. This means that hydrogen and ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The phase structure of quark matter remains mostly conjectural because it is difficult to perform calculations predicting the properties of quark matter. The reason is that QCD, the theory describing the dominant interaction between quarks, is strongly coupled at the densities and temperatures of greatest physical inte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains.
They are also known as CD85, ILTs and LIR, and can exert immunomodulatory effects on a wide range of immune cells. The human genes encoding these receptors are found in a gene cluster at chromos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lactonases are able to interfere with AHL-mediated quorum sensing. Some examples of these lactonases are AiiA produced by Bacillus species, AttM and AiiB produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and QIcA produced by Hyphomicrobiales species.
Lactonases have been reported for Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Rhodococcus, Strepto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The insertion of ethylene and propylene into titanium alkyls is the cornerstone of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, the commercial route of polyethylene and polypropylene. This technology mainly involves heterogeneous catalysts, but it is widely assumed that the principles and observations on homogeneous systems are applicabl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In studies of enzymes, the current results from the catalytic oxydation or reduction of the enzyme's substrate.
The electroactive coverage of large redox enzymes (such as laccase, hydrogenase etc.) is often too low to detect any signal in the absence of substrate, but the electrochemical signal is amplified by catalysi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since the patient group receiving radioligand therapy is narrow, many health care providers are not equipped or eligible to administer radioligand therapy. PET imaging machines, a lead shielded area, and trained professionals must be available. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Data may also be created in the manufacturing of the media, as is the case with most optical disc formats for commercial data distribution. In this case, the user can not write to the disc it is a ROM format. Data may be written by a nonlinear optical method, but in this case the use of very high power lasers is accept... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic, and are much less abundant than the other two main hydrocarbon compounds. They are represented by the formula CH, where n is a positive integer. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Demethylation is relevant to epigenetics. Demethylation of DNA is catalyzed by demethylases. These enzymes oxidize N-methyl groups, which occur in histones, in lysine derivatives, and in some forms of DNA.
:RN-CH + O → RN-H + CHO
One family of such oxidative enzymes is the cytochrome P450. Alpha-ketoglutar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photosynthesis, plant water transport (xylem) and gas exchange are regulated by stomatal function which is important in the functioning of plants.
Stomata are responsive to light with blue light being almost 10 times as effective as red light in causing stomatal response. Research suggests this is because the light res... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The water molecule is an asymmetric top, that is, it has three independent moments of inertia. Rotation about the 2-fold symmetry axis is illustrated at the left. Because of the low symmetry of the molecule, a large number of transitions can be observed in the far infrared region of the spectrum. Measurements of microw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-Kekulé molecules with two formal radical centers (non-Kekulé diradicals) can be classified into non-disjoint and disjoint by the shape of their two non-bonding molecular orbitals (NBMOs).
Both NBMOs of molecules with non-disjoint characteristics such as trimethylenemethane have electron density at the same atom. Ac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, an absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Detailed predictions were made in the late 1970s for the production of jets at the CERN Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron. UA2 observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981, which shortly after was confirmed by UA1.
The subject was later revived at RHIC. One of the most striking physica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine.
It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Base calling can be assessed by two metrics, read accuracy and consensus accuracy. Read accuracy refers to the called base's accuracy to a known reference. Consensus accuracy refers to how accurate a consensus sequence is compared to overlapping reads from the same genetic locus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt that differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% asphalt. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the bui... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two functional groups contribute significantly to aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocking potency, it is presumed to enable them to bind the receptor at two points. A bis-quaternary two point arrangement on A and D-ring (binding inter-site) or a D-ring acetylcholine moiety (binding at two points intra-site) are most like... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although strong, the (aryl)C−SO bond can be broken by nucleophilic reagents. Of historic and continuing significance is the α-sulfonation of anthroquinone followed by displacement of the sulfonate group by other nucleophiles, which cannot be installed directly. An early method for producing phenol involved the base hyd... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial-based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis, in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined. In LB plates containing X-gal, the colour change fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria (bacteriophages) and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor bet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca pathway. Wnt proteins appear to control a wide r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Abundance in weight: spectroscopic nucleic acid quantitation
*Absolute abundance in number: real-time polymerase chain reaction (quantitative PCR)
*High-throughput relative abundance: DNA microarray
*High-throughput absolute abundance: serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE)
*Size: gel electrophoresis | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent attempts have been made to relabel antifreeze proteins as ice structuring proteins to more accurately represent their function and to dispose of any assumed negative relation between AFPs and automotive antifreeze, ethylene glycol. These two things are completely separate entities, and show loose similarity only... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physiological concentrations (ppb-range) of Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mo, Pd, Co, Mn, Pt, Cr, Cd and other metal cofactor species can be identified and absolutely quantified in an aliquot of a fraction by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), for example. In case of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws which are universally valid when applied to systems that fall within the constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent formulations are the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Maxwell-Wagner polarization processes should be taken into account during the investigation of inhomogeneous materials like suspensions or colloids, biological materials, phase separated polymers, blends, and crystalline or liquid crystalline polymers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alfaprostol is a bioactive analog of prostaglandin F. Alfaprostol is a luteolytic agent used injectably for scheduling of estrus in mares for purposes of planned breeding. It is also used for treating of postweaning anestrus in economically important farm animals. For these purposes, alfaprostol is more potent than na... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH). In aerobic soils where nitrification can occur, nitrate is usually the predominant form of available nitrogen that is absorbed. However this is not always the case as ammonia can predominate in grasslands and in flooded, anaerobic soils... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are different spectroelectrochemical techniques based on the combination of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Regarding electrochemistry, the most common techniques used are:
*Chronoamperometry, which measures current intensity as a function of time by applying a constant difference of potential to th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a unimolecular reaction, a single molecule rearranges atoms, forming different molecules. This is illustrated by the equation
where refers to chemical product(s). The reaction or reaction step is an isomerization if there is only one product molecule, or a dissociation if there is more than one product molecule.
In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Research is being done into RCB and NCP, two non-catalytic thioredoxin-like proteins that activate chloroplast transcription. Knowing the exact mechanism can be useful to allow increasing photosynthesis (i.e. through genetic modification). | 5 | Photochemistry |
A sulfonium ion is a positively charged ion featuring three organic substituents attached to sulfur, with the formula [RS]. Together with their negatively charged counterpart, the anion, the compounds are called sulfonium salts. An oxosulfonium ion is a positively charged ion featuring three organic substituents and an... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Arctic Apples are a suite of trademarked apples that contain a nonbrowning trait created by using gene silencing to reduce the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). It is the first approved food product to use this technique. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, the metallome is the distribution of metal ions in a cellular compartment. The term was coined in analogy with proteome as metallomics is the study of metallome: the "comprehensive analysis of the entirety of metal and metalloid species within a cell or tissue type". Therefore, metallomics can be con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATSDR represents the Department of Health and Human Services on the National Response Team and works with other agencies to provide technical assistance during emergencies involving hazardous substances, such as chemical spills. In July 2007, for example, ATSDR responded to the Verdigris River flood in Coffeyville, Kan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salts containing fluoride are numerous and adopt myriad structures. Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides. Sodium fluoride and sodium chloride adopt the same structure. For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Histone post-translational modifications were first identified and listed as having a potential regulatory role on the synthesis of RNA in 1964. Since then, over several decades, chromatin theory has evolved. Chromatin subunit models as well as the notion of the nucleosome were established in 1973 and 1974, respecti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the microcanonical ensemble is a particular statistical ensemble which is used to make predictions about the outcomes of experiments performed on isolated systems that are believed to be in equilibrium with an exactly known energy. The microcanonical ensemble is based upon the assumption that,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, is a functional and structural analog of a peptide derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (Bothrops jararaca). Enalapril is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril.
Enalapril is actually a prodrug; th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As with synthetic kinetic resolution procedures, enzymatic acylation kinetic resolutions have seen the broadest application in a synthetic context. Especially important has been the use of enzymatic kinetic resolution to efficiently and cheaply prepare amino acids. On a commercial scale, Degussa's methodology employing... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Methylene blue is widely used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions of this substance are blue when in an oxidizing environment, but will turn colorless if exposed to a reducing agent. The redox properties can be seen in a classical demonstration of chemical kinetics in general chemistry, the "blue bo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a severe form of localized external corrosion that occurs in carbon and low alloy steel equipment that has been insulated. This form of corrosion occurs when water is absorbed by or collected in the insulation. The equipment begins to corrode as it is exposed to water and oxygen. C... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Montreal Protocol targeted 1,1,1-trichloroethane as one of those compounds responsible for ozone depletion and banned its use beginning in 1996. Since then, its manufacture and use have been phased out throughout most of the world. Its atmospheric presence has declined rapidly due to its relatively short atmospher... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The silicon cycle has gained increasingly in scientific attention the past decade for several reasons:
Firstly, the modern marine silica cycle is widely believed to be dominated by diatoms for the fixation and export of particulate matter (including organic carbon), from the euphotic zone to the deep ocean, via a proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Brine rejection is a process that occurs when salty water freezes. The salts do not fit in the crystal structure of water ice, so the salt is expelled.
Since the oceans are salty, this process is important in nature. Salt rejected by the forming sea ice drains into the surrounding seawater, creating saltier, denser bri... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the first system, a wild-type Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase was fused to the Cas9 H840A nickase C-terminus. Detectable editing efficiencies were observed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examples of alkaliphiles include Halorhodospira halochloris, Natronomonas pharaonis, and Thiohalospira alkaliphila. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOCCHCOOH) and eth... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The eyespot apparatus (or stigma) is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it, prompting the organism to either swim towards the light... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chuen Yan Cheng () is a Senior Scientist for the Population Council's Center for Biomedical Research. He is most well known as the inventor of the non-steroid male contraceptive drug——Adjudin, which is the first male contraceptive drug on the market now finished clinical trials showing no side effects. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Paul trap is a type of quadrupole ion trap that uses static direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) oscillating electric fields to trap ions. Paul traps are commonly used as components of a mass spectrometer. The invention of the 3D quadrupole ion trap itself is attributed to Wolfgang Paul who shared the Nobel P... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid anhydrides () have two acyl groups linked by an oxygen atom. If both acyl groups are the same, then the name of the carboxylic acid with the word acid is replaced with the word anhydride and the IUPAC name consists of two words. If the acyl groups are different, then they are named in alphabetical order in the sam... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Flexibility and plasticity allow proteins to bind to ligands, form oligomers, aggregate, and perform mechanical work. Large conformational changes in proteins play an important role in cellular signaling. Adenylate Kinase is a signal transducing protein; thus, the balance between conformations regulates protein activit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gene for the LHCGR is found on chromosome 2 p21 in humans, close to the FSH receptor gene. It consists of 70 kbp (versus 54 kpb for the FSHR). The gene is similar to the gene for the FSH receptor and the TSH receptor. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula . It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group replaced by a nitrogen atom . It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A bimolecular elimination reaction will occur in a molecule where the breaking carbon-hydrogen bond and the leaving group are anti-periplanar (Figure 8). This geometry is preferred because it aligns σ and σ* orbitals. Figure 9 shows the σ orbital and the σ* orbital parallel to each other, allowing the σ orbital to dona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The four JAK family members are:
* Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)
* Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)
* Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)
* Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)
Transgenic mice that do not express JAK1 have defective responses to some cytokines, such as interferon-gamma. JAK1 and JAK2 are involved in type II interferon (interferon-gamma) signallin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is important to consider the downstream applications of the plasmid DNA when choosing a purification method. For example, if the plasmid is to be used for transfection or electroporation, a purification method that results in high purity and low endotoxin levels is desirable. Similarly, if the plasmid is to be used ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 2014 – 2017 Corbion, Corbion Thermophiles. Prime investigator €530k
* 2010-2013 Purac, Competence in industrial Bacillus strains. Prime investigator €420k
* 2004 – 2007 DSM Bakery Ingredients B.V. Sense: Screening for protein secretion using secretion stress indicators. Prime investigator €640k
* 2001 – 2005 Frico... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the English speaking world, the term "clarke" was not even used in Wells(1937) which introduced Fersmans proposal, nor in later USGS articles such as Fleischer(1953). They used the term "relative abundance of the elements". Brian Mason also mentioned the term "clarke" in Mason(1952)(mistakenly attributing it to Vlad... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cresol red can also be used as an electrophoretic color marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In a 1% agarose gel, it runs approximately at the size of a 125 base pair (bp) DNA molecule (it depends on the concentration of buffer and other component). Bromop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Precession electron diffraction (PED), invented by Roger Vincent and Paul Midgley in 1994, is a method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The technique involves rotating (precessing) a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, compensatin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Several inconsistencies exist between gene, enzyme, reaction databases, and published literature sources regarding the metabolic information of an organism. A reconstruction is a systematic verification and compilation of data from various sources that takes into account all of the discrepancies.
* The combination of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term sublimation refers specifically to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In clinical terms, a potentiator is a reagent that enhances sensitization of an antigen. Potentiators are used in the clinical laboratory for performing blood banking procedures that require enhancement of agglutination to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's blood sample. Examples of potentiato... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cupellation was also being used in parts of Europe to extract gold, silver, zinc, and tin by the late ninth to tenth century AD. Here, one of the earliest examples of an integrated unit process for extracting more than one precious metal was first introduced by Theophilus around the twelfth century. First, the gold-sil... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Katsonis joined the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in 2007 and started to work on light-responsive chiral liquid crystals. She was made a Group Leader at the University of Groningen and held a visiting position at KU Leuven. In 2012 she was awarded a Royal Society International Exchange grant to wo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Associative substitution describes a pathway by which compounds interchange ligands. The terminology is typically applied to organometallic and coordination complexes, but resembles the Sn2 mechanism in organic chemistry. The opposite pathway is dissociative substitution, being analogous to the Sn1 pathway. Intermedia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Measurement of neopterin concentrations in body fluids like blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid or urine provides information about activation of cellular immune activation in humans under the control of T helper cells type 1. High neopterin production is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The name is a dual reference to eastern blot and the geographical concept of the Far East (which includes Japan). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycolysis is performed by all living organisms and consists of 10 steps. The net reaction for the overall process of glycolysis is:
:Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 HO
Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P (inorganic phosphate), wher... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cycloalkenes with a small ring have about 20° more bond angle strain than a cycloalkane of the same size. This is because the bond angle for an alkene, C-C=C, is 122°, while the bond angle for an alkane, C-C-C, is 112°. When these carbons form a small ring, the alkene which has a larger bond angle will have to compress... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A frigorific mixture may be used to obtain a liquid medium that has a reproducible temperature below ambient temperature. Such mixtures were used to calibrate thermometers. In chemistry a cooling bath may be used to control the temperature of a strongly exothermic reaction.
A frigorific mixture may be used as an alter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A reaction center comprises several (about 25-30) protein subunits, which provide a scaffold for a series of cofactors. The cofactors can be pigments (like chlorophyll, pheophytin, carotenoids), quinones, or iron-sulfur clusters.
Each photosystem has two main subunits: an antenna complex (a light harvesting complex or ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In metallurgy, alpha case is the oxygen-enriched surface phase that occurs when titanium and its alloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen. Alpha case is hard and brittle, and tends to create a series of microcracks that will reduce the metal's performance and its fatigue properties. Alpha case can be minimized or avo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* C: Frank Wigglesworth Clarke of USGS and Henry Stephens Washington
</references>
* U: United States Geological Survey (USGS)
</references>
* B:
</references>
* F: Alexander Fersman
</references>
* G: Victor Goldschmidt
</references>
* M: Brian Mason
</references>
* K:
</references>
* H: Research on the history of c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth. All of these elements are nonmetals.
In a human body, the four elements—C, H, O, and N—compose about 96% of the weight, and major minerals (macr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently, preliminary results reported SNPs as important components of the epigenetic program in organisms. Moreover, cosmopolitan studies in European and South Asiatic populations have revealed the influence of SNPs in the methylation of specific CpG sites. In addition, meQTL enrichment analysis using GWAS database, d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The level of reducing sugars in wine, juice, and sugarcane are indicative of the quality of these food products, and monitoring the levels of reducing sugars during food production has improved market quality. The conventional method for doing so is the Lane-Eynon method, which involves titrating the reducing sugar wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During the 1980s, AT&T Bell Laboratories explored the use of nitrobenzyl-based PPGs as photoresists. Over the course of the decade, they developed a deep UV positive-tone photoresist where the protected substrate was added to a copolymer of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(methacrylic acid). Initially, the blend was ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range.
Boric acid has a pK of 9.14 at 25 °C. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain phosphoramidites are also used as monodentate chiral ligands in asymmetric synthesis. A large group of such ligands is derived from the chiral diol BINOL and can be synthesised by reaction of BINOL with phosphorus trichloride to the chlorophosphite and then reaction with simple secondary amines. This type of li... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid, but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid. A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Grove cell was the favored power source of the early American telegraph system in the period 1840 – 1860 because it offered a high current output and higher voltage than the earlier Daniell cell (at 1.9 volts and 1.1 volts, respectively). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold su... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 680-685 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P680/ P680+•. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Expression vector in an expression host is now the usual method used in laboratories to produce proteins for research. Most proteins are produced in E. coli, but for glycosylated proteins and those with disulphide bonds, yeast, baculovirus and mammalian systems may be used. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A peptide chain of 10 residues in length is used in native chemical ligation with a larger recombinantly expressed protein.
* Residue 1: alanine
* Residue 2: one of glutamine, glycine, arginine, glutamic acid, serine, or methionine
* Residue 3: any one of the 20 amino acids
* Residue 4: acetyllysine
* Residue 5: alani... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA splicing errors have been estimated to occur in a third of genetic diseases. To understand pathogenesis and identify potential targets of therapeutic intervention in these diseases, explicating the splicing elements involved is essential. Determining the complete set of components involved in splicing presents many... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Botrytis–induced kinase 1 (BIK1) is a membrane-anchored enzyme in plants. It is a kinase that provides resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. As its name suggests, BIK1 is only active after being induced by Botrytis infection. When Botrytis cinerea is present, the BIK1 gene is transcribed so that the kina... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electroreflectance is often used to determine band gaps and electric properties of thin films of weaker semiconducting materials. Two different examples are listed below. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Maxwells model was not the first plaster model of a thermodynamic surface: in 1871, even before Gibbs papers, James Thomson had constructed a plaster pressure-volume-temperature plot, based on data for carbon dioxide collected by Thomas Andrews.
Around 1900, the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, together with his... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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