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*Antimony potassium tartrate, an anion, that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral cations.
*Camphorsulfonic acid, an acid that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral amines
*1-Phenylethylamine, a base that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral acids. Many related chiral amines have been demonstrated.
The chiral pool... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In stereochemistry, mutarotation is the change in optical rotation of a chiral material in a solution due to a change in proportion of the two constituent anomers (i.e. the interconversion of their respective stereocenters) until equilibrium is reached. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms intercon... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is inexpensive, so it is usually purchased. Classically, this compound is prepared from tert-butanol, carbon dioxide, and phosgene, using DABCO as a base:
This route is currently employed commercially by manufacturers in China and India. European and Japanese companies use the reaction of sodi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consistent with these compounds being alkylating agents, the α-halide is readily substituted, e.g. by azide. Similarly, the α-bromocarboxylic acid undergo nucleophilic substitution with ammonia to give the amino acid,
The Darzens reaction involves a ketone or aldehyde with an α-haloester in the presence of a base to f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lithium toxicity, which is also called lithium overdose and lithium poisoning, is the condition of having too much lithium in the blood. This condition also happens in persons that are taking lithium in which the lithium levels are affected by drug interactions in the body.
In acute toxicity, people have primarily gast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Binary (involving one other metal) and ternary (involving two other metals) intermetallic stannides have been investigated. Niobium stannide, NbSn is perhaps the best known superconducting tin intermetallics. This is more commonly called "niobium-tin". | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Junk DNA is DNA that has no biologically relevant function such as pseudogenes and fragments of once active transposons. Bacteria and viral genomes have very little junk DNA but some eukaryotic genomes may have a substantial amount of junk DNA. The exact amount of nonfunctional DNA in humans and other species with larg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coupled substitution is the geological process by which two elements simultaneous substitute into a crystal in order to maintain overall electrical neutrality and keep the charge constant. In forming a solid solution series, ionic size is more important than ionic charge, as this can be compensated for elsewhere in the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A screw displacement (also screw operation or rotary translation) is the composition of a rotation by an angle φ about an axis (called the screw axis) with a translation by a distance d along this axis. A positive rotation direction usually means one that corresponds to the translation direction by the right-hand rule.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Block or graft copolymers are commonly used as compatibilizing agents. The copolymer used is made of the two components in the immiscible blend. The respective portions of the copolymer are able to interact with the two phases of the blend to make the phase morphology more stable. The increased stability is caused by r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hormonal effects are dependent on where they are released, as they can be released in different manners. Not all hormones are released from a cell and into the blood until it binds to a receptor on a target. The major types of hormone signaling are: | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this approach, an enantiomerically pure compound, the chiral selector, is added to the mobile phase and separation happens on a conventional achiral column. When a mixture of enantiomers is introduced into the chromatographic system, the individual enantiomers form transient diastereomeric complexes with the chira... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
All viruses bind to their hosts and introduce their genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. This genetic material contains basic instructions of how to produce more copies of these viruses, hacking the bodys normal production machinery to serve the needs of the virus. The host cell will ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In May the FDA approved Vyjuvek for the treatment of wounds in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) which is applied as a topical gel that delivers a herpes-simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector encoding the collagen type VII alpha 1 chain (COL7A1) gene that is dysfunctional on those affected by DEB . On... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gymnochrome E is a cytotoxic phenanthroperylenequinone isolated from a deep-water crinoid called Holopus rangii. | 1 | Biochemistry |
BMR is a flexible trait (it can be reversibly adjusted within individuals), with, for example, lower temperatures generally resulting in higher basal metabolic rates for both birds and rodents. There are two models to explain how BMR changes in response to temperature: the variable maximum model (VMM) and variable frac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Kesternich test is a common name for the corrosion test with sulfur dioxide (SO) under general moisture condensation. This test was developed in 1951 by Wilhelm Kesternich to simulate the damaging effects of acid rain.
Acid rain and acidic industrial pollutants are corrosive and can degrade coatings and plated sur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
All living organisms are dependent on three essential biopolymers for their biological functions: DNA, RNA and proteins. Each of these molecules is required for life since each plays a distinct, indispensable role in the cell. The simple summary is that DNA makes RNA, and then RNA makes proteins.
DNA, RNA, and proteins... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Caspian Sea is the worlds largest inland body of water, often described as the worlds largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia, south of the fertile plains of Southern Russia in E... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are synthetic biopolymers with potential applications in the fields of cancer therapy, tissue scaffolding, metal recovery, and protein purification. For cancer therapy, the addition of functional groups to ELPs can enable them to conjugate with cytotoxic drugs. Also, ELPs may be able ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several systems have been proposed which combine MRI capability with lanthanides probes in dual assays. The luminescent probe may for instance serve to localize the MRI contrast agent. This has helped to visualize the delivery of nucleic acids into cultured cells. Lanthanides are not used for their fluorescence but the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number of proteins are known to be associated with TAD formation including the protein CTCF and the protein complex cohesin. It is also unknown what components are required at TAD boundaries; however, in mammalian cells, it has been shown that these boundary regions have comparatively high levels of CTCF binding. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Temperature plays a key role in the ecology, physiology and metabolism of aquatic species. The rate of PCB metabolism was temperature dependent in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). In fall and winter, only 11 out of 72 introduced PCB congeners were excreted and had halflives of more than 1,000 days. During spring and su... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Shneider-Miles scattering (also referred to as collisional scattering or quasi-Rayleigh scattering) is the quasi-elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by charged particles in a small-scale medium with frequent particle collisions. Collisional scattering typically occurs in coherent microwave scattering of hig... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group () is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following:
*alcohols, esters
*amines, amides
*arenes, ketones
A particularly co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phenols are susceptible to Electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Condensation with formaldehyde gives resinous materials, famously Bakelite.
Another industrial-scale electrophilic aromatic substitution is the production of bisphenol A, which is produced by the condensation with acetone. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In pharmacology, an active moiety is the part of a molecule or ion – excluding appended inactive portions – that is responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of a drug substance. Inactive appended portions of the drug substance may include either the alcohol or acid moiety of an ester, a salt (includ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Disrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins.
They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories:
* Toxins that interfere with enzymes ADP-ribosyl-transferases, and
* invasive adenylate cyclases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clinopyroxene thermobarometry is usually used by mining industries. It is particularly helpful to the diamond industry, so many stakeholders possess pressure and temperature data regarding the formation of rocks that contain diamonds. This is important because diamonds are usually found in kimberlites, but kimberlites ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
S-Nitrosothiols, also known as thionitrites, are compounds containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol, e.g. R−S−N=O. They have received considerable attention in biochemistry because they serve as donors of the nitrosonium ion, NO, and nitric oxide, NO, which may serve as signaling molecules in l... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C publishes scientific articles reporting research on several subdisciplines of physical chemistry:
*Nanoparticles and nanostructures
*surfaces, interfaces, and catalysis
*Electron transport, optical and electronic devices
*Energy conversion and storage
It was created in 2007 when The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA methylation, referring to the reversible methylation of the 5 position of cytosine by methyltransferases, is a major epigenetic modification in multicellular organisms. In mammals, this modification primarily occurs at CpG sites, which in turn tend to cluster in regions called CpG islands. There is a small fracti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phosphorus atom in phosphines has a formal oxidation state −3 (σλ) and are the phosphorus analogues of amines. Like amines, phosphines have a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry although often with smaller C-E-C angles (E = N, P), at least in the absence of steric effects. The C-P-C bond angle is 98.6° for trim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Whether or not a given individuals brain can deal effectively with stress, and thus their susceptibility to depression, depends on the β-catenin in each persons brain, according to a study conducted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and published November 12, 2014, in the journal Nature. Higher β-catenin s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fungi, thanks to their non-specific enzymes, are able to break down many kinds of substances including pharmaceuticals and fragrances that are normally recalcitrant to bacteria degradation, such as paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen). For example, using Mucor hiemalis, the breakdown of products which are toxic in... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or . It was commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications were phased out under the Montreal Protocol in developed countries in 2020 due to the compound'... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Isolated photosystems offer the most direct connection between water photolysis and anode reduction. Typically, photosystems are isolated and adsorbed to a conductive surface. A soluble redox mediator (a small molecule capable of accepting and donating electrons) may be required to improve the electrical communicatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Foodomics greatly helps the scientists in an area of food science and nutrition to gain a better access to data, which is used to analyze the effects of food on human health, etc. It is believed to be another step towards better understanding of development and application of technology and food. Moreover, the study of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trichrome stains are normally used to differentiate between collagen and muscle tissues. Some studies that benefit from its application include end stage liver disease (cirrhosis), myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, and tumor analysis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
After ingestion, is converted to following dissociation of the calcium moiety in the gut. When the HMB-Ca dosage form is ingested, the magnitude and time at which the peak plasma concentration of HMB occurs depends on the dose and concurrent food intake. Higher HMB-Ca doses increase the rate of absorption, resulting ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon tetraiodide is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to , CI. Its synthesis entails AlCl-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at room temperature:
The product crystallizes from the reaction soluti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, in a group across the periodic table, the more basic the ion (the higher the pK of the conjugate acid) the more reactive it is as a nucleophile. Within a series of nucleophiles with the same attacking element (e.g. oxygen), the order of nucleophilicity will follow basicity. Sulfur is in general a better nuc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA banking is used to conserve genetic material, especially that of organisms that face extinction. This is a more prominent issue today due to deforestation and climate change, which serve as a threat to biodiversity. The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The backbone and side-chain dihedral angles of protein and RNA have been shown to have specific combinations of angles which are allowed (or forbidden). For protein backbone dihedrals (φ, ψ), this has been addressed by the legendary Ramachandran Plot while for side-chain dihedrals (χ's), one should refer to the Dunbrac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain hardening, wh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen. The actual reaction is known as homolytic f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Circuit-breakers can be placed at portions of a circuit in series to the path of current it will affect. If more current than expected goes through the circuit-breaker, the circuit breaker "opens" the circuit and stops all current. A fuse is a common type of circuit breaker that involves direct effect of Joule-overhea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dideoxynucleotides are used in sequencing. These nucleoside triphosphates possess a non-canonical sugar, dideoxyribose, which lacks the 3 hydroxyl group normally present in DNA and therefore cannot bond with the next base. The lack of the 3 hydroxyl group terminates the chain reaction as the DNA polymerases mistake it ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein methylation typically takes place on arginine or lysine amino acid residues in the protein sequence. Arginine can be methylated once (monomethylated arginine) or twice, with either both methyl groups on one terminal nitrogen (asymmetric dimethylarginine) or one on both nitrogens (symmetric dimethylarginine), by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks are the pathways and signaling of MAPK, which is a protein kinase that consists of amino acids serine and threonine. MAPK pathways have both a positive and negative regulation in plants. A positive regulation of MAPK networks is to help in assisting with stresses from th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RP-CARS takes advantage of the polarization-dependent selection rules to detect the local microscopic orientation of the chemical bonds under investigation. By means of RP-CARS it is possible to visualize the
degree of orientation anisotropy of selected molecular bonds and to detect their average orientation direction... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Post-translational modification is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Section D ON Storage and Transport of the IIR is involved in the controlled-temperature logistics and distribution of temperature-sensitive products, from foodstuffs to health products (medicines, vaccines, blood products, organs ...) from artwork to chemicals.
It addresses all issues of equipment and solutions for a d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cellular models are instrumental in dissecting a complex pathological process into simpler molecular events. Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous; the aetiology of the sporadic (and most common) form is still unclear and only a few molecular mechanisms have been clarified so far in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about , depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
was a Japanese organic chemist. One of the most prolific chemists of the 20th century in the field of organic synthesis, Mukaiyama helped establish the field of organic chemistry in Japan after World War II. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are three known mammalian tachykinin receptors termed NK, NK and NK. All are members of the 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family and induce the activation of phospholipase C, producing inositol triphosphate (so called G-coupled).
Inhibitors of NK-1, known as NK-1 receptor antagonists, can be used as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where ethyl acetoacetate is alkylated at the α-carbon to both carbonyl groups and then converted into a ketone, or more specifically an α-substituted acetone. This is very similar to malonic ester synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Passing–Bablok regression is a method from robust statistics for nonparametric regression analysis suitable for method comparison studies introduced by Wolfgang Bablok and Heinrich Passing in 1983. The procedure is adapted to fit linear errors-in-variables models. It is symmetrical and is robust in the presence of one ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
UV degradation is one form of polymer degradation that affects plastics exposed to sunlight. The problem appears as discoloration or fading, cracking, loss of strength or disintegration. The effects of attack increase with exposure time and sunlight intensity. The addition of UV absorbers inhibits the effect.
Sensitive... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The central issue of the formation of a quark–gluon plasma is the research for the onset of deconfinement. From the beginning of the research on formation of QGP, the issue was whether energy density can be achieved in nucleus-nucleus collisions. This depends on how much energy each nucleon loses. An influential reacti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depending on the environment developed in the crevice and the nature of the metal, the crevice corrosion can take a form of:
* pitting (i.e., formation of pits), but note pitting and crevice corrosion are not the same phenomenon,
* filiform corrosion (this type of crevice corrosion that may occur on a metallic surface ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The insertion of alkenes into both metal-carbon is important. The insertion of ethylene and propylene into titanium alkyls is the cornerstone of Ziegler–Natta catalysis, the main source of polyethylene and polypropylene. The majority of this technology involves heterogeneous catalysts, but it is widely assumed that the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Also shown on the map is a typical steady state working (or operating/running) line. This is a locus of the operating points of the engine, as it is throttled.
Being a high pressure ratio device, the working line is relatively shallow. If the unit had no variable geometry, there would be handling problems, because the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2-Chlorocarboxylic acids can be reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the 2-chloroalcohols. The required 2-chlorocarboxylic acids are obtained in a variety of ways, including the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation. 2-Chloropropionic acid is produced by chlorination of propionyl chloride followed by hydrolysis of t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols) are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers. These pigments are generally whiter in an acid medium and yellowed in an alkaline medium. They are ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle due to the nature of the dielectric-metal interface between the medium and the particles: unlike in a pure metal where there is a maximum limit on what size wavelen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mass cytometry is a mass spectrometry technique based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry used for the determination of the properties of cells (cytometry). In this approach, antibodies are conjugated with isotopically pure elements, and these antibodies are used to labe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The introduction of whole genome sequencing may have ethical implications. On one hand, genetic testing can potentially diagnose preventable diseases, both in the individual undergoing genetic testing and in their relatives. On the other hand, genetic testing has potential downsides such as genetic discrimination, loss... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An initial assumption is that the number of molecular orbitals is equal to the number of atomic orbitals included in the linear expansion. In a sense, n atomic orbitals combine to form n molecular orbitals, which can be numbered i = 1 to n and which may not all be the same. The expression (linear expansion) for the i t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Free radicals derived from mercaptans, called thiyl radicals, are commonly invoked to explain reactions in organic chemistry and biochemistry. They have the formula RS where R is an organic substituent such as alkyl or aryl. They arise from or can be generated by a number of routes, but the principal method is H-atom a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
#Antibody coating: Throughout the ELISpot Assay technique, different substances are added to and washed away from wells. Wells are found on a laboratory plate with tiny dishes/bowls that can be filled with a substance to be examined; the amount of wells on a plate varies, but it usually ranges from 16-100. The first su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This way of evaluation deals with agar-agar or gelatine containing semi-solid layers made prior to the experiment. Small wells are cut into the layer and filled with cells and the test substance. Cells can migrate towards the chemical gradient in the semi solid layer or under the layer as well. Some variations of the t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During the late 1940s, Woodward synthesized many complex natural products including quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the Woodwardian era in which he showed that natur... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
;Surrounding animals
:Although the pheromone may diffuse off as a territorial representation of the foraging organism, that does not secure the safety of the organism. In fact, this act may do the opposite and attract competing wildlife. With more surrounding predators, or competitors, comes more difficulty with foragi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1980s and 1990s, silicon carbide was studied in several research programs for high-temperature gas turbines in Europe, Japan and the United States. The components were intended to replace nickel superalloy turbine blades or nozzle vanes. However, none of these projects resulted in a production quantity, mainly b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Mark IV Cell design was introduced in 2009. It included the following improvements:
* a flexible hose for easier alignment of the downcomer
* clamping of the slurry lens onto the downcomer (see Figure 10)
* stainless steel quick-release clamps in the downcomer assembly
* long-lasting rubber flaps in the AISE valves... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Log reduction is a measure of how thoroughly a decontamination process reduces the concentration of a contaminant.
It is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of the levels of contamination before and after the process, so an increment of 1 corresponds to a reduction in concentration by a factor of 10.
In gener... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The European Association of Geochemistry gives the following awards:
* The Urey Medal (European Association of Geochemistry) for outstanding contributions advancing geochemistry over a career.
* The Science Innovation Award for an important and innovative breakthrough in geochemistry.
* The Houtermans Award for excepti... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In Population-based rule evaluation, rules are applied to populations. All molecules of the same species in the same state are pooled together. Application of a specific rule reduces or increases the size of one of the pools, possibly at the expense of another.
Some of the best-known classes of simulation approaches in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Commonly used indicator bacteria include total coliforms, or a subset of this group, fecal coliforms, which are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded animals. Total coliforms were used as fecal indicators by public agencies in the US as early as the 1920s. These organisms can be identified based on the fact t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Levofloxacin is not approved in most countries for the treatment of children except in unique and life-threatening infections because it is associated with an elevated risk of musculoskeletal injury in this population, a property it shares with other fluoroquinolones.
In the United States levofloxacin is approved for t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
G proteins are important signal transducing molecules in cells. "Malfunction of GPCR [G Protein-Coupled Receptor] signaling pathways are involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, blindness, allergies, depression, cardiovascular defects, and certain forms of cancer. It is estimated that about 30% of the modern drugs'... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to Cu(I) chemistry mentioned above, Rh(I) complexes can also transmetallate with arylboronic esters to get aryl rhodium intermediates, to which CO is inserted giving carboxylic acids. Later, Iwasawa et al. described C-H carboxylation strategy. Rh(I) undergoes oxidative addition to aryl C-H bond followed by tran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The effect of the sigma electron displacement towards the more electronegative atom by which one end becomes positively charged and the other end negatively charged is known as the inductive effect. The -I effect is a permanent effect & generally represented by an arrow on the bond.
However, some groups, such as the al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initially, pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or vitamin B) are bound by pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits. The thiazolium ring of TPP is in a zwitterionic form, and the anionic C2 carbon performs a nucleophilic attack on the C2 (ketone) carbonyl of pyruvate. The resulting hemithioacetal undergoes decarboxylation t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Base excess can be estimated from the bicarbonate concentration ([HCO]) and pH by the equation:
with units of mEq/L. The same can be alternatively expressed as
Calculations are based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Ultimately the end result is: | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agents that break disulfide bonds by reduction include:
* 2-Mercaptoethanol
* Dithiothreitol
* TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) | 1 | Biochemistry |
CHAPS is a zwitterionic surfactant used in the laboratory to solubilize biological macromolecules such as proteins. It may be synthesized from cholic acid and is zwitterionic due to its quaternary ammonium and sulfonate groups; it is structurally similar to certain bile acids, such as taurodeoxycholic acid and tauroche... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antarctic fungi species such as Metschnikowia sp., Cryptococcus gilvescens, Cryptococcus victoriae, Pichia caribbica and Leucosporidium creatinivorum can withstand extreme cold and still provide efficient biodegradation of contaminants. Due to the nature of colder, remote environments like Antarctica, usual methods of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In May, the FDA approved onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) for treating spinal muscular atrophy in children under two years of age. The list price of Zolgensma was set at per dose, making it the most expensive drug ever.
In May, the EMA approved betibeglogene autotemcel (Zynteglo) for treating beta thalassemia for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal carbene complexes are often classified into two types. The Fischer carbenes, named after Ernst Otto Fischer, feature strong π-acceptors at the metal and are electrophilic at the carbene carbon atom. Schrock carbenes, named after Richard R. Schrock, are characterized by more nucleophilic carbene carbon centers; th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene () or alkyne (). The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction.
The type... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Detonation spraying is one of the many forms of thermal spraying techniques that are used to apply a protective coating at supersonic velocities to a material in order to change its surface characteristics. This is primarily to improve the durability of a component. It was first invented in 1955 by H.B. Sargent, R.M. P... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Imipenem (trade name Primaxin among others) is a synthetic β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the carbapenems chemical class. developed by Merck scientists Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger in the mid-1970s. Carbapenems are highly resistant to the β-lactamase enzymes produced by many multiple drug... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Thioacetone (2-propanethione) A lightly studied organosulfur. Its smell is so potent it can be detected several hundred meters downwind mere seconds after a container is opened.
* Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH=CHCHSH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath)
* (Methylthio)methanethiol (CHSCHSH), the "m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, a half-cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer. Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a potent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One study tested the effects of ephaptic coupling by using both neurotransmitter antagonists to block chemical synapses and gap junction blockers to block electrical synapses. It was found that rhythmic electrical discharge associated with fetal neurons in the rat spinal cord and medulla was still sustained. This sugge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For thermal transport between two contacting bodies, such as particles in a granular medium, the contact pressure is the factor of most influence on overall contact conductance. As contact pressure grows, true contact area increases and contact conductance grows (contact resistance becomes smaller).
Since the contact p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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