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* Chemical synthesis
* Enzyme-mediated exchange
* Recombinant protein expression in isotopic labeled media. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts D-xylose directly into D-xylulose. D-xylulose is then phosphorylated to D-xylulose-5-phosphate as in the oxido-reductase pathway. At equilibrium, the isomerase reaction results in a mixture of 83% D-xylose and 17% D-xylulose because the conversion of xylose to xylulo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fionn Patrick Edward Dunne is a Professor of Materials Science at Imperial College London and holds the Chair in Micromechanics and the Royal Academy of Engineering/Rolls-Royce Research Chair. Professor Dunne specialises in computational crystal plasticity and microstructure-sensitive nucleation and growth of short f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as (penicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, but gram-negative bacter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloride ion channels vary from many other ion channels due to being controlled by the anionic chloride ions. Chloride ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow the passive transport of chloride ions across biological membranes. Chloride ion channels involve both voltage-gated and ligand-gated mechanis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphorus chains (with organic substituents) have been prepared, although these tend to be quite fragile. Small rings or clusters are more common. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the β-herpesvirus subfamily that includes roseoloviruses. CMV coevolved with an assortment of mammalian hosts, including human CMV (HCMV), murine CMV (MCMV) and rhesus CMV (RhCMV). CMVs are characterized by large DNA genomes and typically asymptomatic infection in healthy hosts.
The fir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various microorganisms are involved in a two-stage process of degradation of PCBs, which happens in aerobic and anaerobic environments. Degrading PCBs is similar to the degradation of biphenyl. However, the chlorines on PCBs prevent them from being utilized as a substrate of biphenyl degradation. Due to high chemical s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All current methods of covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis use DCvC. Boronic acid dehydration, as demonstrated by Yaghi et al. is the most common type of reaction used. COFs have been used in gas storage, catalysis, . Possible morphologies include infinite covalent 3D frameworks, 2D polymers, or discrete molecul... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
It has been suggested that biominerals could be important indicators of extraterrestrial life and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present life on the planet Mars. Furthermore, organic components (biosignatures) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Symbiotic and kleptoplastic organisms excluded:
*The glaucophytes and the red and green algae—clade Archaeplastida (uni- and multicellular)
*The cryptophytes—clade Cryptista (unicellular)
*The haptophytes—clade Haptista (unicellular)
*The dinoflagellates and chromerids in the superphylum Myzozoa, and Pseudoblepharisma ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Stanford dedicated the BIL gate's design to the public domain, which may speed its adoption. According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram metabolism when the Stanford team published its research.
Computing by transcriptor is still very slow; it can take a few hours between receiving a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common assumption is that the Casimir force is of little practical use; the argument is made that the only way to actually gain energy from the two plates is to allow them to come together (getting them apart again would then require more energy), and therefore it is a one-use-only tiny force in nature. In 1984 Rober... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One major advantage of the Stöber process is that it can produce silica particles that are nearly monodisperse, and thus provides an ideal model for use in studying colloidal phenomena. It was a pioneering discovery when first published, allowing synthesis of spherical monodisperse silica particles of controlled sizes,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Related to η-O-bonded complexes of aldehydes and ketones are metal acetylacetonates and related species, which can be viewed as a combination of ketone and enolate ligands. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term “Brownian motor” was originally invented by Swiss theoretical physicist Peter Hänggi in 1995. The Brownian motor, like the phenomenon of Brownian motion that underpinned its underlying theory, was also named after 19th century Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who, while looking through a microscope at pollen of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UNSCEAR recommends a reference value of 9 nSv (Bq·h/m).
For example, a person living (7000 h/year) in a concentration of 40 Bq/m receives an effective dose of 1 mSv/year.
Studies of miners exposed to radon and its decay products provide a direct basis for assessing their lung cancer risk. The BEIR VI report, entitled H... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The EPOC effect can be observed in a wide range of catalytic reactions with several kinds of metal or metal oxide catalysts mostly coupled with solid electrolytes. Versatile catalytic reactions including hydrogenations, dehydrogenations, oxidations, reductions, isomerizations, and chemical decompositions have been know... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A microprobe is an instrument that applies a stable and well-focused beam of charged particles (electrons or ions) to a sample. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The halides of low-valent early metals often are clusters with extensive M-M bonding. The situation contrasts with the higher halides of these metals and virtually all halides of the late transition metals, where metal-halide bonding is replete.
Transition metal halide clusters are prevalent for the heavier metals: Zr,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Lovelock, James. The Independent. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060408121826/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article338830.ece The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever], 16 January 2006.
*Lovelock, James (2006), interviewed in How to think about science, CBC Ideas (radio program), broadcast January 3,... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Radical polymerization of vinyl monomers, like methyl (metha)acrylate of vinyl acetate is a common (industrial) method to prepare polymeric materials. One of the problems associated with this method is, however, that the radical polymerisation reaction rate is so high that even at short reaction times the polymeric cha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atta-ur-Rahman (Urdu: عطاالرحمان; b. 22 September 1942), h-index 75, with 36,000 citations is a Pakistani organic chemist and is currently serving as Professor Emeritus at the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences at the University of Karachi and as Chairman of PM Task Force on Science and Technol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
George Hammond published a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction in his publication, Hammond's principle.
His 1955 publication asserted:
Therefore, the geometric structure of a state can be predicted by comparing its ener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In metazoans, in order to respond to environmental stress, differentiate properly, and progress normally through the cell cycle, a eukaryotic cell needs a specific and coordinated gene expression program, which involves the highly regulated transcription of thousands of genes. This gene regulation is in large part cont... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydroacylation is a type of organic reaction in which an electron-rich unsaturated hydrocarbon inserts into a formyl C-H bond. With alkenes, the product is a ketone:
:RCHO + CH=CHR → RC(O)CHCHR
With an alkyne instead, the reaction produces an α,β-unsaturated ketone.
The reaction requires a metal catalyst or a r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous: a mixture of uniform composition and in which all components are in the same phase, such as salt in water, is called homogeneous, whereas a mixture of non-uniform composition and of which the components can be easily identified, such as sand in water, it is called he... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Along with ubiquitination and phosphorylation, methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. The most prevalent protein methylations affect arginine and lysine residue of specific histones. Otherwise histidine, glutamate, asparagine, cysteine are susceptible to methylation. Some of these ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is category A in Australia meaning that no evidence of harm has been found after being taken by many pregnant women. Use during breast feeding is generally safe. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Asymmetric stereoinduction can be achieved with the use of chiral auxiliaries. Chiral auxiliaries may be reversibly attached to the substrate, inducing a diastereoselective reaction prior to cleavage, overall producing an enantioselective process. Examples of chiral auxiliaries include, Evans’ chiral oxazolidinone auxi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Klein-Seetharaman was born in Germany. She completed her undergraduate training at the University of Cologne, where she earned dual honours in biology and chemistry. After earning her doctorate, she moved to the United States, where she worked in the laboratory of Har Gobind Khorana at the Massachusetts Institute of Te... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Studies on insect cell lines and in vivo experiments on D. melanogaster have revealed active expression of Hexo1 and Hexo2, and, most importantly, the fused lobe (fdl) gene encoding fused ß-lobe (FDL), also known as GNase, an orthologue of A. thaliana and human Hex. FDL is expressed in high abundance in vesicles and th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recycling chromatography is mode practiced in both HPLC and CCC. In recycling chromatography, the target compounds are reintroduced into the column after they elute. Each pass through the column increases the number of theoretical plates the compounds experience and enhances chromatographic resolution. Direct recycling... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The one-step Stöber process may be modified to manufacture porous silica by adding a surfactant template to the reaction mixture and calcining the resulting particles. Surfactants that have been used include cetrimonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and glycerol. The surfactant forms micelles, small near-sp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In February, the first ever gene therapy for Tay–Sachs disease was announced, it uses an adeno-associated virus to deliver the correct instruction for the HEXA gene on brain cells which causes the disease. Only two children were part of a compassionate trial presenting improvements over the natural course of the diseas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If required, farmers' responses to waterlogging and soil salinity can be automatically accounted for. The method can gradually decrease:
# The amount of irrigation water applied when the water table becomes shallower depending on the kind of crop (paddy rice and non-rice)
# The fraction of irrigated land when the avail... | 9 | Geochemistry |
URhGes critical temperature (T') is normally about 280 millikelvins.
The Grenoble team in France, headed by Andrew D. Huxley, first cooled down the sample below its critical temperature and raised the magnetic field to 2 T. As expected, the sample's superconducting properties vanished. However, when the team raised the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Sinyan Shen, Surface Second Sound in Superfluid Helium. PhD Dissertation (1973). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhDT.......142S
* V. Peshkov, "Second Sound in Helium II," J. Phys. (Moscow) 8, 381 (1944)
* U. Piram, [http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/fcellier/MS/piram_ms.pdf "Numerical investigation of second sound ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The article concerns the total synthesis of galanthamine, a drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
The natural source of galantamine are certain species of daffodil and because these species are scarce and because the isolation of galanthamine from daffodil is expensive (a 1996 figure spec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In one version of the laser spray interface, explosive vaporization and mist formation occur when an aqueous solution effusing from the tip of the stainless steel capillary is irradiated from the opposite side of the capillary by a 10.6 μm infrared laser. Weak ion signals could be detected when the plume was sampled th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Normally, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure. Enalaprilat, the active metabolite of enalapril, inhibits ACE. Inhibition of ACE decreases levels of angiotensin II, leading to less vasoconstriction and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Cyclamin is an organic compound that has been used by the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient for nasal sprays. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although they are derivatives of phosphonous acid (RP(OH)), they are not prepared from such precursors. Phosphonites are prepared by alcoholysis of organophosphinous chlorides. For example, treatment of dichlorophenylphosphine with methanol and base gives dimethyl phenylphosphonite:
:ClPPh + 2 CHOH → (CHO)PPh + 2 HCl | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fragmented genomic DNA or complementary DNA (cDNA) of interest is cloned into plasmid vectors. The cloning sites are flanked with adaptor sequences that contain restriction sites for endonucleases (discussed below). Inserts are ligated to the plasmid vectors and individual vectors are then transformed into E. coli maki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first electron crystallographic protein structure to achieve atomic resolution was bacteriorhodopsin, determined by Richard Henderson and coworkers at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1990. However, already in 1975 Unwin and Henderson had determined the first membrane protein structur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Azide has become a popular target for chemoselective protein modification, because they are small in size and have a favorable thermodynamic reaction potential. One such azide reactions is the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with alkyne, but the reaction requires high temperature and often gives mixtures of regioisomers. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,10-Phenanthroline is an inhibitor of metallopeptidases, with one of the first observed instances reported in carboxypeptidase A. Inhibition of the enzyme occurs by removal and chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity, leaving an inactive apoenzyme. 1,10-Phenanthroline targets mainly zinc metallopept... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is important to note that the list given above is qualitative and describes trends. The ability of a group to leave is contextual. For example, in SAr reactions, the rate is generally increased when the leaving group is fluoride relative to the other halogens. This effect is due to the fact that the highest energy t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For the first time pyruvate kinase M2 enzyme was reported with two missense mutations, H391Y and K422R, found in cells from Bloom syndrome patients, prone to develop cancer. Results show that despite the presence of mutations in the inter-subunit contact domain, the K422R and H391Y mutant proteins maintained their homo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of progesterone tests in dog breeding to pinpoint ovulation is becoming more widely used. There are several tests available but the most reliable test is a blood test with blood drawn by a veterinarian and sent to a lab for processing. Results can usually be obtained with 24 to 72 hours. The rationale for us... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, also known as photoelectrolysis of carbon dioxide, is a chemical process whereby carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons by the energy of incident light. This process requires catalysts, most of which are semiconducting materials. The feasibility of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Mechanistic target of rapamycin has been shown to interact with:
* ABL1,
* AKT1,
* IGF-IR,
* InsR,
* CLIP1,
* EIF3F
* EIF4EBP1,
* FKBP1A,
* GPHN,
* KIAA1303,
* PRKCD,
* RHEB,
* RICTOR,
* RPS6KB1,
* STAT1,
* STAT3,
* Two-pore channels: TPCN1; TPCN2, and
* UBQLN1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many synthetic ionophores are based on crown ethers, cryptands, and calixarenes. Pyrazole-pyridine and bis-pyrazole derivatives have also been synthesized. These synthetic species are often macrocyclic. Some synthetic agents are not macrocyclic, e.g. carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Even simple organ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In solid rocket propellants and some translucent smokeless powders, the primary method of heat transfer into the propellant grain from the combustion process is by radiation, and opacifiers such as "lamp black" may be added to the propellant mixture to ensure the heat does not penetrate far below the surface of the gra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another species that exhibits alarm calls is the Barbary macaque. Barbary macaque mothers are able to recognize their own offspring's calls and behave accordingly. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initiation of translation usually involves the interaction of certain key proteins, the initiation factors, with a special tag bound to the 5-end of an mRNA molecule, the 5 cap, as well as with the 5' UTR. These proteins bind the small (40S) ribosomal subunit and hold the mRNA in place.
eIF3 is associated with the 40S ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NRIP1 has been shown to interact with:
* AHR,
* CTBP1
* CTBP2,
* DAX1,
* HDAC5,
* NR1B1,
* NR2B1,
* NR3A1,
* NR3C1,
* NR5A1, and
* YWHAQ. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urine excretion of pregnanetriol can be measured over a period of 24 hours. Elevated urine pregnanetriol levels suggest adrenogenital syndrome. In monitoring treatment with cortisol replacement, elevated urine pregnanetriol levels indicate insufficient dosage of cortisol. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Avacopan was approved for medical use in the United States to treat anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis in October 2021. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In humans, the protein is encoded by the RB1 gene located on chromosome 13—more specifically, 13q14.1-q14.2. If both alleles of this gene are mutated in a retinal cell, the protein is inactivated and the cells grow uncontrollably, resulting in development of retinoblastoma cancer, hence the "RB" in the name pRb. Thus m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Ag-O-Cs, also called S-1. This was the first compound photocathode material, developed in 1929. Sensitivity from 300 nm to 1200 nm. Since Ag-O-Cs has a higher dark current than more modern materials, photomultiplier tubes with this photocathode material are nowadays used only in the infrared region with cooling.
*Sb-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A metamorphic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of metamorphism wherein one assemblage of minerals is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed metamorphic rock.
Exam... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For general application of the Rietveld method, irrespective of the software used, the observed Bragg peaks in a powder diffraction pattern are best described by the so-called peak shape function (PSF). The PSF is a convolution of three functions: the instrumental broadening , wavelength dispersion , and the specimen f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Trimethylsilyldiazomethane is highly toxic. It has been implicated in the death of at least two chemists, a pharmaceutical worker in Windsor, Nova Scotia, Canada and one in New Jersey. Inhalation of diazomethane is known to cause pulmonary edema; trimethylsilyldiazomethane is suspected to behave similarly.
When used a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reaction intermediates are chemical species, often unstable and short-lived (however sometimes can be isolated), which are not reactants or products of the overall chemical reaction, but are temporary products and/or reactants in the mechanism's reaction steps. Reaction intermediates are often free radicals or ions.
T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Petite mutants can be generated in the laboratory by using high-efficiency treatments such as acriflavine, ethidium bromide, and other intercalating agents. Their mechanisms work to break down and cause the eventual loss of mitochondrial DNA: if the treatment time increases, the amount of mitochondrial DNA will decreas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are currently a number of on-going efforts to solve the structures for every protein in a given proteome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending on the conditions in which the titration is performed, the manganese is reduced from an oxidation of +7 to +2, +4, or +6.
In most cases, permanganometry is performed in a very acidic solution in which the following electrochemical reaction occurs:
: + 8 H + 5 e → Mn + 4 HO; E° = +1.51 V
which shows that KMn... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The partial order with respect to a given reactant can be evaluated by the method of flooding (or of isolation) of Ostwald. In this method, the concentration of one reactant is measured with all other reactants in large excess so that their concentration remains essentially constant. For a reaction with rate law the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several heterocycles related to porphyrins are found in nature, almost always bound to metal ions. These include | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to recent innovations to the laser spray technique, a new method of laser ablation using the spray method has surfaced. Laserspray inlet ionization (LSII) involves a matrix/analyte sample at atmospheric pressure being ablated, and the ionization process will take place in an ion transfer capillary tube located in t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
With radioligand therapy, there is always the risk of damage to non-cancerous surrounding tissues along with radioisotope toxicity which is always a challenge in determining how to administer and create the radioligand. Furthermore, the radioligand vial is only viable for a limited time and under specific conditions wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this mechanism, proposed in 1938 by D. D. Eley and E. K. Rideal, only one of the molecules adsorbs and the other one reacts with it directly from the gas phase, without adsorbing ("nonthermal surface reaction"):
: A(g) + S(s) ⇌ AS(s)
: AS(s) + B(g) → Products
Constants are and and rate equation is . Applying stead... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A solution of the amide (0.365 g, 0.809 mmol), Pd(PPh) (0.187 g, 0.162 mmol), and triethylamine (1.12 mL, 8.08 mmol) in MeCN (8 mL) in a sealed tube was heated slowly to 120°. After stirring for 4 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was chromatographed... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Falcon Ultra-Fine (UF) centrifugal concentrator is primarily used for the separation of heavy minerals which occur in ore concentrations above 0.1% by weight, such as cassiterite, tantalum and scheelite when the majority of the particles are smaller than 75 µm. The machine generates forces up to 600 times the force... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The MCHO group is planar. A C=O double bond is indicated by X-ray crystallography. A second resonance structure has a M=C double bond, with negative charge on oxygen. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sepro Tyre Driven Grinding Mills are designed for small and medium capacity grinding applications, specifically small tonnage plants, regrinding mills, reagent prep and lime slaking. Sepro Pneumatic Tyre Driven (PTD) mills provide an alternative to standard trunnion drive systems. The drive consists of multiple gears b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the deep ocean, marine snow (also known as "ocean dandruff") is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below, which is referred to as the biological pump. Expor... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an agonist of the FSHR.
Small-molecule positive allosteric modulators of the FSHR have been developed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If there is an electropositive substituent (e.g. –SiR, –SnR, –HgR, etc.) at the β-position of carbocation, the positive charge could be stabilized which is also due largely to the stereoelectronic effect (illustrated below using –SiR3 as an example). The orientation of the two interacting orbitals can have a significan... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Main routes that can lead to human exposure to the toxic effects of bracken fern include ingestion of the plant (particularly the croziers and young fronds), inhalation of the airborne spores, consumption of the milk and meat of affected animals, and drinking ptaquiloside contaminated water. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The European Journal of Organic Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering organic chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe.
The journal, along with the European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, was established in 1998 as the result of a merger of Chemische Berichte/Recu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As E is varied by descending group 15, there is a clear shift in the weights of the resonance structures towards the phosphaketene analogue . This reflects the decrease in effective orbital overlap between E and C which in turn disfavours multiple bond formation. This increasing tendency to form double and not triple E... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biomolecules are often purified via solvent gradient batch chromatography. Here smooth linear solvent gradients are applied to carefully handle the separation between the desired component and hundreds of impurities. The desired product is usually intermediate between weakly and strongly absorbing impurities. A cente... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mixed anion compounds exist that contain hydride with other anions. These include boride hydrides, carbohydrides, hydridonitrides, oxyhydrides and others. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Loss of function mutations have been shown in a number of adhesion GPCRs, including GPR56, GPR126 and VLRG1. Many mutations affect function via decreased cell surface expression or inhibition of autoproteolysis within the GAIN domain.
Mutations in GPR56 result in bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria in humans, cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This quantity can be calculated from the slope of the function of two concentration cells, without or with ionic transport.
The EMF of transport concentration cell involves both the transport number of the cation and its activity coefficient:
where and are activities of HCl solutions of right and left hand electrode... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. Two German chemists also preceded Schlotterbeck in discovery of the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For steel, the first step will be the volatilization of the inhibitor into the airspace. This may entail simple evolution of the molecule or the chemical may dissociate first and then volatilize. The molecules will then diffuse through the enclosed airspace until some of the molecules reach the metallic surface to be p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
FACIT collagen (Fibril Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple helices) is a type of collagen and also a proteoglycan that have two or more triple-helical domains that connect to collagen fibrils and share protein domains with non-collagen matrix molecules. FACIT collagens derive their name from their association... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to the FDA, "ibuprofen can interfere with the antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin, potentially rendering aspirin less effective when used for cardioprotection and stroke prevention". Allowing sufficient time between doses of ibuprofen and immediate-release (IR) aspirin can avoid this problem. The recommen... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Thure Cerling; Iain Douglas-Hamilton; Lee Siegel: "Elephant Tracks" University of Utah News Release, January 2, 2006. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that produces colours in the purple range. It can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A dendrimer is a highly branched macromolecule with a spherical shape. The surface of the particle may be functionalized in many ways and many of the properties of the resulting construct are determined by its surface.
In particular it is possible to construct a cationic dendrimer, i.e. one with a positive surface char... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the most important chromatographic method for measuring solute hydrophobicity. The non polar stationary phase mimics biological membranes. Peptide usage has many advantages because partition is not extended by the terminal charges in RPLC. Also, secondary structures format... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The van t Hoff factor (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute on colligative properties such as osmotic pressure, relative lowering in vapor pressure, boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. The van t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual conc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent opioids, estimated to be between 400 and 6000 times stronger than morphine, depending on which isomer is used (with the cis isomers being the more potent ones). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ionochromism, similar to chromic methods such as photochromism, thermochromism and other chromism phenomena, is the reversible process of changing the color of a material by absorption or emission spectra of molecules using ions. Electrochromism is similar to ionochromism as it involves the use of electrons in order to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In metallurgy, exfoliation corrosion (also called lamellar corrosion) is a severe type of intergranular corrosion that raises surface grains from metal by forming corrosion products at grain boundaries under the surface. It is frequently found on extruded sections where grain thickness is not as thick as the rolled gra... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Alkalinity
* Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
* Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
* Dissolved oxygen (DO)
* Total hardness (TH)
* Heavy metals
* Nitrate
* Orthophosphates
* pH
* Pesticides
* Residual sodium carbonate index (RSC)
* Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
* Surfactants | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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