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The systematic name of this enzyme class is ubiquinol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include: | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Jean-Claude Duplessy was one of the lead authors of the "paleoclimatology" chapter of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was published in 2007.
* His mission was to coordinate the activities of some twenty scientists from the international community with the objective of showing... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The first description of what would come to be called paramutation was given by William Bateson and Caroline Pellew in 1915, when they described "rogue" peas that always passed their "rogue" phenotype onto their progeny. However, the first formal description of paramutation was given by R.A. Brink at the University of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synthesis of isocyanates from amines illustrates the electrophilic character of this reagent and its use in introducing the equivalent synthon "CO":
:, where R = alkyl, aryl
Such reactions are conducted on laboratory scale in the presence of a base such as pyridine that neutralizes the hydrogen chloride side-produc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole is the (R)-(+)-enantiomer of lansoprazole, which is a racemic mixture of its (R)-(+) and (S)-(−)-enantiomers. The Takeda drug has a dual release pharmaceutical formulation, with two types of granules of dexlansoprazole, each with a coating that dissolves at a different pH level. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Directed overflow is a special case of damage pre-emption, where excess of a normal, but reactive metabolite could lead to toxic products. Preventing this excess is thus pre-emption of potential damage.
The first two intermediates in riboflavin biosynthesis are highly reactive and can spontaneously break down to 5-phos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most complex macromolecular machines are found within cells, often in the form of multi-protein complexes. Important examples of biological machines include motor proteins such as myosin, which is responsible for muscle contraction, kinesin, which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease involving progressive memory loss and other declines in brain function. One common cause of familial Alzheimer’s is mutation in the PSEN1 gene. This gene encodes a protein that cleaves certain intracellular peptides which, once free in the cytoplasm, promote CBP<nowiki/>degrad... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cast bronzes are known to have been produced in Africa by the 9th century AD in Igboland (Igbo-Ukwu) in Nigeria, the 12th century AD in Yorubaland (Ife) and the 15th century AD in the kingdom of Benin. Some portrait heads remain.
Benin mastered bronze during the 16th century, produced portraiture and reliefs in the met... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Research in the RajanBabu lab is focused on development of new methodology for stereoselective synthesis. Major research areas include:
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RajanBabu developed methodology surrounding C-C bond formation via metal-catalyzed hydroformylation. They reported several asymmetric examples through the usage of chiral phosphin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2001, Gal Bitan, Aleksey Lomakin, and David B. Teplow applied PICUP to study amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomerization, which is observed in Alzheimer's disease. PICUP allowed for identifying and quantifying the Aβ oligomers that are metastable because of its ability to rapidly cross-link. Coupling PICUP with sodium do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant fans used in cooling towers. Axial flow fans are applied in air conditioning and industrial pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphomimetics are amino acid substitutions that mimic a phosphorylated protein, thereby activating (or deactivating) the protein. Within cells, proteins are commonly modified at serine, tyrosine and threonine amino acids by adding a phosphate group. Phosphorylation is a common mode of activating or deactivating a pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiphoton excitation is a way of focusing the viewing plane of the microscope by taking advantage of the phenomenon where two simultaneous low energy photons are absorbed by a fluorescent moiety which normally absorbs one photon with double their individual energy: say two NIR photons (800 nm) to excite a UV dye (400... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catenation occurs most readily with carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature. Carbon is most well known for its properties of catenation, with organic chemistry essentially being... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent).... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium, namely agarose or polyacrylamide. Variants of gel electrophoresis include SDS-PAGE, free-flow e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion , called hydroxide, and the neutral... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Heat engines are not the most efficient ones, and with the use of bimetallic strips the efficiency of the heat engine is even lower as there is no chamber to contain the heat. Moreover, the bimetallic strips cannot produce strength in its moves, the reason why is that in order to achieve reasonables bendings (movements... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Natural phenols show optical properties characteristic of benzene, e.g. absorption near 270 nm. According to Woodward's rules, bathochromic shifts often also happen suggesting the presence of delocalised π electrons arising from a conjugation between the benzene and vinyls groups.
As molecules with higher conjugation l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The synthetically most useful reaction of the nitrile ylides is the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to dipolarophiles: with electron-deficient alkenes, good yields of pyrrolines are obtained. Alkynes, carbonyl compounds, imines and azirines can also act as dipolarophile.
Nitrile ylides react with weak acids like methanol by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inside the body oxygen is delivered to cells and in the cells to mitochondria, where it is consumed in the process generating most of the energy required by the organism.
Mitochondrial respirometry measures the consumption of oxygen by the mitochondria without involving an entire living animal and is the main tool to s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface conductivity is an additional conductivity of an electrolyte in the vicinity of the charged interfaces. Surface and volume conductivity of liquids correspond to the electrically driven motion of ions in an electric field. A layer of counter ions of the opposite polarity to the surface charge exists close to th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario, with a height of , is the tallest chimney in Canada and the Western Hemisphere, and the second-tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan. It is also the second-tallest freestanding structure of any type in Canada, behind the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although MRM has been used extensively in metabolomics and proteomics, its high sensitivity and linear response over a wide dynamic range make it especially suited for glycan biomarker research and discovery. MRM is performed on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrument, which is set to detect a predetermined precursor ion ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a polyrotaxane, unlike a conventional polymer, the molecules are linked by mechanical bonding, such as hydrogen boding or charge transfer, not covalent bonds. Also, the rings are capable of rotating on or shuttling around the axles, resulting in the large amount of freedom of polyrotaxanes. This unconventional combi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers. For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon te... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ATM is uniquely suited to measure resonant molecular vibrations in proteins. Molecular motions in proteins occur with frequencies in the terahertz range of the spectrum (0.3 THz to 3 THz). These structural changes include hinge motions in which two regions of molecules are connected together in a flexible way that bend... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions. Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment described by Friedrich Paneth in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ferritin genes are highly conserved between species. All vertebrate ferritin genes have three introns and four exons. In human ferritin, introns are present between amino acid residues 14 and 15, 34 and 35, and 82 and 83; in addition, there are one to two hundred untranslated bases at either end of the combined exons. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Correct selection of the material by the design engineer affects the design life of a structure. Sometimes stainless steel is not the correct choice and carbon steel would be better. There is a misconception that stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance and will not corrode. This is not always the case and sh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chiral molecules can be described as ones with a set of stereoisomers or left and right-handed enantiomers. As defined by Lord Kelvin, a molecule has chirality “if its image in a plane mirror, ideally realized, cannot be brought to coincide with itself.” In other words, a chiral molecule is asymmetrical in the sense th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Multiple companies have offered exome sequencing to consumers. Knome was the first company to offer exome sequencing services to consumers, at a cost of several thousand dollars. Later, 23andMe ran a pilot WES program that was announced in September 2011 and was discontinued in 2012. Consumers could obtain exome data a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Binding affinity data alone does not determine the overall potency of a drug or a naturally produced (biosynthesized) hormone.
Potency is a result of the complex interplay of both the binding affinity and the ligand efficacy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Schoenflies notation, point groups are denoted by a letter symbol with a subscript. The symbols used in crystallography mean the following:
*C (for cyclic) indicates that the group has an n-fold rotation axis. C is C with the addition of a mirror (reflection) plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. C is C with ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for measuring or marking off angles. Sometimes Vernier scales are attached to give more precise readings. It has wide application in architectural and mechanical drawing, although its use is decreasing with the availability of modern drawi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magnetoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry dealing with magnetic effects in electrochemistry. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Yeast fungi, being facultative anaerobes, can either produce energy through ethanol fermentation or aerobic respiration. When the O concentration is low, the two pyruvate molecules formed through glycolysis are each fermented into ethanol and carbon dioxide. While only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, this method is uti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The API gravity of a crude oil is a measurement of purity - i.e., amount of impurities, such as sulphur, nitrogen, or oxygen. Impurities increase the density of the crude. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Using the above definition for z , the cumulative distribution function (CDF) can be found as follows:
Substituting the definition of the Faddeeva function (scaled complex error function) yields for the indefinite integral:
which may be solved to yield
where is a hypergeometric function. In order for the function to a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chan is a founding member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as chairman of the New Territories East Branch in 1999, and later became the party's minister of organization affairs and central committee member. He ran for the chairmanship election in 2004 but lost to Lee Wing-tat. He was then elected vice-chairman o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Such is the case in building applications where artificial light can be replaced by sunlight through a light transmittance design. Based on research and simulation performed by Joseph Arehart at the University of Colorado Boulder, transparent wood as a glass glazing system replacement could reduce the space conditionin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The yield strength anomaly is exploited in the design of gas turbines and jet engines that operate at high temperatures, where the materials used are selected based on their paramount yield and creep resistance. Superalloys can withstand high temperature loads far beyond the capabilities of steels and other alloys, and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, NaAlF. It is used in aluminium smelting. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined fluorite (CaF) is a commodity chemical used in steel-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboximidates (or more general imidates) are organic compounds, which can be thought of as esters formed between a imidic acid (R-C(=NR)OH) and an alcohol, with the general formula R-C(=NR)OR".
They are also known as imino ethers, since they resemble imines (>C=N-) with an oxygen atom connected to the carbon atom of t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Experimental reconstruction of tools used in prehistoric mining is often written about in conjunction with the tools use after the process of firesetting. The experimental mining tool assemblage are primarily made up of hammerstones and antler picks that are reconstructed using willow and hazel sticks, rawhide, and he... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A dyotropic reaction (from the Greek dyo, meaning two) in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a pericyclic valence isomerization in which two sigma bonds simultaneously migrate intramolecularly. The reaction type is of some relevance to organic chemistry because it can explain how cert... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Piperacillin irreversibly binds to the enzyme penicillin-binding proteins, inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mefloquine is metabolized primarily through the liver. Its elimination in persons with impaired liver function may be prolonged, resulting in higher plasma levels and an increased risk of adverse reactions. The mean elimination plasma half-life of mefloquine is between two and four weeks. Total clearance is through the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system of a SiO, a high-refractive TaO and an additional SiO layer (this additional layer can be chemically modified). The partial beams of the white light are reflected at each phase boundary and then refracted (transmitted). These reflected partial beams superi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main use of -ascorbic acid and its salts is as food additives, mostly to combat oxidation. It is approved for this purpose in the EU with E number E300, the US, Australia, and New Zealand. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although generally considered less-than-lethal when properly used (targets should exclude the face, eyes, throat or spine), one death has occurred when they have been fired at inappropriate areas. In one well-publicized incident in 2004, the Boston Police Department's use of an FN 303 during a crowd control situation r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ravi Bhushan (born 12 April 1953, in Muzaffarnagar, India) was a Professor of Chemistry at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee who worked in the areas of natural products chemistry, protein chemistry, and chiral analysis by liquid chromatography. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In biology, the SECIS element (SECIS: selenocysteine insertion sequence) is an RNA element around 60 nucleotides in length that adopts a stem-loop structure. This structural motif (pattern of nucleotides) directs the cell to translate UGA codons as selenocysteines (UGA is normally a stop codon). SECIS elements are thus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Host guest systems have been utilized to remove hazardous materials from the environment. They can be made in different sizes and different shapes to trap a variety of chemical guests. One application is the ability of p-tert-butycalix[4]arene to trap a cesium ion. Cesium-137 is radioactive and there is a need to remov... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Iminium salts hydrolyse to give the corresponding ketone or aldehyde:
Iminium cations are reduced to the amines, e.g. by sodium cyanoborohydride. Iminium cations are intermediates in the reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes.
Unsymmetrical iminium cations undergo cis-trans isomerization. The isomerization is c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The use of two or more herbicides which have differing modes of action can reduce the selection for resistant genotypes. Ideally, each component in a mixture should:
* Be active at different target sites
* Have a high level of efficacy
* Be detoxified by different biochemical pathways
* Have similar persistence in the ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, also known as the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway, is a process that allows some bacteria to generate 3-hydroxypropionate using carbon dioxide. It is divided into two parts or reactions. The overall reaction of the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway is 3 HCO3− + 5 ATP + 6 NADPH + 1 quinone → 1 py... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Controlling pests and plant disease vectors
*Improved crop yields
*Improved crop/livestock quality
*Invasive species controlled
Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms
*Human lives saved and disease reduced. Diseases controlled include malaria, with millions of lives having been saved or enha... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Although the pathogenic role of ANCA is still controversial, in vitro and animal models support the idea that the antibodies have a direct pathological role in the formation of small vessel vasculitides. MPO and PR3 specific ANCA can activate neutrophils and monocytes through their Fc and Fab'2 receptors, which can be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. The protein is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position on the molecule. Naming conventions for enzymes are based on the substrate acted upon and the chemical process performed. Biochemically, this enzyme is involved in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A physician may order many laboratory tests on one specimen, referred to as a test panel, when a single test cannot provide sufficient information to make a swift and accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. A test panel is a group of many tests a clinical chemists do on one sample to look for changes in many analytes th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The core histone proteins contains a characteristic structural motif termed the "histone fold", which consists of three alpha-helices (α1-3) separated by two loops (L1-2). In solution, the histones form H2A-H2B heterodimers and H3-H4 heterotetramers. Histones dimerise about their long α2 helices in an anti-parallel ori... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Degenerate matter exhibits quantum mechanical properties when a fermion system temperature approaches absolute zero. These properties result from a combination of the Pauli exclusion principle and quantum confinement. The Pauli principle allows only one fermion in each quantum state and the confinement ensures that en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Low molecular weight simple amines, such as ethylamine, are only weakly toxic with between 100 and 1000 mg/kg. They are skin irritants, especially as some are easily absorbed through the skin. Amines are a broad class of compounds, and more complex members of the class can be extremely bioactive, for example strychnin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dynamically, or inelastically, scattered electrons provide several types of information about the sample as well. The brightness or intensity at a point on the detector depends on dynamic scattering, so all analysis involving the intensity must account for dynamic scattering. Some inelastically scattered electrons ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A cyclopropyl group is a chemical structure derived from cyclopropane; it is typically produced in a cyclopropanation reaction. The group has an empirical formula of CH and chemical bonds from each of the three carbons to both of the other two. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The part to be coated is immersed in a bath of electrolyte which usually consists of a dilute alkaline solution such as KOH. It is electrically connected, so as to become one of the electrodes in the electrochemical cell, with the other "counter-electrode" typically being made from an inert material such as stainless ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Standard addition method, often used in analytical chemistry, quantifies the analyte present in an unknown. This method is useful for analyzing complex samples where a matrix effect interferes with the analyte signal. In comparison to the calibration curve method, the standard addition method has the advantage of t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TALOS+. Predicts protein backbone torsion angles from chemical shift data. Frequently used to generate further restraints applied to a structure model during refinement. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A typical solid phase extraction involves five basic steps. First, the cartridge is equilibrated with a non-polar or slightly polar solvent, which wets the surface and penetrates the bonded phase. Then water, or buffer of the same composition as the sample, is typically washed through the column to wet the silica surfa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A substance that modifies the transition state to lower the activation energy is termed a catalyst; a catalyst composed only of protein and (if applicable) small molecule cofactors is termed an enzyme. A catalyst increases the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction. In addition, the catalyst lowers the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance, e.g. by a color change, or to measure the concentration of a substance, e.g. by colorimetry. Examples include Fehlings reagent, Millons reagent, and Tollens' reagent. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Grove cell voltage is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction:
: Zn + HSO + 2 HNO ZnSO + 2 HO + 2 NO↑ | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*The World's 500 Most influential Arabs in 2013 in the “scientist inventor” category for his outstanding contributions in the areas of innovation, research and community service.
*The World's 500 Most influential Arabs in 2012.
*Arabian Business Achievement Awards 2011 – Science and Innovation Award 2011
*First prize ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Brian G. Wowk is a Canadian medical physicist and cryobiologist known for the discovery and development of synthetic molecules that mimic the activity of natural antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation applications, sometimes called "ice blockers". As a senior scientist at 21st Century Medicine, Inc., he was a co-devel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fans may be installed in various ways, according to the application. They are often used in a free installation, without any housing of any kind. There are also some specialised installations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Abu Bakarr Kanu is a Sierra Leonean analytical chemist who is a professor at Winston-Salem State University. His research considers separation-type instrumentation for the rapid analysis of chemical and biological compounds. Kanu is also involved with education and outreach programmes, and works to bring hands-on chemi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For an amino acid with only one amine and one carboxyl group, the pI can be calculated from the mean of the pKas of this molecule.
The pH of an electrophoretic gel is determined by the buffer used for that gel. If the pH of the buffer is above the pI of the protein being run, the protein will migrate to the positive p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Both p90 and p70 Rsk phosphorylate ribosomal protein s6, part of the translational machinery, but several other substrates have been identified, including other ribosomal proteins. Cytosolic substrates of p90 include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule; Son... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the total number of degrees of freedom approaches infinity, the system will be found in the macrostate that corresponds to the highest multiplicity. In order to illustrate this principle, observe the skin temperature of a frozen metal bar. Using a thermal image of the skin temperature, note the temperature distribut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Early hot rolling strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinning, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further, which made tinning achievable. The plate was then tinned using the process outlined above. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In oxidative phosphorylation, the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase, which is regulated by the availability of its substrate – the reduced form of cytochrome c. The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates:
which directly implies t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Splicing is regulated by trans-acting proteins (repressors and activators) and corresponding cis-acting regulatory sites (silencers and enhancers) on the pre-mRNA. However, as part of the complexity of alternative splicing, it is noted that the effects of a splicing factor are frequently position-dependent. That is, a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The BioWatch program is funded and supervised by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The BioWatch program has three main components: sampling, analysis, and response. Each of these components is handled by three different agencies. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) handles the sampling component: the sen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The skeletal structure of an organic compound is the series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound. The skeleton can consist of chains, branches and/or rings of bonded atoms. Skeletal atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms.
The skeleton has hydrogen and/or various... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fellgetts advantage or the multiplex advantage is an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is gained when taking multiplexed measurements rather than direct measurements. The name is derived from P. B. Fellgett, who first made the observation as part of his PhD. When measuring a signal whose noise is dominate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen rich substances as ammonia and hydrazine are great for storing hydrogen. This is due to their energy density, for ammonia at least 1.3 times that of liquid hydrogen. Hydrazine is almost twice as dense in energy compared to liquid hydrogen, however a downside is that dilution is required in the use of direct hy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Diazo compounds can be obtained in an elimination reaction of N-alkyl-N-nitroso compounds, such as in the synthesis of diazomethane from Diazald or MNNG:
(The mechanism shown here is one possibility. For an alternative mechanism for the analogous formation of diazomethane from an N-nitrososulfonamide, see the page on ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Aggregates can form under varying conditions and differ from each other in soil horizon and structure
* Natural aggregates results in what are called peds, whereas artificial aggregates are called clods.
* Clods are formed due to disturbance of the field by ploughing or digging.
* Microbial activity also influences t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the triflyl group (systematic name: trifluoromethanesulfonyl group) is a functional group with the formula and structure . The triflyl group is often represented by –Tf.
The related triflate group (trifluoromethanesulfonate) has the formula , and is represented by –OTf. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aquametry in analytical chemistry refer to analytical processes to measure the water present in materials.
The methods widely used in aquametry encompasses Karl Fischer titration, distillation, chromatography etc. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters and enhancers. Gene expression has been commonly characterized as a measure of how much, how fast, when and where this process happens. Promoters and enhancers are required for contr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The theorem is also useful on a more microscopic scale, in biology. Living systems, such as cells, can be analyzed thermodynamically. They are rather complex systems, where many energy transformations occur, and they often waste heat. Hence, the Gouy-Stodola theorem may be useful, in certain situations, to perform exer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A few other elements have been proposed as candidates for supporting biological systems and processes as fundamentally as carbon does, for example, processes such as metabolism. The most frequently suggested alternative is silicon. Silicon, atomic number of 14, more than twice the size of carbon, shares a group in the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Homoepitaxial growth of semiconductor thin films are generally done by chemical or physical vapor deposition methods that deliver the precursors to the substrate in gaseous state. For example, silicon is most commonly deposited from silicon tetrachloride (or germanium tetrachloride) and hydrogen at approximately 1200 t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Synaptic degeneration and death of nerve cells are defining features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In AD, neurons in the hippocampus and basal forebrain (brain regions that subserve learning and memory functions) are selectively vulnerable. Studies of postmorte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The primary essential parts for this phase include detailing the reaction conditions in full, giving both the amount of RNA used and the total volume of the reaction, give information on the oligonucleotide used as a primer and its concentration, the concentration and type of reverse transcriptase used, and lastly the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methyl isocyanate is a colorless, poisonous, lachrymatory (tearing agent), flammable liquid. It is soluble in water to 6–10 parts per 100 parts, but it also reacts with water (see Reactions below).
It has a refractive index of 1.363 with a wavelength of 589 nm at a temperature of 20 °C | 9 | Geochemistry |
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