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Cation-exchange capacity is defined as the amount of positive charge that can be exchanged per mass of soil, usually measured in cmol/kg. Some texts use the older, equivalent units me/100g or meq/100g. CEC is measured in moles of electric charge, so a cation-exchange capacity of 10 cmol/kg could hold 10 cmol of Na cati... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many organic chemicals are thermodynamically unstable in the presence of oxygen; however, their rate of spontaneous oxidation is slow at room temperature. In the language of physical chemistry, such reactions are kinetically limited. This kinetic stability allows the accumulation of complex environmental structures in ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cancer cells are characterized by a reprogramming of energy metabolism. Over the last decade, understanding of the metabolic changes that occur in cancer has increased dramatically, and there is great interest in targeting metabolism for cancer therapy. PKM2 plays a key role in modulating glucose metabolism to support ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes.
BAC is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume of blood. In the US and many international publications, BAC levels are written as a percentage such a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The story is often told of Napoleons men freezing in the bitter Russian Winter, their clothes falling apart as tin pest ate the buttons. This appears to be an urban legend, as there is no evidence of any failing buttons, and thus they cannot have been a contributing factor in the failure of the invasion. Uniform butto... | 8 | Metallurgy |
δO from biomineralized tissues may also be used in reconstructing past environmental conditions. In vertebrates, apatite from bone mineral, tooth enamel and dentin contains phosphate [PO] groups which may preserve the oxygen isotope ratios of environmental water. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes in these tissues may be... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Knockouts are accomplished through a variety of techniques. Originally, naturally occurring mutations were identified and then gene loss or inactivation had to be established by DNA sequencing or other methods. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Cholera toxin is an AB toxin that has five B subunints and one A subunit. The toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of target cells. If a cell lacks GM1 the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although allozymes can detect variations in DNA, it is by an indirect method and not very accurate. DNA-based markers were developed in the 1960s. These markers are much more effective at distinguishing between DNA variants. Today these are the most commonly used markers. DNA-based markers work by surveying nucleotides... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Controversy has swirled around the provenance of the copper oxhide ingots. Lead isotope analysis (LIA) suggests that the late LBA ingots (that is, after 1250 BC) are composed of Cypriot copper, specifically copper from the Apilki mine and its surrounding area. The Gelidonya ingots' ratios are consistent with Cypriot or... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most naïve way of specifying, e.g., a protein in a biological model is to specify each of its states explicitly and use each of them as a molecular species in a simulation framework that allows transitions from state to state. For instance, if a protein can be ligand-bound or not, exist in two conformational states... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gold clusters in cluster chemistry can be either discrete molecules or larger colloidal particles. Both types are described as nanoparticles, with diameters of less than one micrometer. A nanocluster is a collective group made up of a specific number of atoms or molecules held together by some interaction mechanism. G... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Contrary to a neutral solute, the partition coefficient of an ion depends on the Galvani potential difference between the two phases: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cucurbituril's host–guest properties have been explored for drug delivery vehicles. The potential of this application has been explored with cucurbit[7]uril that forms an inclusion compound with the important cancer fighting drug oxaliplatin. CB[7] was employed despite the fact that it is more difficult to isolate sinc... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Jiao et al. enabled the formation of a C–N bond via cross-coupling using air as an oxidant and a copper catalyst. No conditions are known for a C–N cross-coupling that breaks a sp or sp C–COOH bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dynamic heteroatom bond formation, presents useful reactions in the dynamic covalent reaction toolbox. Boronic acid condensation (BAC) and disulfide exchange constitute the two main reactions in this category. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Tomlin was a student of mathematics and of the history of science and philosophy of science at the University of Leeds, where she earned a combined bachelors degree in those topics in 1987. She continued at Leeds as a graduate student in physical chemistry, completing her dissertation Bifurcation analysis for non-linea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Butyric acid (pK 4.82) is fully ionized at physiological pH, so its anion is the material that is mainly relevant in biological systems.
It is one of two primary endogenous agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (, also known as GPR109A), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR),
Like other short-chain fatty a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the Arrhenius theory, acids are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solutions to give H (hydrogen ions or protons), while bases are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solutions to give OH (hydroxide ions).
In 1923 physical chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Thomas Martin Lo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Particle size analysis, particle size measurement, or simply particle sizing, is the collective name of the technical procedures, or laboratory techniques which determines the size range, and/or the average, or mean size of the particles in a powder or liquid sample.
Particle size analysis is part of particle science, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Coelenteramide is the oxidized product, or oxyluciferin, of the bioluminescent reactions in many marine organisms that use coelenterazine. It was first isolated as a blue fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria after the animals were stimulated to emit light. Under basic conditions, the compound will break down furt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The maximum absorption of light is near 670 nm. The specifics of absorption depend on a number of factors, including protonation, adsorption to other materials, and metachromasy - the formation of dimers and higher-order aggregates depending on concentration and other interactions: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well. The bromine test is useful to confirm the result, although modern spectroscopic techn... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This section summarizes the coefficients for some common materials.
For isotropic materials the coefficients linear thermal expansion α and volumetric thermal expansion α are related by .
For liquids usually the coefficient of volumetric expansion is listed and linear expansion is calculated here for comparison.
For co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is a gaseous mixture of 60-80% tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), 10-30% pentafluoroethane (R-125) and 10-30% carbon dioxide (CO).
Its physical properties are similar to those of Halon 1301. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The different sets of transcriptional repression and activation which characterize a and α cells are caused by the presence of one of two alleles of a mating-type locus called MAT: MATa or MATα located on chromosome III. The MAT locus is usually divided into five regions (W, X, Y, Z1, and Z2) based on the sequences sha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiosulfate ions are stable only in neutral or alkaline solutions, but not in acidic solutions, due to disproportionation to sulfite ions and sulfur, the sulfite ions being dehydrated to sulfur dioxide:
This reaction may be used to generate an aqueous suspension of sulfur and demonstrate the Rayleigh scattering of ligh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Reverse electron flow is the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain through the reverse redox reactions. Usually requiring a significant amount of energy to be used, this can reduce the oxidized forms of electron donors. For example, NAD can be reduced to NADH by Complex I. There are several factors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrons form notional shells around the nucleus. These are normally in a ground state but can be excited by the absorption of energy from light (photons), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle (typically ions or other electrons).
Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state. T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (also known as PEP carboxylase, PEPCase, or PEPC; , PDB ID: 3ZGE) is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases found in plants and some bacteria that catalyzes the addition of bicarbonate (HCO) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate and inorganic phosp... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Several authors have reported the existence of supramultiplicative behavior in signaling cascades (i.e. the ultrasensitivity of the combination of layers is higher than the product of individual ultrasensitivities), but in many cases the ultimate origin of supramultiplicativity remained elusive. Altszyler et al. (2017)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earlier Pantle & Buck method (1955) uses the same saprobic values s of each species, but not the weighting factor g. The Pantle-Buck saprobity index S, ranging from 0 to 4, is thus calculated:
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where the abundance A is expressed as one of nine subjective categories, ranging from "very rare" to "mass developme... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sialic acids are found at all cell surfaces of vertebrates and some invertebrates, and also at certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates.
Many viruses such as the Ad26 serotype of adenoviruses (Adenoviridae), rotaviruses (Reoviridae) and influenza viruses (Orthomyxoviridae) can use host-sialylated structures for ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Red-short, hot-short refers to brittleness of steels at red-hot temperatures. It is often caused by high sulfur levels, in which case it is also known as sulfur embrittlement. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are found in 40–90% of patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antibodies can be detected years before symptoms of SLE surface, making them an effective diagnostic tool.
In patients with SLE, high levels of Anti-Ro/SSA are correlated with elevated levels of IFN-α. The presence of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photolysis, i.e., photochemical decomposition is a chemical reaction where the compound is broken down by the photons. This decomposition occurs when a photon of sufficient energy encounters a colorant molecule bond with a suitable dissociation energy. The reaction causes homolytic cleavage in the chromophoric system r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The different reactivity of halogens as compared to OH and ozone has broad impacts on atmospheric chemistry. These include near complete removal and deposition of mercury, alteration of oxidation fates for organic gases, and export of bromine into the free troposphere. The deposition of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
After his Berlin, Dresden and New York years, Zervas decided to return to Greece in 1937. He was immediately appointed full Professor of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in recognition of his distinguished international work. He stayed in this position until 1939, when he w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasma treatment of surfaces is essentially a dry etching of the surface. This is achieved by filling a chamber with gas, such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine, and accelerating ions species from an ion source through plasma. The ion acceleration towards the surface forms deep grooves within the surface. In addition to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plastic crystals were discovered in 1938 by J. Timmermans by their anomalously low melting entropy. He found that organic substances having a melting entropy lower than approximately 17 J·K·mol (~2Rg) are having peculiar properties. Timmermans named them .
Michils showed in 1948 that these organic compounds are easily ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reactions are due to collisions of reactant species. The frequency with which the molecules or ions collide depends upon their concentrations. The more crowded the molecules are, the more likely they are to collide and react with one another. Thus, an increase in the concentrations of the reactants will usually res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the pedosphere it is safe to assume that gases are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Because plant roots and soil microbes release CO to the soil, the concentration of bicarbonate () in soil waters is much greater than that in equilibrium with the atmosphere, the high concentration of CO and the occurrence of meta... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Euhedral crystals have flat faces with sharp angles. The flat faces (also called facets) are oriented in a specific way relative to the underlying atomic arrangement of the crystal: They are planes of relatively low Miller index. This occurs because some surface orientations are more stable than others (lower surface e... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Affinity purification of albumin and macroglobulin contamination is helpful in removing excess albumin and α-macroglobulin contamination, when performing mass spectrometry. In affinity purification of serum albumin, the stationary used for collecting or attracting serum proteins can be Cibacron Blue-Sepharose. Then the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mixed reactants pass an observation cell that allows the reaction to be followed spectrophotometrically, typically by ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism or light scattering, and it is now common to combine several of these.
Observation cuvette with a short light path (0.75 to 1.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mathematical expression of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm involving only one sorbing species can be demonstrated in different ways: the kinetics approach, the thermodynamics approach, and the statistical mechanics approach respectively. In case of two competing adsorbed species, the competitive adsorption model i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, systems have been described based on addition polymerization with 1,4-benzenedithiol and 1,4-diethynylbenzene, in the synthesis of other addition polymer systems in the synthesis of dendrimers, in star polymers, in graft polymerization, block copolymers, and in polymer networks. Another reported a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The scientific community has been quick to harness RNA silencing as a research tool. The strategic targeting of mRNA can provide a large amount of information about gene function and its ability to be turned on and off. Induced RNA silencing can serve as a controlled method for suppressing gene expression. Since the ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gag-onc fusion protein is a general term for a fusion protein formed from a group-specific antigen (gag) gene and that of an oncogene (onc), a gene that plays a role in the development of a cancer. The name is also written as Gag-v-Onc, with "v" indicating that the Onc sequence resides in a viral genome. Onc is a g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William Carl Lineberger (born December 5, 1939-[https://jila.colorado.edu/news-events/news/remembering-jila-fellow-w-carl-lineberger October 17, 2023]) was an American chemist.
A native of Hamlet, North Carolina, William Carl Lineberger was born to parents Caleb Henry and Evelyn Pelot Cooper Lineberger on December 5, 1... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolutions have been reported. A prime example using PSL effectively resolves racemic acyloins in the presence of triethylamine and vinyl acetate as the acylating agent. As shown below, the product was isolated in 75% yield and 97% ee. Without the presence of the base, regular kin... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
LD is very similar to Circular Dichroism (CD), but with two important differences. (i) CD spectroscopy uses circularly polarized light whereas LD uses linearly polarized light. (ii) In CD experiments molecules are usually free in solution so they are randomly oriented. The observed spectrum is then a function only of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MGI evolved from a project funded by the National Center for Human Genome Research in 1989 to combine the databases of several Jackson Laboratory scientists and create a tool for visualizing data on the mouse genome. The result of that project, led by Joseph H. Nadeau, Larry E. Mobraaten, and Janan T. Eppig, was called... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The molecular demon switches mainly between two conformations. The first, or basic state, upon recognizing and binding the ligand or substrate following an induced fit, undergoes a change in conformation which leads to the second quasi-stable state: the protein-ligand complex. In order to reset the protein to its origi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In crystallography, the Sayre equation, named after David Sayre who introduced it in 1952, is a mathematical relationship that allows one to calculate probable values for the phases of some diffracted beams. It is used when employing direct methods to solve a structure. Its formulation is the following:
which states ho... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailing... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Unidirectional spreading of mTEC-derived TRAs onto additional APCs via antigen transfer increases the probability of encounter between potential autoreactive T cell and its corresponding TRA and therefore enhances processes of central tolerance. Furthermore, antigen transfer enables TRA processing and presentation by d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method uses seasonal water balance components as input data. These are related to the surface hydrology (like rainfall, evaporation, irrigation, use of drain and well water for irrigation, runoff), and the aquifer hydrology (like upward seepage, natural drainage, pumping from wells). The other water balance compone... | 9 | Geochemistry |
At the lower end of the spectrum, relatively harmless stink bombs consist of a mixture of ammonium sulfide, vinegar and bicarbonate, which smells strongly of rotten eggs. When exposed to air, the ammonium sulfide reacts with moisture, hydrolyzes, and a mixture of hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) and ammonia is relea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evolved gas analysis (EGA) is a method used to study the gas evolved from a heated sample that undergoes decomposition or desorption. It is either possible just to detect evolved gases using evolved gas detection (EGD) or to analyse explicitly which gases evolved using evolved gas analysis (EGA). Therefore different a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several studies have suggested that vanillin can affect the performance of antibiotics in laboratory conditions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enzyme activity is a measure of the quantity of active enzyme present and is thus dependent on various physical conditions, which should be specified.
It is calculated using the following formula:
where
: = Enzyme activity
: = Moles of substrate converted per unit time
: = Rate of the reaction
: = Reaction volume
The S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymers can be classified in many ways. Polymers, strictly speaking, comprise most solid matter: minerals (i.e. most of the Earth's crust) are largely polymers, metals are 3-d polymers, organisms, living and dead, are composed largely of polymers and water. Often polymers are classified according to their origin:
* b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The collision rates for fine particles (50 - 80 μm) can be accurately modeled, but there is no current theory that accurately models bubble-particle collision for particles as large as 300 μm, which are commonly used in flotation processes.
For fine particles, Stokes law underestimates collision probability while the p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because the glycocalyx is so prominent throughout the cardiovascular system, disruption to this structure has detrimental effects that can cause disease. Certain stimuli that cause atheroma may lead to enhanced sensitivity of vasculature. Initial dysfunction of the glycocalyx can be caused by hyperglycemia or oxidized ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levonorgestrel is used in combination with an estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy. It is used under the brand name Klimonorm as a combined oral tablet with estradiol valerate and under the brand name Climara Pro as a combined transdermal patch with estradiol. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), also known as triethylenediamine or TEDA, is a bicyclic organic compound with the formula N(CH). This colorless solid is a highly nucleophilic tertiary amine base, which is used as a catalyst and reagent in polymerization and organic synthesis.
It is similar in structure to quinuc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ketones (and aldehydes) absorb strongly in the infra-red spectrum near 1750 cm, which is assigned to ν ("carbonyl stretching frequency"). The energy of the peak is lower for aryl and unsaturated ketones.
Whereas H NMR spectroscopy is generally not useful for establishing the presence of a ketone, C NMR spectra exhibit ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Giant tube worms use bacteria in their trophosome to fix carbon dioxide (using hydrogen sulfide as their energy source) and produce sugars and amino acids.
Some reactions produce sulfur:
:hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis:
::18H + 6CO + 3 → CHO (carbohydrate) + 12H + 18
Instead of releasing oxygen gas while fixing carbon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The chemical reaction of lipid peroxidation consists of three phases: initiation, propagation, and termination.
In the initiation phase, a pro-oxidant hydroxyl radical () abstracts the hydrogen at the allylic position (–CH–CH=CH) or methine bridge (=CH−) on the stable lipid substrate, typically a polyunsaturated fatty ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The retinoblastoma protein is involved in the growth and development of mammalian hair cells of the cochlea, and appears to be related to the cells' inability to regenerate. Embryonic hair cells require pRb, among other important proteins, to exit the cell-cycle and stop dividing, which allows maturation of the auditor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anoxic waters are areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. The US Geological Survey defines anoxic groundwater as those with dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 0.5 milligrams per litre. Anoxic waters can be contrasted with hypoxic waters, which are low (but not la... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Certain aspects of the lipid pump such as the diapause depth and duration of zooplankton can vary among regions that have different overwintering temperatures and resident community characteristics. There are other subarctic regions that have shown similar carbon export rates to those found in the temperate North Atlan... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The anthracene molecule admits three resonance structures, each with a circle in one ring and two sets of double bonds in the other two. Following the rule at point 4 exposed above, anthracene is better described by a superposition of these three equivalent structures, and an arrow is drawn to indicate the presence of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In medicine, the term "labile" means susceptible to alteration or destruction. For example, a heat-labile protein is one that can be changed or destroyed at high temperatures.
The opposite of labile in this context is "stable". | 1 | Biochemistry |
Injection formulations of esomeprazole are used for gastroprotection in veterinary medicine. In goats administered the drug by intravenous or subcutaneous injection rapid elimination was noted. In that study the sulfone metabolite was detectable for several hours after injection of the parent drug. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When a cell is subjected to stressful conditions, the ATF4 gene is expressed. The ATF4 transcription factor has the ability to form dimers with many different proteins that influence gene expression and cell fate. ATF4 binds to C/EBP‐ATF response element (CARE) sequences which work together to increase the transcriptio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The name derives from the German word umklappen (to turn over). Rudolf Peierls, in his autobiography Bird of Passage states he was the originator of this phrase and coined it during his 1929 crystal lattice studies under the tutelage of Wolfgang Pauli. Peierls wrote, "…I used the German term Umklapp (flip-over) and thi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Markovnikov is best known for Markovnikovs rule, elucidated in 1869 to describe addition reactions of H-X (where X' represents a halogen) to alkenes. According to this rule, the nucleophilic X- binds to the carbon (C) atom with fewer hydrogen atoms, while the proton binds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms bo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A mobility shift assay is electrophoretic separation of a protein–DNA or protein–RNA mixture on a polyacrylamide or agarose gel for a short period (about 1.5-2 hr for a 15- to 20-cm gel). The speed at which different molecules (and combinations thereof) move through the gel is determined by their size and charge, and t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The complex adopts the usual "clam-shell" structure seen for other CpMX complexes. The dimetallic structure has been confirmed by Microcrystal electron diffraction. The results are consistent with FT-IR spectroscopy, which established that the hydrides are bridging. Solid state NMR spectroscopy also indicates a dimeri... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is not always possible to eliminate ion suppression by sample preparation and/or chromatographic resolution. In such cases it may be possible to compensate for the effects of ion suppression on accuracy and precision (although not for analytical sensitivity) by adopting complex calibration strategies. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The absence of long-range order in liquids is mirrored by the absence of Bragg peaks in X-ray and neutron diffraction. Under normal conditions, the diffraction pattern has circular symmetry, expressing the isotropy of the liquid. Radially, the diffraction intensity smoothly oscillates. This can be described by the stat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Millon's reagent is an analytical reagent used to detect the presence of soluble proteins. A few drops of the reagent are added to the test solution, which is then heated gently. A reddish-brown coloration or precipitate indicates the presence of tyrosine residue which occur in nearly all proteins. The test was develop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a polymer used in many applications including non-stick coatings, beauty products, and lubricants. PTFE is a hydrophobic molecule composed of carbon and fluorine. Carbon-fluorine bonds cause PTFE to be a low-friction material, conducive in high temperature environments and resistant to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microarrays for transcriptomics typically fall into one of two broad categories: low-density spotted arrays or high-density short probe arrays. Transcript abundance is inferred from the intensity of fluorescence derived from fluorophore-tagged transcripts that bind to the array.
Spotted low-density arrays typically fea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pempidine is a ganglion-blocking drug, first reported in 1958 by two research groups working independently, and introduced as an oral treatment for hypertension. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Birch reduction is a possible method to reduce reduces aromatic compounds into cycloalkenes, specifically cyclohexadiene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Particles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential because this reduces the free energy. In this way, chemical potential is a generalization of "potentials" in physics such as gravitational potential. When a ball rolls down a hill, it is moving from a higher gravitational potential (highe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These contrasting effects reveal the importance of the endocannabinoid system in regulating anxiety-dependent behavior. Results suggest that glutamatergic cannabinoid receptors are not only responsible for mediating aggression, but produce an anxiolytic-like function by inhibiting excessive arousal: excessive excitatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cytochrome C1 plays a role in the electron transfer during oxidative phosphorylation. As an iron-sulfur protein approaches the b-c1 complex, it accepts an electron from the cytochrome b subunit, then undergoes a conformational change to attach to cytochrome c1. There, the electron carried by the iron-sulfur protein is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant. Because of its high boiling point compared to most refrigerants, it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.
Trichlorofluoromet... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The virion is a flexible filament (worm-like chain) about 6 nm in diameter and 900 nm long. Several thousand copies of a small (50 amino-acid residues) elongated alpha-helical major coat protein subunit (the product of gene 8, or p8) in an overlapping shingle-like array form a hollow cylinder enclosing the circular sin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RIfS is used especially as a detection method in chemo- and biosensors.
Chemosensors are particularly suitable for measurements under difficult conditions and in the gaseous phase. As sensitive layers, mostly non-selective measuring polymers are used which sort the analytes according to size (the so-called molecular si... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many photocathodes require excellent vacuum conditions to function and will become "poisoned" when exposed to contaminates. Additionally, using the photocathodes in high current applications will slowly damage the compounds as they are exposed to ion back-bombardment. These effects are quantified by the lifetime of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For at least 600 years, wood tar has been used as a water repellent coating for boats, ships, and roofs. In Scandinavia, it was produced as a cash crop. "Peasant Tar" might be named for the district of its production.
Wood tar is still used as an additive in the flavoring of candy, alcohol, and other foods. Wood tar i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In botany, a photoassimilate is one of a number of biological compounds formed by assimilation using light-dependent reactions. This term is most commonly used to refer to the energy-storing monosaccharides produced by photosynthesis in the leaves of plants.
Only NADPH, ATP and water are made in the "light" reactions. ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The methods for sequence analysis of synthetic polymers differ from the sequence analysis of biopolymers (e. g. DNA or proteins). Synthetic polymers are produced by chain-growth or step-growth polymerization and show thereby polydispersity, whereas biopolymers are synthesized by complex template-based mechanisms and ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hyperspectral imaging is part of a class of techniques commonly referred to as spectral imaging or spectral analysis. The term “hyperspectral imaging” derives from the development of NASA's Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) and AVIRIS in the mid-1980s. Although NASA prefers the earlier term “imaging spectroscopy” ove... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure, but also flow with zero viscosity. This is in contradiction to the intuition that flow, and in particular superfluid flow with zero viscosity, is a property exclusive to the fluid state, e.g., superconducting el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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