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The quality of a given spectroradiometric system is a function of its electronics, optical components, software, power supply, and calibration. Under ideal laboratory conditions and with highly trained experts, it is possible to achieve small (a few tenths to a few percent) errors in measurements. However, in many prac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Natural phenols can be involved in allelopathic interactions, for example in soil or in water. Juglone is an example of such a molecule inhibiting the growth of other plant species around walnut trees. The aquatic vascular plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces ellagic, gallic and pyrogallic acids and (+)-catechin, alle... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vitrification in cryopreservation is used to preserve, for example, human egg cells (oocytes) (in oocyte cryopreservation) and embryos (in embryo cryopreservation). It prevents ice crystal formation and is a very fast process: -23,000°C/min.
Currently, vitrification techniques have only been applied to brains (neurovi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MFGM is a structurally complex bioactive milk component, found in human milk as well as the milk of other mammalian species. The MFGM in human milk contains many bioactive components with diverse functions and has been linked to cognitive and health benefits to infants. Some compositional differences are reported to ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
c-Src is a gene that codes for proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, a protein important for normal mitotic cycling. It is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated to turn signaling on and off. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src must be localized to the plasma membrane in order to phosphorylate other downstrea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ibuprofen overdose has become common since it was licensed for OTC use. Many overdose experiences are reported in the medical literature, although the frequency of life-threatening complications from ibuprofen overdose is low. Human responses in cases of overdose range from an absence of symptoms to a fatal outcome des... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate (PO) group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deactivate enzymes by detaching or attaching phosphoric esters and anhydrides. A n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1–3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with freshwater runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g. monsoon), seawater can be substantially les... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The term was first coined by Russian chemist V. Pletz in 1935 and originally mistranslated in some articles as plosophore. Also of note is an auxoexplose concept (similar to chromophore and auxochrome concept), which is a group that modifies the explosive capability of the molecule.
The term explosophore has been used... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Hollow tube dispensers are plastic twist-tie type dispensers, plastic hollow fibers or plastic hollow microfibers fibers, filled with synthetic sex pheromone and placed throughout the area to be protected.
*Pheromone Baits and Stations are a stationary, attract and kill type of dispensers. Some are relatively large pl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another approach of preparing carbenes has relied on the desulfurisation of thioureas with potassium in THF. A contributing factor to the success of this reaction is that the byproduct, potassium sulfide, is insoluble in the solvent. The elevated temperatures suggest that this method is not suitable for the preparation... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mean free path of a molecule in a gas is the average distance between its collision with other molecules. This is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas, given constant temperature. In air at STP the mean free path of molecules is about 96 nm. Since electrons are much smaller, their average distance betw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of casting in bronze and brass is known as cire perdue, and is the most primitive and most commonly employed through the centuries, having been described in by the monk Theophilus, and also by Benvenuto Cellini. Briefly, it is as follows: a core, roughly representing the size and form of the object to be pr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Very low water clarity can be found where high loads of suspended sediments are transported from land. Some examples are estuaries where rivers with high loads of sediments empty into the ocean. One example is the Río de la Plata, an estuary in South America between Uruguay and Argentina where the Uruguay River and the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components. The heat can be removed by channeling the liquid through a heat exchanger, such as a radiator, or the heat can be removed with the liquid during evaporation. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes into proteins. These proteins include blood clotting factors and in addition, enzymes and transporters involved with glucose, cholesterol, and fatty acid transpo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Michelson spectrograph is similar to the instrument used in the Michelson–Morley experiment. Light from the source is split into two beams by a half-silvered mirror, one is reflected off a fixed mirror and one off a movable mirror, which introduces a time delay—the Fourier-transform spectrometer is just a Michelson... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Modern concept of polymers credited to Hermann Staudinger, who substantiated the existence of covalently linked ultralong molecules in 1920, which he called as macromolecules. The preamble of the field of supramolecular polymers can be considered dye-aggregates and host-guest complexes. In early 19th century, scienti... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Biological processes that fractionate Cu isotopes are not well-understood, but play an important role in driving the δCu values of materials observed in the marine and terrestrial environments. The natural Cu/Cu varies according to coppers redox form and the ligand to which copper binds. Oxidized Cu preferentially coor... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When foods with a high glycemic index are consumed, the carbohydrates in the food are more easily digested than low glycemic index foods. Hence, more glucose is available for absorption. It should not be misunderstood that glucose is absorbed more rapidly because, once formed, glucose is absorbed at the same rate. It i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glucuronoxylans are the primary components of hemicellulose as found in hardwood trees, for example birch.
They are hemicellulosic plant cell wall polysaccharides, containing glucuronic acid and xylose as its main constituents. They are linear polymers of β-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1→4) glycosidic bonds, with m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several different morphologies of the block copolymer used to create the polymersome have been used. The most frequently used are the linear diblock or triblock copolymers. In these cases, the block copolymer has one block that is hydrophobic; the other block or blocks are hydrophilic. Other morphologies used include c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Current flowing in the BPE because it provides less resistive current path than the electrolyte. As illustrated in the Figure; as consequence of the current entering side (D/Blue) from the anode, side D will polarise cathodically (potential will become more negative). At the other hand, side (B/Red) where the current i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prior to the invention of the theodolite, the goniometer was used in surveying. The application of triangulation to geodesy was described in the second (1533) edition of Cosmograficus liber by Petri Appiani as a 16-page appendix by Frisius entitled Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Afterwards, as biofilm becomes established, EPS provides physical stability and resistance to mechanical removal, antimicrobials, and host immunity. Exopolysaccharides and environmental DNA (eDNA) contribute to viscoelasticity of mature biofilms so that detachment of biofilm from the substratum will be challenging eve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to the oxidation routes, diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared by two Friedel–Crafts arylations of sulfur dioxide using an acid catalyst:
:2 ArH + SO → ArSO + HO
Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be also prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chloride in the presence of L... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first record of the pyroelectric effect was made in 1707 by Johann Georg Schmidt, who noted that the "[hot] tourmaline could attract the ashes from the warm or burning coals, as the magnet does iron, but also repelling them again [after the contact]". In 1717 Louis Lemery noticed, as Schmidt had, that small scraps ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the negative feedback loops, CK1ε periodically binds to and phosphorylates the PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and PER3), which form heterodimers with each other and interact with CRY1 and CRY2. The effects of phosphorylation are two-fold. It has been shown in Drosophila that phosphorylation of the PER proteins increase t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the ideal regime, the usual ideal-gas behavior is qualitatively recovered. For an ideal gas, in fact, the value of the fundamental derivative reduces to the constant value , where is the heat capacity ratio. By definition, is the ratio between the constant pressure and the constant volume specific heats, so it is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 × 10 kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs.
The major source of man-made VOCs are:
* Fossil fuel use and production, e.g. incompletely combusted fossil fuels or unintended evaporation of fuels. The most prevalent VOC is ethane, a relatively inert compound.
* Sol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PhSnH, as it is more commonly abbreviated, is prepared by treatment of triphenyltin chloride with lithium aluminium hydride. Although PhSnH is treated as a source of "H·", in fact it does not release free hydrogen atoms, which are extremely reactive species. Instead, PhSnH transfers H to substrates usually via a ra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Neither Liebig nor Pasteur was completely right. However, each of their arguments led to more discoveries that created a lot of today's fields in science and medicine.
Berzelius had defined the word "ferment" as being an example of catalytic activity. Soon after, Schwann discovered pepsin was the substance responsible ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SRAS++ utilises SRAS imaging to provide the raw measurement of single grain velocity surfaces, this is input to a novel inverse solver that mitigates the problem of the inversion being very ill-conditioned, by simultaneously solving for multiple uniquely orientated grains at once in a brute-force approach. This allows ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An enthalpy–entropy chart, also known as the H–S chart or Mollier diagram, plots the total heat against entropy, describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic system. A typical chart covers a pressure range of 0.01–1000 bar, and temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius. It shows enthalpy in terms of internal energy , pres... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pd-mediated Sonogashira, Heck, and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions have been applied widely to modify peptides and proteins, where diverse Pd reagents have been developed for the application in aqueous solutions. Those reactions require the protein or peptide substrate bearing unnatural functional groups such ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
First results to these problems were obtained by Leonard Adleman.
* In 1994: Solving a Hamiltonian path in a graph with 7 summits.
* In 2002: Solving a NP-complete problem as well as a 3-SAT problem with 20 variables. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the late 1800s, with the large investments financed by northern bankers and southern investors, as well as the technological expertise provided by northern and mid-western engineers, the iron and steel industry began to flourish in Birmingham, Alabama. In addition, the growth of Alabamas iron and steel industry was ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Scientists use this beam of charged particles to determine the elemental composition of solid materials (minerals, glasses, metals). The chemical composition of the target can be found from the elemental data extracted through emitted X-rays (in the case where the primary beam consists of charged electrons) or measurem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ingesting large amounts of arsenic can cause symptoms similar to food poisoning, with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea starting within hours. Bloody diarrhea can cause severe fluid loss, resulting in hypovolemic shock. The heart and nervous system can also be affected, causing disruption to heart rhythms ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many alloys of elements that resemble each other chemically will form a structure at higher temperatures where the two elements occupy similar positions in the lattice at random. At lower temperatures ordering may occur where crystallographic positions are no longer equivalent because one element preferentially occupie... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For any 3-dimensional lattice, the conventional unit cells are parallelepipeds, which in special cases may have orthogonal angles, or equal lengths, or both. Seven of the fourteen three-dimensional Bravais lattices are represented using conventional primitive cells, as shown below.
The other seven Bravais lattices (kn... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As expected from previous information, diverse ions have a screening effect on dissociated ions which leads to extra dissociation. Solubility will show a clear increase in presence of diverse ions as the solubility product will increase. Look at the following example:
Find the solubility of AgCl (K = 1.0 x 10) in 0.1 M... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Mark III design encompassed the greatest improvement in the technology since its commercialisation. The focus was to make the technology more robust and easier to use in operations. The total redesign of the downcomer assembly allowed it to be isolated and unblocked much more easily compared to the Mark II design. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In an electrochemical cell the faradaic impedance of an electrolyte-electrode interface is the joint electrical resistance and capacitance at that interface.
Let us suppose that the Butler-Volmer relationship correctly describes the dynamic behavior of the redox reaction:
Dynamic behavior of the redox reaction is chara... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The explanation of the Fano line-shape first appeared in the context of inelastic electron scattering by helium and autoionization. The incident electron doubly excites the atom to the state, a sort of shape resonance. The doubly excited atom spontaneously decays by ejecting one of the excited electrons. Fano showed t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carbodiimide (systematic IUPAC name: methanediimine) is a functional group with the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions.
A well known carbodiimide is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, whi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Ashton, T. S. Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution (2nd edn., 1951).
* Bernal, John Desmond, Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century, Indiana University Press, 1970.
* D’Costa, Anthony P. The Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry: Innovations, Institutions, and Industrial Change London: Routledge, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This pathway has been demonstrated in Chloroflexus, a nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium; however, other studies suggest that 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle is used by several chemotrophic archaea. T In E. coli 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle has been studied and found to be insensitive to oxygen. This means that within the p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the term 2-norbornyl cation (or 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl cation) describes one of the three carbocations formed from derivatives of norbornane. Though 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations have been studied, the most extensive studies and vigorous debates have been centered on the exact structure of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation (rectangular): [∞,2,∞] or [∞]×[∞]
* Coxeter notation (square): [4,1,4] or [1,4,4,1]
* Lattice: rectangular
* Point group: D
* The group pmm has reflections in two perpendicular directions, and four rotation centres of order two (180°) located at the inte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
About 1 in 4,000 children in the United States will develop mitochondrial disease by the age of 10 years. Up to 4,000 children per year in the US are born with a type of mitochondrial disease. Because mitochondrial disorders contain many variations and subsets, some particular mitochondrial disorders are very rare.
The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Feedlots play an integral role in the Australian livestock industry and are strongly influenced by the environment they are in. Only 25% of Australia (including its feedlots) have a growing season of more than 5 months. This is due to the Australian climate being incapable of sustaining crops and pastures over a sustai... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Anion exchange sorbents are derivatized with positively charged functional groups that interact and retain negatively charged anions, such as acids. Strong anion exchange sorbents contain quaternary ammonium groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solutions, and weak anion exchange sorbents use amine gr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used primarily to treat narcolepsy. Modafinil is also approved for stimulating wakefulness in people with sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. It is taken by mouth. Modafinil is not approved by the US Food and Drug A... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acid orange 5 may be prepared by diazotization of sulfanilic acid, followed by reaction with diphenylamine: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RdRp differs from DNA dependent RNA polymerase as it works to catalyze the synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template, rather than using a DNA template. The RNA replication process is a four-step mechanism, as described.
# Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding – initially, the RdRp presents with a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. Thermal radiation reflects the conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of random movements of atoms and molecules in matter. It is present ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The binding of CTCF has been shown to have many effects, which are enumerated below. In each case, it is unknown if CTCF directly evokes the outcome or if it does so indirectly (in particular through its looping role). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enamine is generally generated in situ from catalytic amine (such as pyrrolidine) and a ketone. The enamine then reacts as the dienophile with a 1,2,4-triazine. The initial adduct then expels nitrogen, and the pyridine is rearomatized with loss of the amine. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One form of Cannabis defense is the up-regulation of cannabinoids and specialized terpenes in response to differing biotic stressors in the environment such as pests and predation. In a study from 2019, tobacco hornworm larvae were fed on an artificial diet of wheat germ containing a cannabis agent. The results showed ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The TFs binding sites are physical DNA sites recognized by transcription factors within a genome, including enhancer, upstream activator (UAS) and operator sites that may bind repressors or activators. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Berry mechanism in square pyramidal molecules (such as IF) is somewhat like the inverse of the mechanism in bipyramidal molecules. Starting at the "transition phase" of bipyramidal pseudorotation, one pair of fluorines scissors back and forth with a third fluorine, causing the molecule to vibrate. Unlike with pseud... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Other compounds having different elements in the corners, various atoms or groups bonded to the corners are all part of this class of structures.
Inorganic cubane-type clusters include selenium tetrachloride, tellurium tetrachloride, and sodium silox.
Cubane clusters are common throughout bioinorganic chemistry. Ferred... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
First combine template RNA, primer, dNTP mix, and nuclease-free water in a PCR tube. Then, add an RNase inhibitor and reverse transcriptase to the PCR tube. Next, place the PCR tube into a thermal cycler for one cycle wherein annealing, extending, and inactivating of reverse transcriptase occurs. Finally, proceed direc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Soils act as a major sink for atmospheric methane through the methanotrophic bacteria that reside within them. This occurs with two different types of bacteria. "High capacity-low affinity" methanotrophic bacteria grow in areas of high methane concentration, such as waterlogged soils in wetlands and other moist environ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Tokita was born in Sapporo, Japan in 1923. He met his wife Noriko while on an exchange program at Duke University. They married and decided to stay in the United States. He was a close colleague of 2009 Charles Goodyear Medal winner James White, introducing White to his future wife Yoko Masaki. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It can be synthesised in the following ways:
* as an intermetallic compound, by direct fusion of pure components according to stoichiometric calculations:
* by reduction of uranium dioxide with hydrogen in the presence of platinum: | 8 | Metallurgy |
The German physicist Rudolf Clausius, in the 1850s, was the first to mathematically quantify the discovery of irreversibility in nature through his introduction of the concept of entropy. In his 1854 memoir "On a Modified Form of the Second Fundamental Theorem in the Mechanical Theory of Heat," Clausius states:
Simply,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bumblebees produce a signalling pheromone from tergal glands located on their dorsal abdomen as discovered in experiments performed by A. Dornhaus, A. Brockmann and L. Chittka in 2003. They monitored the activity of bee colonies after exposure to products from several glands located along the bee's body. The only one y... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using the above principles, equations that relate a global protein signal, corresponding to the folding states in equilibrium, and the variable value of a denaturing agent, either temperature or a chemical molecule, have been derived for homomeric and heteromeric proteins, from monomers to trimers and potentially tetra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Five common thermodynamic potentials are:
where = temperature, = entropy, = pressure, = volume. is the number of particles of type in the system and is the chemical potential for an -type particle. The set of all are also included as natural variables but may be ignored when no chemical reactions are occurring ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adsorption of an indicator molecule was first proposed by Hammett for ordering the strength of solid acids and bases. This technique is only applicable to surface Brønsted sites on metal oxides. According to Hammett, the strength of a Brønsted surface site can be determined by the Hammett acidity function,
where B is t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grignard was drafted into the French military as part of obligatory military service in 1892. Within the two years of his first session of service he rose to the rank of corporal. He was demobilized in 1894 and returned to Lyon to pursue his education. He was awarded a medal of the Legion of Honour and made a Chevalier... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The use of ionic liquids in carbon capture is a potential application of ionic liquids as absorbents for use in carbon capture and sequestration. Ionic liquids, which are salts that exist as liquids near room temperature, are polar, nonvolatile materials that have been considered for many applications. The urgency of c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most widely described RNA modification in mammalian viruses is mA, which was first identified in Influenza virus mRNAs, in 1976. The epitranscriptomic analysis of viral transcripts has revealed that mA levels in viral and cellular transcripts are similar. Nevertheless, in some viruses such as adenovirus-2, mA level... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ames process is a process by which pure uranium metal is obtained. It can be achieved by mixing any of the uranium halides (commonly uranium tetrafluoride) with magnesium metal powder or aluminium metal powder. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Viral transformation disrupts the normal expression of the host cell's genes in favor of expressing a limited number of viral genes. The virus also can disrupt communication between cells and cause cells to divide at an increased rate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Мир-Бабаев М.Ф. Научный подвиг гения (к 100-летию со дня рождения Ю.Г. Мамедалиева) – «Consulting & Business», 2005, No.8, с.8–12.
* Mir-Babayev M.F. The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – “Oil-Industry History” (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.
* Mir-Babayev M.F. Formula of Victory (Yusif Mamedali... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several species of fungi can be used for bioleaching. Fungi can be grown on many different substrates, such as electronic scrap, catalytic converters, and fly ash from municipal waste incineration. Experiments have shown that two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum) were able to mobilize Cu an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organisms territory. In cats and dogs, these hormones are present in the urine, which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organoberyllium phosphines are another class of compounds that is used in synthesis. Phosphine donates two electrons into the beryllium center. Phosphines are L-type ligands. Unlike most metal ammine complexes, metal phosphine complexes tend to be lipophilic, displaying good solubility in organic solvents. Phosphine li... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fixed aRME are established either by silencing of one allele that previously has been biallelically expressed, or by activation of a single allele from previously silent gene. Expression activation of the silent allele is coupled with a feedback mechanism that prevents expression of the second allele. Another scenario ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metabolic rates in lakes and reservoirs are controlled by many environmental factors, such as light and nutrient availability, temperature, and water column mixing regimes. Thus, spatial and temporal changes in those factors cause spatial and temporal variability in metabolic rates, and each of those factors affect met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Burks-Houck began her education in Anniston, Alabama, having attended both elementary and high school in the city. Burks-Houck continued her education and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from Dillard University followed by a Master of Science Degree in Organic Chemistry from Atlanta University. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electrophilic additions of allylsilanes generally occur via an anti S2 process. Allylsilanes react through a conformation in which the smallest substituent on the carbon attached to silicon is essentially eclipsing the double bond. The silyl moiety forces electrophilic attack on the face opposite the silyl group for st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Protein separate techniques, such as 2D PAGE, are limited in that they cannot handle very high or low molecular weight protein species. Alternative methods have been developed to deal with such cases. These include liquid chromatography mass spectrometry along with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Rho factor acts on an RNA substrate. Rho's key function is its helicase activity, for which energy is provided by an RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis. The initial binding site for Rho is an extended (~70 nucleotides, sometimes 80–100 nucleotides) single-stranded region, rich in cytosine and poor in guanine, called the rh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Sørensen formol titration(SFT) invented by S. P. L. Sørensen in 1907 is a titration of an amino acid with potassium hydroxide in the presence of formaldehyde. It is used in the determination of protein content in samples.
If instead of an amino acid an ammonium salt is used the reaction product with formaldehyde i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;From PCl
Phosphite esters are typically prepared by treating phosphorus trichloride with an alcohol. For alkyl alcohols the displaced chloride ion can attack the phosphite, causing dealkylation to give a dialkylphosphite and an organochlorine compound. The overall reaction is as follows:
:PCl + 3 CHOH → (CHO)P(... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metal carbonyl hydrides are complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide and hydride as ligands. These complexes are useful in organic synthesis as catalysts in homogeneous catalysis, such as hydroformylation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SDS is used in cleaning procedures, and is commonly used as a component for lysing cells during RNA extraction or DNA extraction, inhibiting the activity of nucleases, enzymes that can degrade DNA, protecting the integrity of the isolated genetic material, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for electrophoresis ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
writing the potential energy as depending on a continuous parameter,
one has the exact result
This can either be directly verified from definitions or seen from the limit of the above Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequalities when
we can therefore write
which is the thermodynamic integration (or TI) result. It can be approximat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
# Yang, Dong, Xijun Chang, Yongwen Liu, and Sui Wang. "Synthesis and Efficiency of a Spherical Macroporous Epoxy-Polyamide Chelating Resin for Preconcentrating and Separating Trace Noble Metal Ions." Annali di Chimica 95.1-2 (2005): 111-14.
# Zougagh, Mohammed, J. M. Cano Pav N, and A. Garcia De Torres. "Chelating Sorb... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The methylation of certain CpG clusters (i.e. DNA areas high in cytosine and guanine) regulate the transcriptional activity of nearby genes. That is, the methylation of a cluster(s) regulates its nearby gene by blocking it from making mRNAs and thereby the proteins encoded by these mRNAs. Studies find that the CMTM5 ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Variant annotation tools use machine learning algorithms to predict variant annotations. Different annotation tools use different algorithms. Common algorithms include:
* Interval/Random forest-eg.MutPred, SNPeff
* Neural networks-eg.SNAP
* Support Vector Machines-e.g. PhD-SNP, SNPs&GO
* Bayesian classification-eg.Poly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like most fruit, grapes vary in the number of phenolic compounds they have. This characteristic is used as a parameter in judging the quality of the wine. The general process of winemaking is initiated by the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds by polyphenol oxidases. Contact between the phenolic compounds in the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180-280 nm), to kill or inactivate microorganisms. UVGI primarily inactivates microbes by damaging their genetic material, thereby inhibiting their capacity to carry out vital functions.
The use of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
DMAP can be prepared in a two-step procedure from pyridine, which is first oxidized to 4-pyridylpyridinium cation. This cation then reacts with dimethylamine: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pioneered by Stanley Fields and Ok-Kyu Song in 1989, the technique was originally designed to detect protein–protein interactions using the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Gal4 protein activated transcription of a gene involved in galactose utilization, which formed the basis o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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