text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
TPCK-treated trypsin is used to improve infection yield in laboratory tissue culture of some wild virus isolates that are not well-adapted to growth in vitro, such as some low-pathogenic avian influenza strains or fresh clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2. The trypsin performs the maturation cleavage of the viral envelope ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal alkene complexes are intermediates in many or most transition metal catalyzed reactions of alkenes: polymerization., hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and many other reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ordinary (non-time) crystals form through spontaneous symmetry breaking related to a spatial symmetry. Such processes can produce materials with interesting properties, such as diamonds, salt crystals, and ferromagnetic metals. By analogy, a time crystal arises through the spontaneous breaking of a time-translation sym... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Like other β-lactam antibiotics, renal excretion of cefalexin is delayed by probenecid. It is also not recommended to take cefalexin with dofetilide, live Cholera vaccine, warfarin, and cholestyramine. Alcohol consumption reduces the rate at which it is absorbed. Cefalexin also interacts with metformin, an antidiabetic... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The first step in failure analysis is investigating the failure to collect information. The sequence of steps for information gathering in a failure investigation are:
# Collection information about the circumstances surrounding the failure and selection of specimens
# Preliminary examination of the failed part (visual... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1975, Mukaiyama reported that N-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide (also called 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide) allowed for a dehydration condensation between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol or similar functional groups to form an ester linkage. In the initial stage of the process, the carboxyl displaces the halo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Newer developments of estimation methods have shown that the quality of the Joback method is limited. The original authors already stated themselves in the original article abstract: "High accuracy is not claimed, but the proposed methods are often as or more accurate than techniques in common use today."
The list of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mono Lake ( ) is a saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in an endorheic basin. The lack of an outlet causes high levels of salts to accumulate in the lake which make its water alkaline.
The desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shri... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In order to confer to the pellets high resistance metallurgic mechanics and appropriate characteristics, the pellets are subjected to thermal processing, which involves stages of drying, preheating, firing, after-firing and cooling. The duration of each stage and the temperature that the pellets are subjected to have a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ocean acidification can also have effects on marine fish larvae. It internally affects their olfactory systems, which is a crucial part of their early development. Orange clownfish larvae mostly live on oceanic reefs that are surrounded by vegetative islands. Larvae are known to use their sense of smell to detect the d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum)... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The ETS (Erythroblast Transformation Specific)family is divided into 12 subfamilies, which are listed below: | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiferroic properties can appear in a large variety of materials. Therefore, several conventional material fabrication routes are used, including solid state synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel processing, vacuum based deposition, and floating zone.
Some types of multiferroics require more specialized processi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews focusses on photochemistry literature reviews. It is the official journal of the Japanese Photochemistry Association and is published quarterly. The editor-in-chief is Noboru Kitamura. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In Vitis vinifera grape, trans-resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced against the growth of fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and delta-viniferin is another grapevine phytoalexin produced following fungal infection by Plasmopara viticola. Pinosylvin is a pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin (i.e. synthesized prior to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several computer applications attempt to relate the peaks in an electropherogram to specific bacteria in a database. Normally this type of analysis is done by simultaneously resolving several profiles of a single sample obtained with different restriction enzymes. The software then resolves the profile by attempting to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Static fatigue tests can estimate a material’s lifetime and hardness to different environments. However, measuring a static fatigue limit can take a long time, and it is hard to measure a material’s true static fatigue limit with full certainty. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The oxidation of propionyl-CoA to form pyruvate is influenced by its necessity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accumulation of propionyl-CoA can lead to toxic effects. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has been suggested that the metabolism of propionyl-CoA is involved in cell wall biogenesis. A lack of such catabolism ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The raw material consumption and the conversion cost are the two elements that establish the manufacturing cost for a particular fine chemical. The former is determined primarily by the unit consumption and the purchasing cost of the materials used; the latter, by the throughput in kilograms per day in a given producti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vaporization (or vaporisation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor. There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, where as boiling is a bulk phenomenon. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Go Down Old Hannah: the Living History of African American Texans Naomi Mitchell Carrier
*They Dance Alone Christine LeVeaux (2005)
*Harlem Renaissance by Ella O. Williams
*National Medical Association journal covers
**Summer 2007, Volume 99, Number 12
**December 2008, Volume 100, Number 12
**January 2010, Volume 1... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The THz fields can be applied to accelerate electrons out of their equilibrium. If this is done fast enough, one can measure the elementary processes, such as how fast the screening of the Coulomb interaction is built up. This was experimentally explored in Ref. where it was shown that screening is complete within tens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the solubility, S, of an organic compound is known or predicted in both water and 1-octanol, then log P can be estimated as
There are a variety of approaches to predict solubilities, and so log S. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In aquatic toxicology multiple databases exist and each generally pertains to a single aspect of aquatic toxicology such as PCBs, tissue residues or sediment toxicity. Other informational and regulatory databases on toxicology in general are maintained by the U.S. EPA, USGS, United States Army Corps of Engineers and th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The role of electricity in the nervous systems of animals was first observed in dissected frogs by Luigi Galvani, who studied it from 1791 to 1797. Galvani's results inspired Alessandro Volta to develop the Voltaic pile—the earliest-known electric battery—with which he studied animal electricity (such as electric eels)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sinapaldehyde arises in two steps from coniferyl aldehyde beginning with hydroxylation mediated by coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylase. The diphenol is then methylated at the 5-OH by the action of caffeate O-methyltransferase.
Sinapaldehyde is reduced to the alcohol by the action of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypothermia in two ways: vasodilation and temperature controlling systems in the brain. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin, resulting in heat being lost to the environment. This produces the effect of feeling warm, when one is actually losing heat. Alcohol also affec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Justice: Collection of Artwork inspired by the Legal Profession – New Orleans City Hall, 1999
*Capturing Our Heritage – University of Texas Medical Branch Moody Medical Library, Galveston, 2001
*Born in the Spirit – Penn State Harrisburg Library, 2003
*Katrina: The Hope, Healing and Rebirth of New Orleans – National B... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pseudoephedrine is a diastereomer of ephedrine and is readily reduced into methamphetamine or oxidized into methcathinone. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are circular DNA molecules, usually about 7kb in length, that are capable of holding inserts up to 300kb in size. BAC vectors contain a replicon derived from E. coli F factor, which ensures they are maintained at one copy per cell. Once an insert is ligated into a BAC, the BAC is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Whether or not a GMO is present in a sample can be tested by Q-PCR, but also by multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR uses multiple, unique primer sets within a single PCR reaction to produce amplicons of varying sizes specific to different DNA sequences, i.e. different transgenes. By targeting multiple genes at once, additiona... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Felspathic Highlands Terrane (alternatively Feldspathic), or FHT, is composed predominantly of ancient anorthositic materials. It has low iron oxide and thorium levels. The FHT can be split into an inner and outer felspathic highlands. The outer FHT has comparatively higher levels of iron oxide and thorium. It ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Mukaiyama taxol total synthesis published by the group of Teruaki Mukaiyama of the Tokyo University of Science between 1997 and 1999 was the 6th successful taxol total synthesis. The total synthesis of Taxol is considered a hallmark in organic synthesis.
This version is a linear synthesis with ring formation taking... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Protein phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins, usually on Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine residues, reversing the action of protein kinases. The PTP family of protein phosphatases is tyrosine-specific, and several other families (PPPL, PPM, HAD) appear to be serine/threonine specific, while other families are un... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Records of bioluminescence due to bacteria have existed for thousands of years. They appear in the folklore of many regions, including Scandinavia and the Indian subcontinent. Both Aristotle and Charles Darwin have described the phenomenon of the oceans glowing. Since its discovery less than 30 years ago, the enzyme lu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM). In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions). Alternatively, iron ions ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the coreless type, metal is placed in a crucible surrounded by a water-cooled alternating current solenoid coil. A channel-type induction furnace has a loop of molten metal, which forms a single-turn secondary winding through an iron core. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Inulin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide complex carbohydrate composed of fructose, a plant-derived food that human digestive enzymes cannot completely break down. The inulins belong to a class of dietary fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Maharram Əli oğlu Mammadyarov (; 17 October 1924 – 2 January 2022) was an Azerbaijani scientist, doctor of chemistry, real member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Emma Schymanski (born Emma Craven) is chemist known for her work identifying unknown organic compounds, particularly pollutants, and is an advocate for open science. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain.
There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit. When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
About a decade later, Jurkauskas and Buchwald also utilized dynamic kinetic resolution towards the hydrogenation of conjugated systems. 1,4 addition to cyclic enones is quite common in many reaction schemes, however asymmetric reductions in the presence of an easily epimerizable center adds to the complexity when try... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in 1948 at a time when the only organic triphosphate known was ATP. The first claim of the existence of ThTP in living organisms was made in rat liver, followed by baker’s yeast. Its presence was later confirmed in rat tissues and in plants germs, but not in seeds... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in natural waters, including copper, sulfur, and mercury. Researchers in this field also study how elemental fluxes are exchanged through interactions between the atmosphere, the earth or soil (terrestrial interactions) and bodies of water (aquatic interactions)... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The uhp system is composed of UhpA, UhpB, UhpC, and UhpT. UhpB and UhpC are both transmembrane proteins which form a complex with each other. UhpA is a signal protein found in the cytoplasm. UhpT is a transporter protein which facilitates the uptake of phosphorylated hexose molecules into the cell. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry. Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt , although the term malachite green is used loosely and often just refers to the colored cation. The oxalate salt is also marketed. The anions have no ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Distonic ions have been extensively examined due to their unique behavior and how commonly they can occur. It has been shown that in most cases distonic ions have a bonding arrangement corresponding to that of the original molecule before ionization occurred; but that distonic ions are less stable than before ionizatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A large number of cloning vectors are available, and choosing the vector may depend upon a number of factors, such as the size of the insert, copy number and cloning method. Large insert may not be stably maintained in a general cloning vector, especially for those with a high copy number, therefore cloning large frag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A monochromatic light source, usually a laser, is shot through a polarizer and into a sample. The scattered light then goes through a second polarizer where it is collected by a photomultiplier and the resulting image is projected onto a screen. This is known as a speckle pattern (Figure 1).
All of the molecules in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the area of solid state chemistry. graphite intercalation compounds are materials prepared by intercalation of diverse guests into graphite. The materials have the formula (guest)C where n can range from 8 to 40's. The distance between the carbon layers increases significantly upon insertion of the guests. Commo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ružička was born in Vukovar (until 1920 in the Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, today in Croatia). His family of craftsmen and farmers was mostly of Croat origin, with a Czech great-grandparent, Ružička, and a great-grandmother and a great-grandfather from Austria. He lost his father, Stjepan, at the age of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An experiment on oat plants by scientist Maria Quiles, revealed that extreme light intensity can inhibit photosynthesis and result in the lack of PS II activity. This reduction leads to an increase in NAD(P)H and PTOX levels which then causes the stimulation of chlororespiration.
Oat leaves were incubated and Chlorophy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* In 2013, six months prior to opening, the East Span of the Oakland Bay Bridge failed during testing. Catastrophic failures occurred in shear bolts in the span, after only two weeks of service, with the failure attributed to embrittlement (see details above).
* In the City of London, 122 Leadenhall Street, generally k... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Freeze–thaw weathering is caused by moisture freezing inside cracks in rock. Upon freezing its volume expands, causing large forces which cracks spall off the outer surface. As this cycle repeats the outer surface repeatedly undergoes spalling, resulting in weathering.
Some stone and masonry surfaces used as building s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The three-dimensional interior cavity of a cryptand provides a binding site – or host – for "guest" ions. The complex between the cationic guest and the cryptand is called a cryptate. Cryptands form complexes with many "hard cations" including , lanthanoids, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals. In contrast to crow... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Effusion from an equilibrated container into outside vacuum can be calculated based on kinetic theory. The number of atomic or molecular collisions with a wall of a container per unit area per unit time (impingement rate) is given by:
assuming mean free path is much greater than pinhole diameter and the gas can be trea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cubic materials are special orthotropic materials that are invariant with respect to 90° rotations with respect to the principal axes, i.e., the material is the same along its principal axes. Due to these additional symmetries the stiffness tensor can be written with just three different material properties like
The in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Exothermic and endothermic describe two types of chemical reactions or systems found in nature, as follows: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
IUPAC defines chain propagation as a reaction of an active center on the growing polymer molecule, which adds one monomer molecule to form a new polymer molecule (RM°) one repeat unit longer.
For radical polymerization, the active center remains an atom with an unpaired electron. The addition of the second monomer an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the early 1990s, the market was becoming more familiar with the potential of laser peening to increase fatigue life. In 1991, the U.S. Air Force introduced Battelle and Wagner engineers to GE Aviation to discuss the potential application of laser peening to address a foreign object damage (FOD) problem with fan blad... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* 1.G.1 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-1 (VMFP1) Family
* 1.G.2 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-2 (VMFP2) Family
* 1.G.3 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-3 (VMFP3) Family
* 1.G.4 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-4 (VMFP4) Family
* 1.G.5 The Viral Pore-forming M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There may be side effects when changing over from glucose metabolism to fat metabolism. These may include headache, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, difficulty in exercise tolerance, constipation, and nausea, especially in the first days and weeks after starting a ketogenic diet. Breath may develop a sweet, fruity flavor ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Otto Cycle is an example of a reversible thermodynamic cycle.
*1→2: Isentropic / adiabatic expansion: Constant entropy (s), Decrease in pressure (P), Increase in volume (v), Decrease in temperature (T)
*2→3: Isochoric cooling: Constant volume(v), Decrease in pressure (P), Decrease in entropy (S), Decrease in temper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cos sequences are ~200 base pairs long and essential for packaging. They contain a cosN site where DNA is nicked at each strand, 12 bp apart, by terminase. This causes linearization of the circular cosmid with two "cohesive" or "sticky ends" of 12bp. (The DNA must be linear to fit into a phage head.) The cosB site hold... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out on the P-Ge p(π)-p(π) system, ((Dipp)P)Ge. Inspection of the molecular orbitals reveals that the HOMO-1 consists of a π orbital, resulting from donation from the planar P lone pair into the empty P orbital of the germylene center. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bioaerosol transport and distribution is not consistent around the globe. While bioaerosols may travel thousands of kilometers before deposition, their ultimate distance of travel and direction is dependent on meteorological, physical, and chemical factors. The branch of biology that studies the dispersal of these part... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resnati was born in Monza, Italy. He obtained his PhD in Industrial Chemistry at the University of Milan in 1988 with Prof. Carlo Scolastico and a thesis on asymmetric synthesis via chiral sulfoxides. After a period of activity at the Italian National Research Council, in 2001 he became professor of chemistry for mater... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Khwarizmi International Award,
* Distinguished National Professor, 1997,
* The first-class Research Medal, University of Tehran, 2003,
* National Eminent Character 2003,
* First-rank basic science research medal in Annual Razi Medical Sciences Research Festival 2005,
*Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame, 2005... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Isolation of ephedrine from Ephedra vulgaris in 1885. Nagai recognized it to be the active component of the plant.
* Synthesis of methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893. Methamphetamine was later synthesized in crystalline form in 1919 by Akira Ogata.
* Isolation of rotenone from Derris elliptica in 1902. Nagayoshi ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state electron transfer process by which an excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor. Due to PET a charge separation is generated, i.e., redox reaction takes place in excited state (this phenomenon is not observed in Dexter electron transfer). | 5 | Photochemistry |
Before the 1860s and 1870s—when Pasteur published his work on this theory—it was believed that microorganisms and even some small animals such as frogs would spontaneously generate. Spontaneous generation was historically explained in a variety of ways. Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, theorized tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Its presence was identified by Nakabayashi and co-workers where the hybrid layer consists of demineralized intertubular dentin and infiltrated and polymerized adhesive resin.
The hybrid layer is hydrophobic, acid resistant and tough. The quality of hybrid layer formed decides the strength of resin dentin interface. Whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pseudoproteases are catalytically-deficient pseudoenzyme variants of proteases that are represented across the kingdoms of life. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recombinant antibodies (rAbs) are produced in vitro by the means of expression systems based on mammalian cells. Their monospecific binding to a specific epitope makes rAbs eligible not only for research purposes, but also as therapy options against certain cancer types, infections and autoimmune diseases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Live vaccines, such as oral polio vaccine, can be stabilized by deuterium, either alone or in combination with other stabilizers such as MgCl. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation can destroy the dye completely, e.g. through the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, common bleach) or hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of methyl violet occurs in microorganisms but can be attained chemically using sodium dithionite. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as , that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Reciprocal space (also called -space) provides a way to visualize the results of the Fourier transform of a spatial function. It is similar in role to the frequency domain arising from the Fourier transform of a time dependent function; reciprocal space is a space over which the Fourier transform of a spatial function ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells. The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quantitative measures of exposure are used: in risk assessment, together with inputs from toxicology, to determine risk from substances released to the environment, to establish protective standards, in epidemiology, to distinguish between exposed and control groups, and to protect workers from occupational hazards. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
It is a precursor to trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, a popular trifluoromethylating reagent in organic synthesis. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal radiation is one of the three principal mechanisms of heat transfer. It entails the emission of a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation due to an object's temperature. Other mechanisms are convection and conduction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known, they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation. CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior. Because CFCs are inert, their concentration in the ocean inte... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
All bioluminescent bacteria share a common gene sequence: the lux operon characterized by the luxCDABE gene organization. LuxAB codes for luciferase while luxCDE codes for a fatty-acid reductase complex that is responsible for synthesizing aldehydes for the bioluminescent reaction. Despite this common gene organizatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In mammals, progesterone, like all other steroid hormones, is synthesized from pregnenolone, which itself is derived from cholesterol.
Cholesterol undergoes double oxidation to produce 22R-hydroxycholesterol and then 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. This vicinal diol is then further oxidized with loss of the side chain st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reagent Selectfluor is derived by alkylation of DABCO with dichloromethane following by treatment with fluorine. A colourless salt that tolerates air, Selectfluor has been commercialized for use for electrophilic fluorination.
As an unhindered amine, it is a strong ligand and Lewis base. It forms a crystalline 2:1 ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Leprecan, a proteoglycan, has demonstrated prolyl hydroxylase activity; prolyl hydroxylases hydroxylate proline residues. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1, P3H1, forms a larger complex with CRTAP and cyclophilin B, CyPB, in the endoplasimic reticulum. The complex hydroxylates a single proline residue, Pro986, on collagen chains.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rate of reaction for the ionization reaction
:2 HO → HO + OH
depends on the activation energy, ΔE. According to the Boltzmann distribution the proportion of water molecules that have sufficient energy, due to thermal population, is given by
where k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus some dissociation can occur because... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After Iraqi chemical attacks against Iranian soldiers and civilians, from 1983 to 1988, the number of people sustained injuries, including respiratory (42%), ocular (39%) and skin complications (25%) was more than 3,400 – a number which increased to at least 45,000 twenty years later, "due to the occurrence of late res... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In rolling element bearings fretting may occur when the bearings are operating in an oscillating motion. Examples of applications are blade bearings in wind turbines, helicopter rotor pitch bearings, and bearings in robots. If the bearing movement is limited to small motions the damage caused may be called fretting or ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The genus Ancyronyx was established in 1847 by the German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson based on the type species Macronychus variegatus first described in 1824 by the German coleopterologist Ernst Friedrich Germar. It was regarded as a monotypic species until the French entomologist Antoine Henri Grouvelle d... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
These responses require at least 1μmol/m to be initiated and become saturated at about 1000μmol/m. Unlike VLFRs, these responses are photoreversible. This was shown by exposing lettuce seed to a brief flash of red light causing germination. It was then shown if this red flash was followed by a flash of far red light, g... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Off-axis parabolic mirrors are commonly used to collimate and focus THz radiation. Radiation from an effective point source, such as from a low-temperature gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs) antenna (active region ~5 μm) incident on an off-axis parabolic mirror becomes collimated, while collimated radiation incident on a parab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Antibody diversity is produced by genetic rearrangement after shuffling and rejoining one of each of the various gene segments for the heavy and light chains. Due to mixing and random recombination of the gene segments errors can occur at the sites where gene segments join with each other. These errors are one of the s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alastair Ian Scott (10 April 1928 in Glasgow – 18 April 2007) was a British-American organic chemist who achieved international renown for elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin B12.
He occupied successive chairs of organic chemistry at the universities of British Columbia, Sussex, and Yale before moving to T... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Equilibrium fractionation occurs between chemicals or phases that are in equilibrium with each other. In equilibrium fractionation between phases, heavier phases prefer the heavier isotopes. For two phases A and B, the effect can be represented by the factor
In the liquid-vapor phase transition for water, at 20 degree... | 9 | Geochemistry |
CDs and DVDs have a polycarbonate surface and metal reflective layer which allow for storage and retrieval of information. The metal film is sometimes made of pure gold which is highly stable and has ideal optical properties. The metal can act as a substrate which allows compounds to bind to it. This alters the reflect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) is a central enzyme in the biosynthesis of berberine, a pharmaceutically important alkaloid. The enzyme itself hasn't had extensive research carried on, and has very limited, if any, specific medical application. On the other hand, berberine is highly regarded for its interactions with sev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.