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High pressure carbon monoxide forms the high energy polycarbonyl covalent solid, however it is not expected to be present inside the Earth. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, Markovnikovs rule or Markownikoffs rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithium is a teratogen, causing birth defects in a small number of newborn babies. Case reports and several retrospective studies have demonstrated possible increases in the rate of a congenital heart defect known as Ebsteins anomaly, if taken during a womans pregnancy. As a consequence, fetal echocardiography is routi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NCoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) directly binds to the D and E domains of nuclear receptors and represses their transcriptional activity. Class I histone deacetylases are recruited by NCoR through SIN3, and NCoR directly binds to class II histone deacetylases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Arctic ocean covers an area of 14,056,000 square kilometers, and supports a diverse and important socioeconomic food web of organisms, despite its average water temperature being 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Over the last three decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced drastic changes due to climate change. One of the ch... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Carbon-based life originates from carboxylation that couples atmospheric carbon dioxide to a sugar. The process is usually catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes this carboxylation, is possibly the single most abundant protein on Earth.
Many carboxyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two approaches to methylation analysis: typing and profiling technologies. Typing technologies are targeted towards a small number of loci across many samples, and involve the use of techniques such as PCR, restriction enzymes, and mass spectrometry. Profiling technologies such as MeDIP are targeted towards... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1961: Eugène Schuëller Prize (ENSCP)
1971: prize of the Organic Chemistry Division of the French Chemical Society
1986: La Caze Prize of the French Academy of sciences and Berthelot Medal of the French Academy of sciences
1988: CNRS silver medal
1993: Corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences.
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the late 1990s, the World Trade Organization authorized the United States and Canada to impose retaliatory tariffs of US$116.8 million per year on the European Union after it found the EU beef hormone ban to be in violation of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Deprotonation at the α-carbon of an oxazolidinone imide with a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide selectively furnishes the (Z)-enolate, which can undergo stereoselective alkylation.
Activated electrophiles, such as allylic or benzylic halides, are very good substrates. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of levetiracetam from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments. Kidney function can be estimated from the rate of creatinine clearance.
Dose adjustment of levetiracetam is not necessary in liver impairment. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Wyckoff positions are named after Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field. His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry there is a practice known as synthesis. This process is used to form complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. These complex compounds are desirable for their ranging abilities and properties. In order to produce the complex compounds, the simpler ones must “cooperate” in a specific way. This can be ve... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Used from ~1837 to reduce local action which degraded operation of Voltaic piles. See History of the battery#Invention.
* To chemically reduce metallic ions in solution. See Jones reductor.
*To reduce ketones and aldehydes to alkanes via the Clemmensen reduction in acidic conditions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
P680, or photosystem II primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem II in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and central to oxygenic photosynthesis. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In quantum mechanical processes, the total number of particles may not be preserved. The concept is therefore generalized to the particle number operator, that is, the observable that counts the number of constituent particles. In quantum field theory, the particle number operator (see Fock state) is conjugate to the p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alloy broadening is a spectral-line broadening mechanism caused by random distribution of the atoms in an alloy.
The alloy broadening is one of the line broadening mechanisms. The random distribution of atoms in an alloy causes a different material composition at different positions. In semiconductors and insulators th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nanofluidic diodes are utilized for rectification of ionic transport. A diode in electronic circuits limits the flow of electric current to one direction. A nanofluidic diode has the same function to restrict the ionic flow in one direction. A nanofluidic diode is a channel with its radius dimension of several nanomete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reaction of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methanethiol CHSH in the presence of nickel sulfide and iron sulfide generates the methyl thioester of acetic acid [CH-CO-SCH] and presumably thioacetic acid (CH-CO-SH) as the simplest activated acetic acid analogues of acetyl-CoA. These activated acetic acid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In budding yeast, SIR proteins are found at the silent mating type loci, telomeres, and at the rDNA locus. At the silent mating type loci and at the telomeres, SIR proteins participate in transcriptional silencing of genes within their domain of localization. At the rDNA locus, SIR proteins are thought to primarily be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is used in an acidic solution to detect indoles. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Sherritt process is a hydrometallurgical process named for Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. (now Sherritt International) of Sherridon and Lynn Lake Manitoba Canada, based on the older Forward process developed by Dr. Frank Forward for the recovery of copper and nickel from those same mines. Nickel sulfide concentrates ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Numerous destructive and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods exist for characterizing coatings. The most common destructive method is microscopy of a mounted cross-section of the coating and its substrate. The most common non-destructive techniques include ultrasonic thickness measurement, X-ray fluorescence (XRF)... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Owing to inductive effects, the basicity of an amine might be expected to increase with the number of alkyl groups on the amine. Correlations are complicated owing to the effects of solvation which are opposite the trends for inductive effects. Solvation effects also dominate the basicity of aromatic amines (anilines)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PELP1 is located on chromosome 17p13.2 and PELP1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues; its highest expression levels are found in the brain, testes, ovaries, and uterus. Currently, there are two known isoforms (long 3.8 Kb and short 3.4 Kb) and short isoform is widely expressed in cancer cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Relatively little is known about isotopic fractionation of zinc by biological processes, but several studies have elucidated that Zn isotopes fractionate during surface adsorption, intracellular uptake processes and speciation. Many organisms, including certain species of fish, plants and marine phytoplankton, have bot... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper On the mechanical equivalent of heat for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this paper, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the mechanical power released through the action of a "weight falling through a height" was used to turn a paddle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Homology directed repair (HDR) is a technique repairs breaks or lesions in DNA molecules. The most common technique to add inserts to desired sequences is the use of homologous recombination. This technique has a specific requirement where the insert can only be added after it has been introduced to the nucleus of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Coulomb crystal (also Ion Coulomb crystal) is a collection of trapped ions confined in a crystal-like structure at low temperature. The structures represent an equilibrium between the repulsive Coulomb interaction between ions and the electric and magnetic fields used to confine the ions. Depending on the confinement... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Le Bail analysis is commonly a part of Rietveld analysis software, such as GSAS/EXPGUI. It is also used in ARITVE, BGMN, EXPO, EXTRACT, FullProf, GENEFP, Jana2006, Overlap, Powder Cell, Rietan, TOPAS and Highscore. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Like inorganic carbon, there are two main forms of organic carbon found in the ocean (dissolved and particulate). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is defined operationally as any organic molecule that can pass through a 0.2 µm filter. DOC can be converted into particulate organic carbon through heterotrophy and it can a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Kumar, Praveen; Mittal, Amit; Firoz, Mohammad (2020). "Carbon credit issuance: accounting based financial performance". SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 17(2): 111–119. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
With single or prolonged exposure by inhalation the lungs may become sensitized to beryllium. Berylliosis has a slow onset and progression. Some people who are sensitized to beryllium may not have symptoms. Continued exposure causes the development of small inflammatory nodules, called granulomas. Of note, the authors ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
is a Japanese chemist and Nobel Prize Laureate (2010), who first published the Suzuki reaction, the organic reaction of an aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid with an aryl- or vinyl-halide catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex, in 1979. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx) is an electrochemical process consisting on the reactive precipitation of metal ions in solution (or dispersion) with intermediaries produced by the electrochemical reduction of gases (such as oxygen), at gas diffusion electrodes. It can serve for the recovery of metals or me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Marcus published his theory in 1956. For many years there was an intensive search for the inverted region which would be a proof of the theory. But all experiments with series of reactions of more and more negative ΔG revealed only an increase of the reaction rate up to the diffusion limit, i.e. to a value indica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dynamic sessile drop is similar to the static sessile drop but requires the drop to be modified. A common type of dynamic sessile drop study determines the largest contact angle possible without increasing its solid–liquid interfacial area by adding volume dynamically. This maximum angle is the advancing angle. Vol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS) is a subset of the analytical technique known as atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein is a member of the tripartite motif family. This motif includes three zinc-binding domains:
* RING
* B-box type 1 zinc finger
* B-box type 2 zinc finger
and a coiled-coil region.
Three alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described, however, the full-length nature of one variant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ChIP-exo is a chromatin immunoprecipitation based method for mapping the locations at which a protein of interest (transcription factor) binds to the genome. It is a modification of the ChIP-seq protocol, improving the resolution of binding sites from hundreds of base pairs to almost one base pair. It employs the use o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other experts have proposed building reservoirs to prevent the movement of algae downstream. However, that can lead to the growth of algae within the reservoir, which become sediment traps with a resultant buildup of nutrients. Some researchers found that intensive blooms in reservoirs were the primary source of toxic ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organic peroxides are classified (i) by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl (-OH) terminus and (ii) by the presence of alkyl vs acyl substituents.
One gap in the classes of organic peroxides is diphenyl peroxide. Quantum chemical calculations predict that it undergoes a nearly barrierless reaction akin to the benzi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In reversed-phase (e.g. aqueous mobile phase) elution, the aqueous phase is used as the mobile phase with a less polar stationary phase. In countercurrent chromatography the same solvent system may be used in either normal or reversed phase mode simply by switching the direction of mobile phase flow through the column. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bennett explores which specific expression for ΔF is the most efficient, in the sense of yielding the smallest standard error for a given simulation time. He shows that the optimal choice is to take
# , which is essentially the Fermi–Dirac distribution (satisfying indeed the detailed balance condition).
# . This value... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Newly synthesized DNA, otherwise known as Okazaki fragments, are bound by DNA ligase, which forms a new strand of DNA. There are two strands that are created when DNA is synthesized. The leading strand is continuously synthesized and is elongated during this process to expose the template that is used for the lagging s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid rain was first systematically studied in Europe, in the 1960s, and in the United States and Canada, the following decade. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency banned the use of tanning beds for cosmetic purposes in 2009, making that country the first to enact a ban. It followed a 2002 ban on minors using the beds. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Spinodal phase decomposition has been used to generate architected materials by interpreting one phase as solid, and the other phase as void. These spinodal architected materials present interesting mechanical properties, such as high energy absorption, insensitivity to imperfections, superior mechanical resilience, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, aldol reactions are acid- or base-catalyzed reactions of aldehydes or ketones.
Aldol addition or aldolization refers to the addition of an enolate or enolation as a nucleophile to a carbonyl moiety as an electrophile. This produces a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. In an aldol condensation, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fulmer was a pioneer of Contract R&D in the UK. During its forty five years it provided technical solutions and research results as well as testing and consultancy for hundreds of companies and national and international agencies across the whole field of materials technology and related areas of physics and chemistry.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
TCE has also been used as a dry cleaning solvent, although mostly replaced by tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene), except for spot cleaning where it is still used under the trade name Picrin.
Perhaps the greatest use of TCE is as a degreaser for metal parts. It has been widely used in degreasing and c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metallurgists throughout medieval Europe were generally free to move within different regions. For instance, German metallurgists in search of rich precious metal ores took the lead in mining and influenced the course of metal production, not only in East and South Germany but also in almost all of Central Europe and t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
T.V. (Babu) RajanBabu is an organic chemist who holds the position of Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences at the Ohio State University. His laboratory traditionally focuses on developing transition metal-catalyzed reactions. RajanBabu is known for helping develop the Nugent-RajanBab... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. I... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness. It can be determined, for example, by the Vicat method (ASTM-D1525 or ISO 306), Heat Deflection Test (ASTM-D648) or a ring and ball method (ISO 4625 or ASTM E28-67/E28-99 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493 - 11 or JIS K 6863). A r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The versatile chemistry of elemental sulfur is largely due to catenation. In the native state, sulfur exists as S molecules. On heating these rings open and link together giving rise to increasingly long chains, as evidenced by the progressive increase in viscosity as the chains lengthen. Also, sulfur polycations, sulf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fulgurites (), commonly called "fossilized lightning", are natural tubes, clumps, or masses of sintered, vitrified, or fused soil, sand, rock, organic debris and other sediments that sometimes form when lightning discharges into ground. When composed of silica, fulgurites are classified as a variety of the mineraloid l... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hiyama is best known for developing:
*The Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction (NHK reaction) is a nickel/chromium mediated cross-coupling reaction between an allyl, vinyl or aryl halide and an aldehyde to form an alcohol upon aqueous workup.
It was originally discovered in 1977, where Hiyama and Nozaki reported a chemospeci... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chain shuttling polymerization is a dual-catalyst method for producing block copolymers with alternating or variable tacticity. The desired effect of this method is to generate hybrid polymers that bear the properties of both polymer chains, such as a high melting point accompanied by high elasticity. It is a relativ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the laboratory, acyl chlorides are generally prepared by treating carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride (). The reaction is catalyzed by dimethylformamide and other additives.
Thionyl chloride is a well-suited reagent as the by-products (HCl, ) are gases and residual thionyl chloride can be easily removed as a res... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A lamella (: lamellae) in biology refers to a thin layer, membrane or plate of tissue. This is a very broad definition, and can refer to many different structures. Any thin layer of organic tissue can be called a lamella and there is a wide array of functions an individual layer can serve. For example, an intercellular... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ridged mirrors are not yet commercialized, although certain achievements can be mentioned. The reflectivity of a ridged atomic mirror can be orders of magnitude better than that of a flat surface. The use of a ridged mirror as an atomic hologram has been demonstrated.
In Shimizus and Fujitas work, atom holography is ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photo-reduction, i.e., photochemical reduction. A colorant molecule with an unsaturated double bond (typical to alkenes) or triple bond (typical to alkynes) acting as a chromophore undergoes reduction in the presence of hydrogen and photons of sufficient energy, forming a saturated chromophoric system. Saturation reduc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is the most abundant inositol phosphate isomer found. IP6 is solely involved in various biological activities such as neurotransmission, immune response, regulation of kinase and phosphatase proteins as well as activation of calcium channels. IP6 is also involved in ATP regeneration seen i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This concept was suggested by the 19th-century chemist Emil Fischer. He proposed that the active site and substrate are two stable structures that fit perfectly without any further modification, just like a key fits into a lock. If one substrate perfectly binds to its active site, the interactions between them will be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magneto-optic generalized ellipsometry (MOGE) is an advanced infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry technique for studying free charge carrier properties in conducting samples. By applying an external magnetic field it is possible to determine independently the density, the optical mobility parameter and the effective mas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Until Yukito Tanabe and Satoru Sugano published their paper "On the absorption spectra of complex ions", in 1954, little was known about the excited electronic states of complex metal ions. They used Hans Bethes crystal field theory and Giulio Racahs linear combinations of Slater integrals, now called Racah parameters... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although selenium is an essential trace element, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis. This 400 microgram (µg) Tolerable Upper Intake Level is based primarily on a 1986 study of five Chinese patients who exhibited overt signs of selen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoproteins are a type of enzyme produced by bioluminescent organisms. They add to the function of the luciferins whose usual light-producing reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biuret is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is a white solid that is soluble in hot water. A variety of organic derivatives are known. The term "biuret" also describes a family of organic compounds with the chemical formula , where are hydrogen, organyl or other groups. Also known as carbamylurea, it ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Octasulfur is not typically produced as per se. It is the main (99%) component of elemental sulfur, which is recovered from volcanic sources and is a major product of the Claus process, associated with petroleum refineries. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The compound hydrolyzes to hydrazoic acid:
The compound adds to ketones and aldehydes to give the siloxy azides and subsequently tetrazoles:
It ring-opens epoxides to give azido alcohols.
It has been used in the Oseltamivir total synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some materials, such as certain silicate minerals, absorb little or no solar radiation, but may still participate in light-driven reactions by mechanisms other than direct transfer of energy to reactants. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In Complex III (cytochrome bc complex or CoQH-cytochrome c reductase; ), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems.
One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all chemical compounds can be described as groups of atoms bonded together and chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fulmer grew steadily so that by 1960 there were about 100 staff. Individual research investigators were often recruited to work on specific projects as contracts were obtained. Each recruit was also expected to develop proposals for work in his or her areas of expertise, whether or not these fitted into Fulmers existi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
More than 371 drugs approved by the FDA between the years of 1951 and 2020 contain either a phenol or a phenolic ether (a phenol with an alkyl), with nearly every class of small molecule drugs being represented, and natural products making up a large portion of this list. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* 1900 – Max Planck suggests that light may be emitted in discrete frequencies, giving his law of black-body radiation
* 1905 – Albert Einstein, in the first of his miracle year papers, argues that the reality of quanta would explain the photoelectric effect
* 1905 – Einstein mathematically analyzes Brownian motion as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dinoflagellate luciferase is a multi-domain eukaryote protein, consisting of an N-terminal domain, and three catalytic domains, each of which preceded by a helical bundle domain. The structure of the dinoflagellate luciferase catalytic domain has been solved. The core part of the domain is a 10 stranded beta barrel tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most of the well-recognized phototrophs are autotrophic, also known as photoautotrophs, and can fix carbon. They can be contrasted with chemotrophs that obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. Photoautotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances usi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The combination drug dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-923), traditionally used to treat pseudobulbar affect, is under investigation for the treatment of a variety of other neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease, among others. In 2013, a randomized clinical tr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Lithium carbonate () is the most commonly used form of lithium, although lithium citrate () and other salts, including lithium sulfate, lithium chloride, and lithium orotate are also used. Nanoparticles and microemulsions have also been invented as drug delivery mechanisms. As of 2020, there is a lack of evidence that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mary Jean Garson (born 6 November 1953) is an organic chemist and academic in Australia. She currently works for the University of Queensland. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In nanogap cells the high electric field can distribute uniformly across the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). This is different from ion transport in the macrosystem: now newly generated OH ions can immediately migrate from cathode to anode. In the case where the two electrodes are close enough, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum (), is a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. A semiconductor, it occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite, but has been mass-produced as a powder and crystal since 1893 for use as an abrasive. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded tog... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Another approach to evaluation of ion suppression is to make a comparison between:
* Detector response of calibration standard (either aqueous or in another suitable solvent) - This gives the best case scenario for detector response, i.e. under conditions of zero ion suppression
* Pre-prepared sample matrix spiked with... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the field of statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma states that the most powerful way to distinguish between the two distributions and based on an observation (drawn from one of them) is through the log of the ratio of their likelihoods: . The KL divergence is the expected value of this statistic if is actually d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are historical reports of acute hypervitaminosis from Arctic explorers consuming bearded seal or polar bear liver, both very rich sources of stored retinol, and there are also case reports of acute hypervitaminosis from consuming fish liver, but otherwise there is no risk from consuming too much via commonly cons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetals, ketals, and aminals are reduced in the presence of hydrosilanes and acid. Site-selective reduction of acetals and ketals whose oxygens are inequivalent have been reported—the example below is used in a synthesis of Tamiflu.
Other functional groups that have been reduced with hydrosilanes include amides, and α,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tensioned screen cloth is typically 4 feet by the width or the length of the screening machine depending on whether the deck is side or end tensioned. Screen cloth for tensioned decks can be made with hooks and are attached with clamp rails bolted on both sides of the screen box. When the clamp rail bolts are tighten... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This chemical similarity can be exploited in cancer, where a protein may mutate into an "always on" (constitutively active) state. A mutation may occur to replace a tyrosine (which needs to be phosphorylated in order to activate the protein) with an aspartic acid (which would not need to be phosphorylated). In a labora... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research has demonstrated that overexpression of CRBP-I increases the ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and, later, JAK2 and STAT5. Suppressing CRBP-I, on the other hand, led to decreased ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and signaling components. Similarly, reducing the expression of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Intrachromosomal homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana plants was found to occur in all organs examined from the seed stage to the flowering stage of somatic plant development. Recombination frequencies were typically in the range of 10 to 10 events per genome. A. thaliana mutants selected for hypersensit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the development of the first two laws of thermodynamics in the 1850s and 60s, heats of reaction and the work associated with these processes were given a more accurate mathematical basis. In 1876, Willard Gibbs unified all of this in his 300-page "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". Suppose, for exam... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thioesters are common intermediates in many biosynthetic reactions, including the formation and degradation of fatty acids and mevalonate, precursor to steroids. Examples include malonyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, and acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesters. Acetogenesis proceeds via the format... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is a division in medical laboratory sciences focusing on qualitative tests of important compounds, referred to as analytes or markers, in bodily fluids and tissues using analytical techniques and specialized instruments... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first analysis, assuming a Faraday efficiency of 100%, yielded an average apparent excess heat of 21% of input power. The term "apparent excess heat" was coined by the investigators to indicate that the actual Faraday efficiency was ignored in the analysis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The effectiveness of methods such as chemotherapy to treat cancer tends to plateau after some initial time as the cells undergo molecular changes that render them insensitive to the effect of anticancer drugs. Hence, it is imperative to detect the presence of cancerous cells early. An important biomarker, microRNA (miR... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Unlike small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics that turn over within a cell and consequently only silence genes transiently, DNA constructs are continually transcribed, replenishing the cellular ‘dose’ of short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), thereby enabling long-term silencing of targeted genes. The ddRNAi mechanism, therefo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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