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Further information: Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
In conjunction with enhanced oil recovery and other applications, commercial-scale CCS is currently being tested in the U.S. and other countries. Proposed CCS sites are subjected to extensive investigation and monitoring to avoid potential hazard... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Pythagorean cup looks like a normal drinking cup, except that the bowl has a central column in it, giving it a shape like a Bundt pan. The central column of the bowl is positioned directly over the stem of the cup and over a hole at the bottom of the stem. A small open pipe runs from this hole almost to the top of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pK of DMSO is 35, which leads NaDMSO to be a powerful Brønsted base. NaDMSO is used in the generation of phosphorus and sulfur ylides. NaDMSO in DMSO is especially convenient in the generation of dimethyloxosulfonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tectin is an organic substance secreted by certain ciliates. Tectin may form an adhesive stalk, disc or other sticky secretion. Tectin may also form a gelatinous envelope or membrane enclosing some ciliates as a protective capsule or lorica. Tectin is also called pseudochitin. Granules or rods (called protrichocysts) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has also been discovered that GLD2 has medical uses.
For example, such enzyme is overexpressed in patients who suffer from cancer; that's why it can be used as a prognostic factor for early appearance in breast cancer patients. Moreover, PAP activity is used to measure the effect of anticancer drugs as etoposide and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two-dimensional maps of elemental compositions can be generated by scanning the microPIXE beam across the target. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcareous sinter is characterised by laminations of prismatic crystals growing perpendicular to the substrate; laminations are separated by thin layers of microcrystalline carbonate. Calcareous sinter is porous due to the calcareous crystals enclosing many small cavities. Macrophytes are absent, consequently porosity ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Feed ingredients are normally first hammered to reduce the particle size of the ingredients. Ingredients are then batched, and then combined and mixed thoroughly by a feed mixer. Once the feed has been prepared to this stage the feed is ready to be pelletized. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some early evidence for nuclear fission was the formation of a short-lived radioisotope of barium which was isolated from neutron irradiated uranium (Ba, with a half-life of 83 minutes and Ba, with a half-life of 12.8 days, are major fission products of uranium). At the time, it was thought that this was a new radium i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nickel has a wide utility of application in manufactured metals because it is both strong and malleable, leading to ubiquitous presence and the potential for consumers to be in contact with it daily. However, for those who have the rash of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) due to a nickel allergy, it can be a challenge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While SERS can be performed in colloidal solutions, today the most common method for performing SERS measurements is by depositing a liquid sample onto a silicon or glass surface with a nanostructured noble metal surface. While the first experiments were performed on electrochemically roughened silver, now surfaces are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Omega Chi Epsilon (or , sometimes simplified to OXE) is an International honor society for chemical engineering students. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2010, NIF researchers conducted a series of "tuning" shots to determine the optimal target design and laser parameters for high-energy ignition experiments with fusion fuel. Net fuel energy gain was achieved in September 2013.
In April 2014, LLNL ended the Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) program and directed the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the B cells get activated, class switching can occur. The class switching involves switch regions that made up of multiple copies of short repeats (GAGCT and TGGGG). These switches occur at the level of rearrangements of the DNA because there is a looping event that chops off the constant regions for IgM and IgD a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect has mainly been observed on alkaline atoms which have nuclear properties particularly suitable for working with traps. As of 2012, using ultra-low temperatures of or below, Bose–Einstein condensates had been obtained for a multitude of isotopes, mainly of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
and lanthanide a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. It has multiple applications in research and engineering, with common usage in hydroponics, aquaculture, aquaponics, and freshwater systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biorheology is the study of flow properties (rheology) of biological fluids. The term was first proposed by Alfred L. Copley, a German-American medical scientist, at the first International Congress on Rheology in 1948. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the 1930s and 1940s, the DuPont company commercialized organofluorine compounds at large scales. Following trials of chlorofluorocarbons as refrigerants by researchers at General Motors, DuPont developed large-scale production of Freon-12. The work was carried out by DuPont scientist Dr. Thomas Midgley Jr. DuPon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the increase in computational power, depth-resolved models have become a powerful tool to study gravity and turbidity currents. These models, in general, are mainly focused on the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid phase.
With dilute suspension of particles, a Eulerian approach proved to be acc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrification inhibitors are also of interest from an environmental standpoint because of the production of nitrates and nitrous oxide from the process of nitrification. Nitrous oxide (NO), although its atmospheric concentration is much lower than that of CO has a global warming potential of about 300 times greater tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
More O’Ferrall–Jencks plots are two-dimensional representations of multiple reaction coordinate potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions that involve simultaneous changes in two bonds. As such, they are a useful tool to explain or predict how changes in the reactants or reaction conditions can affect the positi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activated by calcium, the enzyme digests proteins preferentially after hydrophobic amino acids (aliphatic, aromatic and other hydrophobic amino acids). Although calcium ions do not affect the enzyme activity, they do contribute to its stability.
Proteins will be completely digested if the incubation time is long and th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first time that A15 structure was observed was in 1931 when an electrolytically deposited layer of tungsten was examined. Discussion of whether the β-tungsten structure is an allotrope of tungsten or the structure of a tungsten suboxide was long-standing, but since the 1950s there has been many publications showin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*4-Nitrophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of paracetamol. It is reduced to 4-aminophenol, then acetylated with acetic anhydride.
* 4-Nitrophenol is used as the precursor for the preparation of phenetidine and acetophenetidine, indicators, and raw materials for fungicides. Bioaccumulation of this compound rarel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusion-controlled (or diffusion-limited) reactions are reactions in which the reaction rate is equal to the rate of transport of the reactants through the reaction medium (usually a solution). The process of chemical reaction can be considered as involving the diffusion of reactants until they encounter each other i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2006 the group of E.J. Corey published a novel route bypassing shikimic acid starting from butadiene and acrylic acid. The inventors chose not to patent this procedure which is described below.
Butadiene 1 reacts in an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction with the esterification product of acrylic acid and 2,2,2-trifluor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metabolism of an animal is estimated by determining rates of carbon dioxide production (VCO) and oxygen consumption (VO) of individual animals, either in a closed or an open-circuit respirometry system. Two measures are typically obtained: standard (SMR) or basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximal rate (VO2max). SM... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cornforth reagent is prepared by slow addition of a concentrated aqueous solution of chromium trioxide to pyridine. The reaction may cause explosion, which is avoided by thoroughly dissolving the trioxide in water and cooling the solution by ice. The product is filtered, washed with acetone and dried, yielding an o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions of chiral organocuprates provide β-functionalized ketones in high yield and diastereoselectivity. A disadvantage of these reactions is the requirement of a full equivalent of enantiopure starting material.
More recently, catalytic enantioselective methods have been develo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These processes are the physicochemical phenomena and reactions caused by movement of hydrothermal water within the crust, often as a consequence of magmatic intrusion or tectonic upheavals. The foundations of hydrothermal processes are the source-transport-trap mechanism.
Sources of hydrothermal solutions include seaw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ro-vibrational spectra are usually measured at high spectral resolution. In the past, this was achieved by using an echelle grating as the spectral dispersion element in a grating spectrometer. This is a type of diffraction grating optimized to use higher diffraction orders. Today at all resolutions the preferred metho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above formula can be used to determine the 99% confidence level that all sequences in a genome are represented by using a vector with an insert size of twenty thousand basepairs (such as the phage lambda vector). The genome size of the organism is three billion basepairs in this example.
clones
Thus, approximately... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given 3 faces of a polyhedron which meet at a common vertex P and have edges AP, BP and CP, the cosine of the dihedral angle between the faces containing APC and BPC is:
This can be deduced from Spherical law of cosines | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A molecule in the gas phase is free to rotate relative to a set of mutually orthogonal axes of fixed orientation in space, centered on the center of mass of the molecule. Free rotation is not possible for molecules in liquid or solid phases due to the presence of intermolecular forces. Rotation about each unique axis i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under atmospheric pressure mercuric oxide has two crystalline forms: one is called montroydite (orthorhombic, 2/m 2/m 2/m, Pnma), and the second is analogous to the sulfide mineral cinnabar (hexagonal,
hP6, P3221); both are characterized by Hg-O chains. At pressures above 10 GPa both structures convert to a tetragonal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The luciferases of fireflies – of which there are over 2000 species – and of the other Elateroidea (click beetles and relatives in general) are diverse enough to be useful in molecular phylogeny. In fireflies, the oxygen required is supplied through a tube in the abdomen called the abdominal trachea. One well-studied... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1833, Adam August Krantz (who studied pharmacy and later "Geognosie" at the Bergakademie Freiberg) founded the Krantz company in Bonn. Four years later, Krantz moved to Berlin and sold minerals, fossils, rocks and basically acquired a monopoly in the production of crystal models made of pear wood or walnut. Ever sin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The introduction of a mechanical bond alters the chemistry of the sub components of rotaxanes and catenanes. Steric hindrance of reactive functionalities is increased and the strength of non-covalent interactions between the components are altered. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ruderfer et al. analyzed the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains and concluded that matings involving out-crossing occur only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. Thus it appears that, in nature, mating is most often between closely related yeast cells. Mating occurs when haploid cells of opposite mating type ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The history of sewage treatment had the following developments: It began with land application (sewage farms) in the 1840s in England, followed by chemical treatment and sedimentation of sewage in tanks, then biological treatment the late 19th century, which led to the development of the activated sludge process starti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* According to the Big Bang theory, in the early universe at high temperatures when the universe was only a few tens of microseconds old, the phase of matter took the form of a hot phase of quark matter called the quark–gluon plasma (QGP).
* Compact stars (neutron stars). A neutron star is much cooler than 10 K, but gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Favipiravir, sold under the brand name Avigan among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat influenza in Japan. It is also being studied to treat a number of other viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Like the experimental antiviral drugs T-1105 and T-1106, it is a pyrazinecarboxamide derivative.
It is bein... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and titrate viruses that do not cause measurable cytopathic effects and cannot be measured by classical plaque assays. These viruses include human coronavirus 229E and OC43. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a solid-liquid extractive technique, by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated, isolated or purified, from other compounds in this mixture, according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a new type of contrast in MRI different from spin density, T, or T imaging. This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues and uses a fully velocity-compensated, three-dimensional, RF-spoiled, high-resolution, 3D-gradient echo scan. This special data acquisi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Axiom of Maria
*Alchemical Studies (Carl Jung)
*Aurora consurgens
*Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
*Cantong qi
*Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
*Hermetica
**Emerald Tablet
**Sirr al-khalīqa ("The Secret of Creation")
*The Hermetical Triumph
*Fasciculus Chemicus
*Musaeum Hermeticum
*Mutus Liber
*Rosary of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potassium sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula KS. The colourless solid is rarely encountered, because it reacts readily with water, a reaction that affords potassium hydrosulfide (KSH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Most commonly, the term potassium sulfide refers loosely to this mixture, not the anhydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2004 – Pearse Prize, Royal Microscopical Society
* 2005 – Emile Chamot Award
* 2006 – Asahi Prize
* 2008 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry
* 2008 – Order of Culture
* 2008 – Person of Cultural Merit
* 2012 – Golden Goose Award
* 2013 – Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
* 2018 – Junior third rank (post... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three main categories for triggering the release of sigmas factors from anti-sigma factors: partner switching, direct signaling, and a mechanism regulated by proteolysis.
The partner-switching mechanism is commonly found in Gram-positive bacteria. It consists of four key players: a sigma factor, an anti-sigma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The typical workflow of metabolomics studies is shown in the figure. First, samples are collected from tissue, plasma, urine, saliva, cells, etc. Next, metabolites extracted often with the addition of internal standards and derivatization. During sample analysis, metabolites are quantified (liquid chromatography or gas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is achieved through the interaction of several levels of control that acts both locally to turn on or off individual genes in response to a specific cellular need and globally to maintain a chromatin-wide gene expression pattern that shapes cell identity. Because eukaryot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of other unexpected applications have been identified in the last few years, mostly in multiferroic bismuth ferrite, that do not seem to be directly related to the coupled magnetism and ferroelectricity. These include a photovoltaic effect, photocatalysis, and gas sensing behaviour. It is likely that the comb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first certified subunit vaccine by clinical trials on humans is the hepatitis B vaccine, containing the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus itself from infected patients and adjusted by newly developed technology aiming to enhance the vaccine safety and eliminate possible contamination through individuals pla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the conformation–activity relationship is the relationship between the biological activity and the chemical structure or conformational changes of a biomolecule. This terminology emphasizes the importance of dynamic conformational changes for the biological function, rather than the importance of stati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After ingestion, is converted to following dissociation of the calcium moiety in the gut. When the HMB-Ca dosage form is ingested, the magnitude and time at which the peak plasma concentration of HMB occurs depends on the dose and concurrent food intake. Higher HMB-Ca doses increase the rate of absorption, resulting ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (or triflyl chloride, CF3SO2Cl) can be used in a highly efficient method to introduce a trifluoromethyl group to aromatic and heteroaromatic systems, including known pharmaceuticals such as Lipitor. The chemistry is general and mild, and uses a photoredox catalyst and a light source at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biomethylation is the pathway for converting some heavy elements into more mobile or more lethal derivatives that can enter the food chain. The biomethylation of arsenic compounds starts with the formation of methanearsonates. Thus, trivalent inorganic arsenic compounds are methylated to give methanearsonate. S-adenos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The level of beryllium-7 in the air is related to the Sun spot cycle, as radiation from the Sun forms this radioisotope in the atmosphere. The rate at which it is transferred from the air to the ground is controlled in part by the weather. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A relatively recent analytical tool that has been used for the separation of UCMs is comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). This powerful technique, introduced by Liu and Phillips combines two GC columns with different separation mechanisms: typically a primary column that separates compounds based on volatility co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, carbonyl allylation describes methods for adding an allyl anion to an aldehyde or ketone to produce a homoallylic alcohol. The carbonyl allylation was first reported in 1876 by Alexander Zaitsev and employed an allylzinc reagent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since Yaghi and coworkers’ seminal work in 2005, COF synthesis has expanded to include a wide range of organic connectivity such as boron-, nitrogen-, other atom-containing linkages. The linkages in the figures shown are not comprehensive as other COF linkages exist in the literature, especially for the formation of 3D... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An abbreviated form of the Hermann–Mauguin notation commonly used for space groups also serves to describe crystallographic point groups. Group names are | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the lin⊥lin configuration cooling is achieved via a Sisyphus effect. Consider two counterpropagating electromagnetic waves with equal amplitude and orthogonal linear polarizations and , where k is the wavenumber . The superposition of and is given as:
Introducing a new pair of coordinates and the field can be w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological cell membranes and cell walls are polyanionic surfaces. This has important implications for the transport of ions, in particular because it has been shown that different membranes preferentially bind different ions. Both Mg and Ca regularly stabilize membranes by the cross-linking of carboxylated and phospho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Discovery of the novel antioxidant function of coenzyme A highlights its protective role during cellular stress. Mammalian and Bacterial cells subjected to oxidative and metabolic stress show significant increase in the covalent modification of protein cysteine residues by coenzyme A. This reversible modification is te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The software is used primarily by component and system engineers in the automotive, hydraulic, and aerospace industry as a virtual test-bed to study efficiency, cavitation, pressure ripple, and noise for hydrodynamic pumps, and fluid power equipment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Native populations are often characterized by substantial genotype diversity and dispersed populations (growth in a mixture with many other plant species). They also have undergone of plant-pathogen coevolution. Hence as long as novel pathogens are not introduced/do not evolve, such populations generally exhibit only a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*SK1
*PDE4A1
*Raf1
*mTOR
*PP1
*SHP1
*Spo20p
*p47phox
*PKCε
*PLCβ
*PIP5K
*[https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000001012 Opi1]
*TREK-1
*K
*K2.2 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrodynamic delivery involves rapid injection of a high volume of a solution into vasculature (such as into the inferior vena cava, bile duct, or tail vein). The solution contains molecules that are to be inserted into cells, such as DNA plasmids or siRNA, and transfer of these molecules into cells is assisted by the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Science History Institute is particularly interested in the origins of early science and chemistry. Its varied holdings have considerable depth both in alchemical books and fine-art depictions of early modern alchemists. The institution's collection of alchemy-related artwork, one of the largest in the world, build... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early investigations into low bandgap semiconductors focused on germanium (Ge). Ge has a bandgap of 0.66 eV, allowing for conversion of a much higher fraction of incoming radiation. However, poor performance was observed due to the high effective electron mass of Ge. Compared to III-V semiconductors, Ge's high electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metabolism of progesterone is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver, though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain, skin, and various other extrahepatic tissues. Progesterone has an elimination half-life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation. The metabolism... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2016 a new study showed that flat roofs in urban areas are fruitful places to extract micrometeorites. The "urban" cosmic spherules have a shorter terrestrial age and are less altered than the previous findings.
Amateur collectors may find micrometeorites in areas where dust from a large area has been concentrated, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Ushinsky Medal
* Honored Science Worker of the RSFSR (1967)
* Latvian SSR State Prize
* Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
* Order of the Red Banner of Labour | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the first bond is synthesized, the RNA polymerase must clear the promoter. During this time, there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called abortive initiation and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Abortive initiation continues to occur until the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In research, Jeannin shows an interest in the chemistry of transition metals, in the synthesis and structure of the species they form. First in solid state chemistry with the study of the non-stoichiometry of binary and ternary chalcogenides of titanium and zirconium, then he studies the iron complexes formed by solvat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium-bonded fuel consists of fuel that has liquid sodium in the gap between the fuel slug (or pellet) and the cladding. This fuel type is often used for sodium-cooled liquid metal fast reactors. It has been used in EBR-I, EBR-II, and the FFTF. The fuel slug may be metallic or ceramic. The sodium bonding is used to re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses a pair of custom primers to direct DNA elongation toward each other at opposite ends of the sequence being amplified. These primers are typically between 18 and 24 bases in length and must code for only the specific upstream and downstream sites of the sequence being amplified. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cannon's initial publications, alongside Stanley Prusiner, definitively showed that thermogenesis was primarily driven by mitochondrial uncoupling, likely induced by the presence of free fatty acids. She subsequently showcased important elements in controlling the immediate function of the uncoupling protein, involving... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One probe for testing whether or not the 2-norbornyl cation is non-classical is investigating the inherent symmetry of the cation. Many spectroscopic tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy, give hints about the reflectional and rotational symmetry present in a m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diaconescu was born in Romania and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Bucharest in 1998 conducting research on transition metal complexes and f-block metals. In 2003, Diaconescu received a PhD in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology working with Christopher C. Cummins on ur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment. The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce. Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Virtually every molecule and every ion can serve as a ligand for (or "coordinate to") metals. Monodentate ligands include virtually all anions and all simple Lewis bases. Thus, the halides and pseudohalides are important anionic ligands whereas ammonia, carbon monoxide, and water are particularly common charge-neutral ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two-component systems are rare in eukaryotes. They appear in yeasts, filamentous fungi, and slime molds, and are relatively common in plants, but have been described as "conspicuously absent" from animals. Two-component systems in eukaryotes likely originate from lateral gene transfer, often from endosymbiotic organell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex (PCP or PerCP) is a soluble molecular complex consisting of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein bound to peridinin, chlorophyll, and lipids. The peridinin molecules absorb light in the blue-green wavelengths (470 to 550 nm) and transfer energy to the chlorophyll molecules with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (G)-protein-coupled receptors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AdoMet is a methyl donor for transmethylation. It gives away its methyl group and is also the propylamino donor in polyamine biosynthesis. S-adenosylmethionine synthesis can be considered the rate-limiting step of the methionine cycle.
As a methyl donor SAM allows DNA methylation. Once DNA is methylated, it switches th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, organofluorines endure in the environment. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have attracted particular attention as persistent global contaminants. These compounds can enter the environment from their direct uses in waterproofing treatments and firefighting foams or i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Papakostas et al. observed in 2003 that planar chirality affects the polarization of light diffracted by arrays of planar chiral microstructures, where large polarization changes of opposite sign were detected in light diffracted from planar structures of opposite handedness. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superconductivity in UPdAl has a critical temperature of 2.0K and a critical field around 3T. The critical field does not show anisotropy despite the hexagonal crystal structure.
For heavy-fermion superconductors it is generally believed that the coupling mechanism cannot be phononic in nature. In contrast to many othe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hobart Hurd Willard (June 3, 1881 – May 7, 1974) was an analytical chemist and inorganic chemist who spent most of his career at the University of Michigan. He was known for his teaching skill and his authorship of widely used textbooks. His research interests were wide-ranging and involved the characterization of perc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug development and pre-clinical trials focus on non-human subjects and work on animals such as rats. This is the most inexpensive phase of testing.
The Food and Drug Administration mandates a 3 phase clinical trial testing that tests for side effects and the effectiveness of the drug with a single phase clinical tria... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born on 17 September 1940 in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Paramasivam Natarajan graduated in chemistry from the University of Madras in 1959. He started his career as a lecturer at the Government Arts College of the Madras University in 1959 but later moved to the NGM College, Pollachi in 1963. The next year, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whole genome sequencing has established the mutation frequency for whole human genomes. The mutation frequency in the whole genome between generations for humans (parent to child) is about 70 new mutations per generation. An even lower level of variation was found comparing whole genome sequencing in blood cells for a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polysorbates are a class of emulsifiers used in some pharmaceuticals and food preparation. They are commonly used in oral and topical pharmaceutical dosage forms. They are also often used in cosmetics to solubilize essential oils into water-based products. Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from ethoxylated sorbitan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero. This principle, applied to mixtures at equilibrium provides a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound has uses ranging from medicine to laboratory syntheses of chemically similar compounds. o-Cresophthalein has been used to derive polyamides and polyimides, colorimetrically estimate calcium in serum, and predict amount of time to wait before blood collection after a patient receives gadodiamide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dideoxynucleosides are analogues of nucleoside where the sugar ring lacks both 2´ and 3´-hydroxyl groups. Three years after the synthesis of zidovudine, Jerome Horwitz and his colleagues in Chicago prepared another dideoxynucleoside now known as zalcitabine (ddC). Zalcitabine is a synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is distinct from PCET. In HAT, the proton and electron start in the same orbitals and move together to the final orbital. HAT is recognized as a radical pathway, although the stoichiometry is similar to that for PCET. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the late 1940s, Woodward synthesized many complex natural products including quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the Woodwardian era in which he showed that natur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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