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Radioactive elements (Ra and RaD) were used by V. G. Khlopin and B. A. Nikitin as indicators in determining the nature of a new kind of mixed Gramm crystals. These studies showed a fundamental difference between true mixed crystals in the spirit of Eilhard Mitscherlich, when the substitution of one component for anothe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The mineral components of the soil are derived from the parental rocks or regolith. The minerals present about 90% of the total weight of the soil. Some important elements, which are found in compound state, are oxygen, iron, silicon, aluminium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, hydrogen, e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*The wallpaper group of a pattern is invariant under isometries and uniform scaling (similarity transformations).
*Translational symmetry is preserved under arbitrary bijective affine transformations.
*Rotational symmetry of order two ditto; this means also that 4- and 6-fold rotation centres at least keep 2-fold rotat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phenolic metabolic pathways and enzymes may be studied by mean of transgenesis of genes. The Arabidopsis regulatory gene in the production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (AtPAP1) may be expressed in other plant species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oximes can be synthesized by condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone with hydroxylamine. The condensation of aldehydes with hydroxylamine gives aldoximes, and ketoximes are produced from ketones and hydroxylamine. In general, oximes exist as colorless crystals or as thick liquids and are poorly soluble in water. Theref... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The number of two-component systems present in a bacterial genome is highly correlated with genome size as well as ecological niche; bacteria that occupy niches with frequent environmental fluctuations possess more histidine kinases and response regulators. New two-component systems may arise by gene duplication or by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In non-scanning, a single 2-D sensor output contains all spatial (x, y) and spectral (λ) data. HSI devices for non-scanning yield the full datacube at once, without any scanning. Figuratively speaking, a single snapshot represents a perspective projection of the datacube, from which its three-dimensional structure can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yulia Sister was born in 1936 in Chișinău (Russian: Kishinev), at the time in the Kingdom of Romania, a city which later became the capital of the Moldavian SSR and since 1991 is the capital of Moldova. Her parents and paternal grandparents were also born in this city. The grandparents were there and survived the pogr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction proceeds via a cascade of four subsequent pericyclic reactions (Scheme 3). Heating a cyclobutenone above 80 °C initiates a four-electron electrocyclic cleavage generating a vinyl ketene which reacts with an acetylene in a regiospecific [2+2] cycloaddition (Scheme 4). Reversible electrocyclic cleavage of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classical pharmacology traditionally has been the basis for the discovery of new drugs. Compounds are screened in cellular or animal models of disease to identify compounds that cause a desirable change in phenotype. Only after the compounds have been discovered, an effort is made to determine the biological target o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anodizing can be performed in combination with chromate conversion coating. Each process provides corrosion resistance, with anodizing offering a significant advantage when it comes to ruggedness or physical wear resistance. The reason for combining the processes can vary, however, the significant difference between an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Molecularium Project is an informal science education project of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The project introduces young audiences to the world of atoms and molecules using character driven stories, animations, games and activities, and molecular visualizations. Rensselaers three principal scientist and edu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the group 2 elements (also referred to as the alkaline earth metals) contain two valence electrons, their chemistries have similarities group 12 organometallic compounds. Both readily assume a +2 oxidation states with higher and lower states being rare, and are less electronegative than carbon. However, as the group... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SPE is in fact a method of chromatography, in the sense of having a mobile phase, carrying mixtures through a stationary phase, packed inside a column. The chromatographic process is harnessed to create a solid-liquid extractive technique—allowing separation of a mixture of components by taking advantage of large diffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of an enantiopure drug results from the separation of the enantiomers of a chiral drug. This separation was prompted when it was found that each enantiomer of a molecule can have different effects when used in drugs. This is because the body is very chiral selective reacting to each enantiomer differently... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1669 his health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and he gradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing his communications to the Royal Society, and advertising his desire to be excused from receiving guests, "unless upon occasions very extraordinary", on Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The salt is prepared by the addition of elemental sulfur to potassium sulfide. An idealized equation is shown for potassium hydrosulfide:
The structure consists of zigzag chains of paired with ions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1962, Harvard professor Edward O. Wilson published one of the first concrete studies constructing the groundwork for the notion of trail pheromones. Claiming an odor trail is deposited by the sting apparatus of the hymenopteran Solenopsis saevissima which results in a pathway from the colony to a food source, this s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbenes add to double bonds to form cyclopropanes, and, in the presence of a copper catalyst, to alkynes to give cyclopropenes. Addition reactions are commonly very fast and exothermic, and carbene generation limits reaction rate.
In Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, the iodomethylzinc iodide typically complexes to an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fretting damage in steel can be identified by the presence of a pitted surface and fine red iron oxide dust resembling cocoa powder. Strictly this debris is not rust as its production requires no water. The particles are much harder than the steel surfaces in contact, so abrasive wear is inevitable; however, particulat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bjerknes forces are translational forces on bubbles in a sound wave. The phenomenon is a type of acoustic radiation force. Primary Bjerknes forces are caused by an external sound field; secondary Bjerknes forces are attractive or repulsive forces between pairs of bubbles in the same sound field caused by the pressure f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a Bragg peak , the observed integrated intensity, , as determined from numerical integration is
where is the total number of data points in the range of the Bragg peak. The integrated intensity depends on multiple factors, and can be expressed as the following product:
where:
* : scale factor
* : multiplicity fact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS were started in 1980 in the Department of Chemistry of Ohio State University by Isaiah Shavitt, Hans Lischka and Ron Shepard. The programs pioneered the Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA) for configuration interaction calculations, which is now available in many other program suites. The prog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers. Four polymorphs are recognized. All feature layers of octahedral aluminium hydroxide units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers. The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In case (e), we first form and then form by coupling and . This case is rare but has been observed. Rydberg states which converge to ionic states with spin–orbit coupling (such as Π) are best described as case (e).
The good quantum numbers in case (e) are , , and . Because is once again a good quantum number, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initiation of translation usually involves the interaction of certain key proteins, the initiation factors, with a special tag bound to the 5-end of an mRNA molecule, the 5 cap, as well as with the 5' UTR. These proteins bind the small (40S) ribosomal subunit and hold the mRNA in place.
eIF3 is associated with the 40S ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiolate-protected gold clusters are a type of ligand-protected metal cluster, synthesized from gold ions and thin layer compounds that play a special role in cluster physics because of their unique stability and electronic properties. They are considered to be stable compounds.
These clusters can range in size up to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bilirubin glucuronide is a water-soluble reaction intermediate over the process of conjugation of indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin glucuronide itself belongs to the category of conjugated bilirubin along with bilirubin di-glucuronide. However, only the latter one is primarily excreted into the bile in the normal setting.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many water managers treat USS by directly addressing the symptoms, most commonly through channel reconfiguration that includes reshaping rock to address altered hydrology and sediment regimes. In spite of having ecological objectives, this approach has been criticized for addressing physical failures in the system with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an experiment in 1995, display of Glutathione S-transferase was attempted on both pVII and pIX and failed. However, phage display of this protein was completed successfully after the addition of a periplasmic signal sequence (pelB or ompA) on the N-terminus. In a recent study, it has been shown that AviTag, FLAG and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* (2007): Death of a dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB. The Free Press. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutron scattering measurements of cesium chlorocuprate CsCuCl, a spin-1/2 antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice, displayed diffuse scattering. This was attributed to spinons arising from a 2D RVB state. Later theoretical work challenged this picture, arguing that all experimental results were instead consequences o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanobactin biosynthesis requires proteolytic cleavage of both N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the precursor peptide. The defining proteins are thus an N-terminal protease, referred to as the A protein, and a C-terminal protease, referred to as the G protein. The G protein is also responsible for macrocyclization... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1980, Staden wrote: In order to make it easier to talk about our data gained by the shotgun method of sequencing we have invented the word "contig". A contig is a set of gel readings that are related to one another by overlap of their sequences. All gel readings belong to one and only one contig, and each contig co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One application area that has seen significant academic effort and some commercial effort is in the area of particle detection in fluids. Particle detection of small fluid-borne particles down to about 1 μm in diameter is typically done using a Coulter counter, in which electrical signals are generated when a weakly-co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds number is low, i.e. . This is a typical situation in flows where the fluid velocities are very slow, the viscosities ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gunpowder may have been used during the Mongol invasions of Europe. "Fire catapults", "pao", and "naphtha-shooters" are mentioned in some sources. However, according to Timothy May, "there is no concrete evidence that the Mongols used gunpowder weapons on a regular basis outside of China."
Shortly after the Mongol inva... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1805, Thomas Young defined the contact angle θ by analyzing the forces acting on a fluid droplet resting on a solid surface surrounded by a gas.
where
: = Interfacial tension between the solid and gas
: = Interfacial tension between the solid and liquid
: = Interfacial tension between the liquid and gas
θ can be mea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PRR3, PRR5, PRR7 and PRR9 participate in the repressilator of a negative autoregulatory feedback loop that synchronizes to environmental inputs. The repressilator has a morning, evening, and night loop that are regulated in part by the pseudo-response regulator proteins' interactions with CCA1 and LHY. CCA1 and LHY exh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huntley has pointed out that a dimensional analysis can become more powerful by discovering new independent dimensions in the quantities under consideration, thus increasing the rank of the dimensional matrix.
He introduced two approaches:
* The magnitudes of the components of a vector are to be considered dimensional... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Nanoscale" is usually understood to be the range from 1 to 100 nm because the novel properties that differentiate particles from the bulk material typically develop at that range of sizes.
For some properties, like transparency or turbidity, ultrafiltration, stable dispersion, etc., substantial changes characteristic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disulfide bonds can be formed under oxidising conditions and play an important role in the folding and stability of some proteins, usually proteins secreted to the extracellular medium. Since most cellular compartments are reducing environments, in general, disulfide bonds are unstable in the cytosol, with some excepti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metabolism research, tritium and C-labeled glucose are commonly used in glucose clamps to measure rates of glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic processes. While radioactive tracers are sometimes still used in human studies, stable isotope tracers such as C are more commonly used in current huma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR, sometimes also noted fAPAR or fPAR) is the fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPANETs computational engine is available for download as a separate dynamic link library for incorporation into other applications. The source code for EPANET 2 is available on the EPAs EPANET website.
In 2012 the EPANET toolkit, written in C, was rewritten in Java in a more object-oriented style. The code in Java is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the last 50 or so years, pan evaporation has been carefully monitored. For decades, pan evaporation measurements were not analyzed critically for long term trends. But in the 1990s scientists reported that the rate of evaporation was falling. According to data, the downward trend had been observed all over the w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Ertl, P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wEsxCtyUJUEC&pg=PA111 Polar Surface Area], in Molecular Drug Properties, R. Mannhold (ed), Wiley-VCH, pp. 111–126, 2007 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the oxygen effect refers to a tendency for increased radiosensitivity of free living cells and organisms in the presence of oxygen than in anoxic or hypoxic conditions, where the oxygen tension is less than 1% of atmospheric pressure (i.e., <1% of 101.3 kPa, 760 mmHg or 760 torr). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alaska had fewer than 4,000 gallons of dispersants available at the time of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and no aircraft with which to dispense them. The dispersants introduced were relatively ineffective due to insufficient wave action to mix the oil and water, and their use was shortly abandoned.
A report by David Kir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shamoo was born and raised in Baghdad, Iraq. He is an ethnic Iraqi. He attended the University of Baghdad and graduated with a degree in physics in 1962. In 1966, he earned a Master's of Science in physics from the University of Louisville. Four years later, in 1970, he finished his Ph.D. in the program in Biology at t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of pathogen that causes infection to the skin and soft tissue and can lead to a variety of more severe diseases such as osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus uses biofilms in order to increase its chances of survival by becoming resistant to antibiotics. Biofi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* ~40% dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC);
* ~40% other phospholipids (PC);
* ~10% surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D);
* ~10% neutral lipids (Cholesterol);
* Traces of other substances. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Descriptions of Plant Viruses (DPVs) were first published by the Association of Applied Biologists in 1970 as a series of leaflets, each one written by an expert describing a particular plant virus. In 1998 all of the 354 DPVs published in paper were scanned, and converted into an electronic format in a database an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joseph Joshua Weiss (30 August 1905 – 9 April 1972) was a Jewish-Austrian chemist and Professor at the Newcastle University. He was a pioneer in the field of radiation chemistry and photochemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Second group of TI antigens consists mainly of highly repetitive surface structures (epitopes) of encapsulated bacteria. They do not have an intrinsic B-cell activating activity. The activation of B lymphocytes is caused by cross-linking of a critical number of B cell receptors, which leads to accumulation of BCRs and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) is a calculated parameter for thyrotropic pituitary function. It was defined to be more robust to distorted data than established markers including Jostel's TSH index (JTI) and the thyrotroph thyroid hormone sensitivity index (TTSI). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Gordon Pusch, a physicist at Argonne National Laboratory, various breakeven calculations on muon-catalyzed fusion omit the heat energy the muon beam itself deposits in the target. By taking this factor into account, muon-catalyzed fusion can already exceed breakeven; however, the recirculated power is usua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LaAlO doped with neodymium gave laser emission at 1080 nm. Mixed methylammonium lead halide () cells fashioned into optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) convert visible pump light to near-IR laser light with a 70% efficiency. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another class of INIs could be IN binding inhibitors (INBIs) such as V-165. V-165 is a compound shown to inhibit integration but without obvious effect on viral DNA synthesis. When the mechanism of action was studied it showed that V-165 interferes with viral DNA-IN complex formation. Due to its interfering action it i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis (reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish (for example the hammerhead shark), Cape honeybees, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biliproteins found in plants and algae serve as a system of pigments whose purpose is to detect and absorb light needed for photosynthesis. The absorption spectra of biliproteins complements that of other photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll or carotene. The pigments detect and absorb energy from sunlight; the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antoine Lavoisier considered that radiation of heat was concerned with the condition of the surface of a physical body rather than the material of which it was composed. Lavoisier described a poor radiator to be a substance with a polished or smooth surface as it possessed its molecules lying in a plane closely bound t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a mixture of two materials with permittivities and with corresponding volume fractions and , D.A.G. Bruggeman proposed a formula of the following form:
Here the positive sign before the square root must be altered to a negative sign in some cases in order to get the correct imaginary part of effective complex pe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Seventy percent of the worlds supply of ascorbic acid is produced in China. Ascorbic acid is prepared in industry from glucose in a method based on the historical Reichstein process. In the first of a five-step process, glucose is catalytically hydrogenated to sorbitol, which is then oxidized by the microorganism Aceto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leaves are normally extensively vascularized and typically have networks of vascular bundles containing xylem, which supplies water for photosynthesis, and phloem, which transports the sugars produced by photosynthesis. Many leaves are covered in trichomes (small hairs) which have diverse structures and functions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elemental fluorine is highly toxic. Above a concentration of 25 ppm, it causes significant irritation while attacking the eyes, airways and lungs and affecting the liver and kidneys. At a concentration of 100 ppm, human eyes and noses are seriously damaged. People can be exposed to fluorine in the workplace by breathin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A transversely isotropic material is one with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy. This transverse plane has infinite planes of symmetry and thus, within this plane, the material properties are the same in all directions. Hence, such materials are also known as "po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation, working in collaboration with the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, established the Archon X Prize for Genomics, intending to award $10 million to "the first team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A disproportionation reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4).
Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium-depleted water has a lower concentration of deuterium (H) than occurs in nature at sea level. Deuterium is a naturally-occurring, stable (non-radioactive) isotope of hydrogen with a nucleus consisting of one proton and one neutron. The nucleus of ordinary hydrogen (protium) consists of one proton only, and no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This semiregular tiling is a member of a sequence of snubbed polyhedra and tilings with vertex figure (3.3.3.3.n) and Coxeter–Dynkin diagram . These figures and their duals have (n32) rotational symmetry, being in the Euclidean plane for n=6, and hyperbolic plane for any higher n. The series can be considered to begin ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Functional MRI (fMRI) has been the modality of choice to visualize brain activity, and takes advantages of a range of techniques that can be used to interpret it. However, the signal that fMRI is acquiring is BOLD signal, which does not directly correlate with blood flow. Cerebral blood flow on the other hand does, all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrothermal AAS (ET AAS) using graphite tube atomizers was pioneered by Boris V. L’vov at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, Russia, since the late 1950s, and investigated in parallel by Hans Massmann at the Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (ISAS) in Dortmund, Germany.
Although a wid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is easy to verify that for an ideal gas defined by suitable microscopic postulates that αT = 1, so the temperature change of such an ideal gas at a Joule–Thomson expansion is zero.
For such an ideal gas, this theoretical result implies that:
:The internal energy of a fixed mass of an ideal gas depends only on its te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexafluoroethane's solid phase has two polymorphs. In the scientific literature, different phase transition temperatures have been stated. The latest works assign it at 103 K (−170 °C). Below 103 K it has a slightly disordered structure, and over the transition point, it has a body centered cubic structure. The critica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common adverse effects of Captopril, skin rash and loss of taste, are the same as caused by mercapto-containing penicillamine. Therefore, a group of researchers aimed at finding potent, selective ACE inhibitors that would not contain a mercapto (SH) function and would have a weaker chelating function. They ret... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eilaf Egap (née Ahmed) is an adjunct assistant professor of Materials Science at Rice University. She works on imaging techniques and biomaterials for early diagnostics and drug delivery. She was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology MLK Visiting Scholar in 2011. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Missions after 2010 requiring RTGs will instead use the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) containing lead telluride (PbTe) thermocouples and Pu-238 dioxide for spacecraft power applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A few advantages of ATM over other related microspectroscopy techniques include the orientation of the THz electric field at the sample and the ability to readily measure materials that are sensitive to environmental conditions like hydration, cryo-cooling, and evacuation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kurt Wüthrich (born 4 October 1938 in Aarberg, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides that participate in O-linked glycosylation are attached to threonine or serine on the hydroxyl group of the side chain. O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgi apparatus, where monosaccharide units are added to a complete polypeptide chain. Cell surface proteins and extracellular proteins are O-glyc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Returning to his native Korea, he began studies of the staple Korean diet and its effects on metabolism as a research assistant at Kyŏngsŏng Medical College in February 1928. He was appointed an instructor of physiology in the department of biochemistry of Severance Union Medical College (now Yonsei University College... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
pH is defined in terms of the activity of the hydrogen ion
:pH = −log {H}
In the approximation of ideal behaviour, activity is replaced by concentration. pH is measured by means of a glass electrode, a mixed equilibrium constant, also known as a Brønsted constant, may result.
:HL L + H;
It all depends on whether the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Significant improvement of resolution in data collection
*Reduced or eliminated radiation damage in crystals | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standard established for carbon-13 work was the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) and was based on a Cretaceous marine fossil, Belemnitella americana, which was from the Peedee Formation in South Carolina. This material had an anomalously high C:C ratio (0.0112372), and was established as δC value of zero. Since the original... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frank Erhart Emmanuel Germann (December 6, 1887 – February 27, 1974) was an American physicist, physical chemist, and university professor. He was a founding member of the modern chemistry department of the University of Colorado. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nonclassical describes those carbonyl complexes where ν is higher than that for free carbon monoxide. In nonclassical CO complexes, the C-O distance is shorter than free CO (113.7 pm). The structure of [Fe(CO)], with d = 112.9 pm, illustrates this effect. These complexes are usually cationic, sometimes dicationic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Flettner rotor inspired Sigurd Johannes Savonius to invent a spinning ventilation device after a collaboration between the two inventors. Anton Flettners company Flettner Ventilator Limited acquired Savonius patent and still sells them in the United Kingdom. The devices are often referred to as "Flettner ventilator... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before a PSD can be determined, it is vital that a representative sample is obtained. In the case where the material to be analysed is flowing, the sample must be withdrawn from the stream in such a way that the sample has the same proportions of particle sizes as the stream. The best way to do this is to take many sam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A known result of cytosine methylation is the increase of C-to-T transition mutations through the process of deamination. Cytosine deamination can alter the genome's many regulatory functions; previously silenced transposable elements (TEs) may become transcriptionally active due to the loss of CPG sites. TEs have been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To fully understand the interaction of an incident beam of nuclei with a crystalline structure, it is necessary to comprehend two more key concepts: blocking and channeling.
When a beam of ions with parallel trajectories is incident on a target atom, scattering off that atom will prevent collisions in a cone-shaped reg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Exampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal mass is ideally placed within the building and situated where it still can be exposed to low-angle winter sunlight (via windows) but insulated from heat loss. In summer the same thermal mass should be obscured from higher-angle summer sunlight in order to prevent overheating of the structure.
The thermal mass i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Globo H's biosynthetic pathway is involved in the synthesis pathways of other globo-series glycosphingolipid antigens that are also specific to cancer cells, including stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA3) and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA4). The biosynthetic pathway of these antigens includes the enzym... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of UCP2 and UCP3 on ATP concentrations varies depending on cell type. For example, pancreatic beta cells experience a decrease in ATP concentration with increased activity of UCP2. This is associated with cell degeneration, decreased insulin secretion, and type II diabetes. Conversely, UCP2 in hippocampus ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nickel-based superalloys, regions of NiAl (called γ' phase) precipitate out of the nickel-rich matrix (called γ phase) to give high strength and creep resistance. Many alloy formulations are available and they usually include other elements, such as chromium, molybdenum, and iron, in order to improve various propert... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It is approximately equal to the atomic (also known as isotopic) mass of the atom expressed in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product—consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Autopharmacology relates to the scientific study of the regulation of body functions by the activity of its naturally existent (or endogenous) chemical factors of the tissues. A more restricted definition would consider substances that were first identified as external agents which had a documented action on physiologi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The histone tail extensions constitute up to 30% by mass of histones, but are not visible in the crystal structures of nucleosomes due to their high intrinsic flexibility, and have been thought to be largely unstructured. The N-terminal tails of histones H3 and H2B pass through a channel formed by the minor grooves of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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