text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Consider the simple three step pathway:
where and are fixed boundary species, the control equations for this pathway can be derived in a similar manner to the simple two step pathway although it is somewhat more tedious.
where D the denominator is given by
Note that every term in the numerator appears in the denomina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the north-west of Germany, a series of closure works have been implemented. Initially, the primary aims of these closures were land reclamation and protection against flooding. Subsequently, the focus shifted towards safety and ecological conservation. Closures took place in Meldorf (1978), Nordstrander Bucht (Husum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiofrequency Echographic Multi Spectrometry (REMS) is a non-ionizing technology for osteoporosis diagnosis and for fracture risk assessment. REMS processes the raw, unfiltered ultrasound signals acquired during an echographic scan of the axial sites, femur and spine. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stopped-flow is an experimental technique for studying chemical reactions with a half time of the order of 1 ms, introduced by Britton Chance and extended by Quentin Gibson (Other techniques, such as the temperature-jump method, are available for much faster processes.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
and , with constants and and rate equations ; and
The integrated rate equations are then ; and
One important relationship in this case is | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In iron ore smelting, haematite gets reduced at the top of the furnace, where temperature is in the range 600 – 700 °C. The Ellingham diagram indicates that in this range carbon monoxide acts as a stronger reducing agent than carbon since the process
:2 CO + → 2
has a more-negative free energy change than the proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A viruss host range determines which host it can acquire AMGs from. Additionally, the abundance of a host surrounding a virus will affect its likelihood to acquire genes from the host. Virus populations increasingly occupy lytic lifestyles as bacterial production increases. The strong evolutionary connection between vi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Considering a plane wave the electron quantum parameter can be rewritten using this relation between electric and magnetic fields:where is the wavevector of the plane wave and the wavevector magnitude. Inserting this expression in the formula of :where the vectorial identity was used. Elaborating the expression:Sinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The notion of chromium as a potential regulator of glucose metabolism began in the 1950s when Walter Mertz and his co-workers performed a series of experiments controlling the diet of rats. The experimenters subjected the rats to a chromium deficient diet, and witnessed an inability of the organisms to respond effectiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 695-700 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P700/ P700+•. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Instrumentation of supercritical fluid chromatography SFC has a similar setup to an HPLC instrument. The stationary phases are similar, and are packed inside similar column types. However, there are special features in these systems, because of the need to keep the mobile phase at supercritical fluidic state over the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Voitenko compressor is a shaped charge adapted from its original purpose of piercing thick steel armour to the task of accelerating shock waves. It was proposed by Anatoly Emelyanovich Voitenko (Анатолий Емельянович Войтенко), a Soviet scientist, in 1964. It slightly resembles a wind tunnel.
The Voitenko compressor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each endocytic pathway focuses on a particular component, and FEME is primarily involved in transporting receptors. These include receptors for acetylcholine and IL-2. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A small fraction of electrons leave the electron transport chain before reaching complex IV. Premature electron leakage to oxygen results in the formation of superoxide. The relevance of this otherwise minor side reaction is that superoxide and other reactive oxygen species are highly toxic and are thought to play a ro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In another case, the stereoelectronic effect can result in an increased contribution of one resonance structure over another, which leads to further consequences in reactivity. For 1,4-benzoquinone monoxime, there are significant differences in the physical properties and reactivities between C2-C3 double bond and C5-C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since its introduction by Nicholas Bodor in the late 1970s, the soft drug concept generated considerable research both in academic and in industrial settings. Bodor defined soft drugs as biologically active, therapeutically useful chemical compounds characterized by a predictable and controllable in vivo metabolism to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid state NMR spectroscopy has been very useful in determining the structure of amorphous solids. Bioactive glasses have been studied by Si and P solid state MAS NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift from MAS NMR is indicative of the type of chemical species present in the glass. The Si MAS NMR spectroscopy showed tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemistry of the subsurface ocean of Europa may be Earthlike. The subsurface ocean of Enceladus vents hydrogen and carbon dioxide to space. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subcooling may also be produced by superheating the gas leaving the evaporator and heading to the gas compressor. These systems withdraw heat from the liquid line and heat up the gas compressor's suction line. This is a very common solution to insure that gas reaches the compressor and liquid reaches the valve. It also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titanium aluminide (chemical formula TiAl), commonly gamma titanium, is an intermetallic chemical compound. It is lightweight and resistant to oxidation and heat, but has low ductility. The density of γ-TiAl is about 4.0 g/cm. It finds use in several applications including aircraft, jet engines, sporting equipment and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, sediments with the highest organic carbon contents were frequently found in areas with high surface water productivity or those with low bottom-water oxygen concentrations. 90% of organic carbon burial occurs in deposits of deltas and continental shelves and upper slopes; this is due partly to short expo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyrohydrolysis based acid regeneration processes produce a considerable amount of stack emissions containing HCl, particles and chlorine, which has led to numerous violations of the U.S. clean air act in the past. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Precondition for repetitious manufacturing of porous glass is the knowledge about structure determining and structure controlling parameters. The composition of the initial glass is a structure controlling parameter. The manufacturing of the initial glass, mainly the cooling process, the temperature and time of thermal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Muon beams are classified into three types based on the energy of the muons being produced: high-energy, surface or "Arizona", and ultra-slow muon beams.
High-energy muon beams are formed by the pions escaping the production target at high energies. They are collected over a certain solid angle by quadrupole magnets an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, organometallic compounds are considered to contain the M-C-H group. The metal (M) in these species can either be a main group element or a transition metal. Operationally, the definition of an organometallic compound is more relaxed to include also highly lipophilic complexes such as metal carbonyls and even... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemists have long been interested in mimicking chemical processes in nature. Coordination cages quickly became a hot topic as they can be made by self-assembly, a tool of chemistry in nature. The conceptualization of a closed-surface molecule capable of incorporating a guest was described by Donald Cram in 1985. Early... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his time at the University of Wisconsin, Stork kept a steak on his windowsill in the winter in order to keep it refrigerated. The steak began to degrade and to dispose of it Stork put it in a hot acid bath used to clean glassware which contained nitric and sulphuric acids. He was then concerned he would produce ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to monosilylate a symmetrical diol, although this is known to be problematic occasionally. For example, the following monosilylation was reported:
However, it turns out that this reaction is hard to repeat. If the reaction were controlled solely by thermodynamics, and if the dianion is of similar reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chloridometers are used to determine the concentration of chloride ions in biological fluids. For example, fish plasma chloride ion concentration is measured to gauge the effects of stress on osmoregulation in aquacultures. A small quantity of plasma (10 μL) combined with an acid reagent results in a chemical reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA-targeting small molecule drug discovery has greatly benefitted from the available cellular models for disease. The use of cell culture in early development has become a requirement for assessing the basic efficacy of a drug candidate. Thus, more research groups have implemented these techniques in their programs. I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a velocimetry method i.e. a technique to measure velocities and trajectories of moving objects. In fluid mechanics research these objects are neutrally buoyant particles that are suspended in fluid flow. As the name suggests, individual particles are tracked, so this technique is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyridine has a conjugated system of six π electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the Hückel criteria for aromatic systems. In contrast to benzene, the electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect of the nitrogen atom.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ANSYS Inc., 2007. Release 11 Documentation for ANSYS Workbench.
*Cermak, J.E., 2003. Wind-tunnel development and trends in applications to civil engineering. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 91 (3), 355–370.
*Cermak, J.E., Cochran, L.S., 1992. Physical modeling of the atmospheric surface layer. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A major function of the thylakoid membrane and its integral photosystems is the establishment of chemiosmotic potential. The carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electron's energy to actively transport protons from the stroma to the lumen. During photosynthesis, the lumen becomes acidic, as low as p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation (, named for Joseph Valentin Boussinesq) is used in the field of buoyancy-driven flow (also known as natural convection). It ignores density differences except where they appear in terms multiplied by , the acceleration due to gravity. The essence of the Boussinesq approx... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles are the models for household heat pumps and refrigerators. There is no difference between the two except the purpose of the refrigerator is to cool a very small space while the household heat pump is intended to warm or cool a house. Both work by moving heat from a cold space to a warm sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of virus genera are transmitted, both persistently and non-persistently, by soil borne zoosporic protozoa. These protozoa are not phytopathogenic themselves, but parasitic. Transmission of the virus takes place when they become associated with the plant roots. Examples include Polymyxa graminis, which has been... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The preferred scenario for good tilth is as the result of natural soil-building processes, provided by the activity of plant roots, microorganisms, earthworms and other beneficial organisms. Such stable aggregates break apart during tillage/planting and readily provide good tilth. Soil biota and organic matter work in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within the eye, it is difficult to achieve therapeutic concentrations through systemic administration. Often, other parts of the body will reach toxic levels of the medication before the eye reaches the treatment concentration. Consequently, direct administration through the fibrous tunic is common. This is made diffic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is an operational blacksmith shop with an operating line shaft setup powered by a 15-horsepower 1917 Mogul gasoline engine. During the show days, there are multiple forges lit, and multiple blacksmiths can be found working pieces of iron into many different things. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Muscle tissue engineering is a subset of the general field of tissue engineering, which studies the combined use of cells and scaffolds to design therapeutic tissue implants. Within the clinical setting, muscle tissue engineering involves the culturing of cells from the patients own body or from a donor, development of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thionyl chloride is mainly used in the industrial production of organochlorine compounds, which are often intermediates in pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. It usually is preferred over other reagents, such as phosphorus pentachloride, as its by-products (HCl and ) are gaseous, which simplifies purification of the pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ionization in the cathode dark space results in a high electron density, but slower electrons, making it easier for the electrons to recombine with positive ions, leading to intense light, through a process called bremsstrahlung radiation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eshelby was clear and amusing as a lecturer, and prepared his lectures with great care, but was not keen on doing experimental work. He was well versed in Sanskrit (among other classical languages) and was an avid second-hand book buyer.
Eshelby died on 10 December 1981. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis, and historically it was used as a treatment.
Vitamin D supplementation in low doses (400 to 1000... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An mRNA molecule is said to be monocistronic when it contains the genetic information to translate only a single protein chain (polypeptide). This is the case for most of the eukaryotic mRNAs. On the other hand, polycistronic mRNA carries several open reading frames (ORFs), each of which is translated into a polypeptid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasmids are double-stranded extra chromosomal and generally circular DNA sequences that are capable of replication using the host cells replication machinery. Plasmid vectors minimalistically consist of an origin of replication that allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host. Plasmids are found... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The light harvesting materials employed in biological photovoltaic devices can be categorised by their complexity; more complex materials are typically less efficient but more robust. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chaotic advection, a fluid particle travels within a large region, and encounters other particles that were initially far from it. One can then consider that a particle is mixed with particles that travel within the same region. However, the region covered by a trajectory does not always span the whole fluid domain.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cathodic arc deposition
* Electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD)
* Ion plating
* Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD)
* Magnetron sputtering
* Pulsed laser deposition
* Sputter deposition
* Vacuum deposition
* Vacuum evaporation, evaporation (deposition)
* Pulsed electron deposition (PED) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. The rule is based on the fact that the valence orbitals in the electron configuration of transition metals consist of five (n−1)d orbitals... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many other important measures of probability distance. Some of these are particularly connected with relative entropy. For example:
* The total-variation distance, . This is connected to the divergence through Pinskers inequality: Pinskers inequality is vacuous for any distributions where , since the total v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generating data on RNA transcripts can be achieved via either of two main principles: sequencing of individual transcripts (ESTs, or RNA-Seq) or hybridisation of transcripts to an ordered array of nucleotide probes (microarrays). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Enerkem from Canada produces renewable Methanol with a capacity of 100 000 t/a. The methanol is produced from municipal solid waste.
* Celanese announced in May 2021 the plan to produce methanol from CO at site Clear Lake, Texas. Herefore 180 000 tons of CO per year shall be used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steel which utilizes the EPS process to remove surface scale shows few differences from steel which utilizes acid pickling to remove surface scale. "Downstream" industrial processes such as galvanizing, cold reducing and painting of EPS-processed steel strip show it to be interchangeable with acid-pickled steel strip. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Various pharmaceutical and academic groups have conducted the synthesis of nonsteroidal compounds that inhibit human 5α-reductases due to the unwanted hormonal side effects of steroidal compounds. Nonsteroidal inhibitors can be categorized due to their structure. Many have been obtained from azasteroid inhibitors by ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electroporation is a method that uses short pulses of high voltage to carry DNA across the cell membrane. This shock is thought to cause temporary formation of pores in the cell membrane, allowing DNA molecules to pass through. Electroporation is generally efficient and works across a broad range of cell types. However... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*For the Canadian legal classification, see [https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/index.html Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]
* For the UK legal classification, see Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
* For the US legal classification, see
* Pregnancy category is defined using a variety of s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gauckler–Manning coefficient, often denoted as , is an empirically derived coefficient, which is dependent on many factors, including surface roughness and sinuosity. When field inspection is not possible, the best method to determine is to use photographs of river channels where has been determined using Gauckle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agricultural practices such as allowing livestock to graze near water bodies, spreading manure as fertilizer on fields during wet periods, using sewage sludge biosolids and allowing livestock watering in streams can all contribute to fecal coliform contamination. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diamond cubic crystal structure occurs for example diamond (carbon), tin, and most semiconductors. There are 8 atoms in the cubic unit cell. We can consider the structure as a simple cubic with a basis of 8 atoms, at positions
But comparing this to the FCC above, we see that it is simpler to describe the structure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The right-end hairpin of MVM contains 248 nucleotides organized into a cruciform shape. This region is almost perfectly basepaired, with just three unpaired bases at the axis and a mismatched region positioned 20 nucleotides from the axis. A three nucleotide insertion, AGA or TCT, on one strand separates opposing pairs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Finding a suitable nanoscale motor capable of autonomous, unidirectional, linear motion is considered important to the development of DNA nanotechnology. The walkers have been shown to be capable of autonomous motion over linear, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional DNA tracks through a large number of schemes. In July 200... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dyes are immobilized on the column matrix effectively, since usually the dyes link to a monochlorotriazine or dichlorotriazine ring (triazine dye). This type of dyes works especially well on a support matrix with hydroxyl group. The commonly used supporting matrix would be cross-linked agarose (sepharose), sephadex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Student and Young Investigator Section of TERMIS (TERMIS-SYIS) brings together undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and young investigators in industry and academia related to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It follows the organizational and working pattern of TERMIS. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is conjectured that crystal nets may minimize entropy in the following sense. Suppose one is given an ensemble of uniformly discrete Euclidean graphs that fill space, with vertices representing atoms or molecular building blocks and with edges representing bonds or ligands, extending through all space to represent a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arsenic poisoning is caused by incidental ingestion or inhalation of arsenic, typically from drinking contaminated well water, eating food cooked in contaminated water, or being exposed to arsenic-containing pesticides, folk medicines, or industrial chemicals. The World Health Organization considers arsenic levels abov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A group of FeS ferredoxins, originally found in bacteria, has been termed "bacterial-type". Bacterial-type ferredoxins may in turn be subdivided into further groups, based on their sequence properties. Most contain at least one conserved domain, including four cysteine residues that bind to a [FeS] cluster. In Pyrococc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even when working with ordinary eukaryotic sequences such as the Yeast genome, it is often desired to be able to use alternative translation tables—namely for translation of the mitochondrial genes. Currently the following translation tables are defined by the NCBI Taxonomy Group for the translation of the sequences in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eurodoctorate is associated with the Chemistry Quality Eurolabels. As of 8 April 2013, 1 Eurodoctorate quality label was awarded. The label is intended for third cycle qualifications (i.e. doctoral degrees).
The Tuning Chemistry Subject Area Group (Tuning SAG) discussed with a working party of ECTN (European Chemistry ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The issues dealing with recovery of the often expensive catalyst after product formation poses a serious drawback for large-scale applications of homogeneous catalysis. Structures known as metallodendrimers combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, as they are soluble and well defined on the mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once the oligonucleotide library has been incubated with target for sufficient time, unbound oligonucleotides are washed away from immobilized target, often using the incubation buffer so that specifically bound oligonucleotides are retained. With unbound sequences washed away, the specifically bound sequences are then... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
fab immunoglobulin - facilitated diffusion - factor VIII - FADH - FADH2 - Fat - Fatty acid - fc immunoglobulin - fc receptor - feedback inhibition - fermentation - fetal protein - fibroblast growth factor - fibroblast growth factor receptor - fibronectin - Fick's law of diffusion - Filtration - fitness (biology) - fitn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among the most fundamental characteristics of a protein are the N- and C-termini defining the start and end of the polypeptide chain. While genetically encoded, protein termini isoforms are also often generated during translation, following which, termini are highly dynamic, being frequently trimmed at their ends by a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A possible mechanism for Leber's congenital amaurosis has been proposed as the deficiency of RPE65. Without the RPE65 protein, the RPE is unable to store retinyl esters, and the visual cycle is therefore interrupted. At the beginning stages of the disease, the cone cells are unaffected, as they can rely on the alternat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The autocorrelations above assume that the fluctuations are not due to changes in the fluorescent properties of the particles. However, for the majority of (bio)organic fluorophores—e.g. green fluorescent protein, rhodamine, Cy3 and Alexa Fluor dyes—some fraction of illuminated particles are excited to a triplet state ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Data-retrieval: the HIVE is capable of retrieving data from a variety of sources such as local, cloud-based or network storage, sequencing instruments, and from http, ftp and sftp repositories. Additionally, HIVE implements the sophisticated handshake protocols with existing large scale data platforms such as NIH/NCBI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The influx of micrometeoroids also contributes to the composition of regolith (planetary/lunar soil) on other bodies in the Solar System. Mars has an estimated annual micrometeoroid influx of between 2,700 and 59,000 t/yr. This contributes to about 1 m of micrometeoritic content to the depth of the Martian regolith eve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM-IR enables nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, i.e. the ability to obtain infrared absorption spectra from nanoscale regions of a sample.
Chemical compositional mapping AFM-IR can also be used to perform chemical imaging or compositional mapping with spatial resolution down to ~10-20 nm, limited only by the radius of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equation of state given here (PV = nRT) applies only to an ideal gas, or as an approximation to a real gas that behaves sufficiently like an ideal gas. There are in fact many different forms of the equation of state. Since the ideal gas law neglects both molecular size and intermolecular attractions, it is most acc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Where land is in short supply sewage may be treated by injection of oxygen into a pressured return sludge stream which is injected into the base of a deep columnar tank buried in the ground. Such shafts may be up to deep and are filled with sewage liquor. As the sewage rises the oxygen forced into solution by the pres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electrophoretic SCODA force is gentle enough to maintain the integrity of high molecular weight DNA as it is concentrated towards the center of the SCODA gel. Depending on the length of the DNA in the sample different protocols can be used to concentrate DNA over 1 Mb in length. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical libraries are usually designed by chemists and chemoinformatics scientists and synthesized by organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. The method of chemical library generation usually depends on the project and there are many factors to consider when using rational methods to select screening compounds. Typ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A PLIF setup consists of a source of light (usually a laser), an arrangement of lenses to form a sheet, fluorescent medium, collection optics and a detector. The light from the source, illuminates the medium, which then fluoresces. This signal is captured by the detector and can be related to the various properties of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agarose gel is a three-dimensional matrix formed of helical agarose molecules in supercoiled bundles that are aggregated into three-dimensional structures with channels and pores through which biomolecules can pass. The 3-D structure is held together with hydrogen bonds and can therefore be disrupted by heating back to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyimide foam is a foam originally designed for NASA by Inspec Foams Inc. under the brand name Solimide. Its primary purposes are as an insulator (such as for rocket fuels) and acoustic damper. NASA engineered the product to have relatively low outgassing (a problem in vacuum and aboard spacecraft), desirable thermal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest method to measure the electrical resistance of a sample of some material is to place it in an electrical circuit in series with a current source I and measure the resulting voltage V across the sample. The resistance of the sample is given by Ohms law as R = V / I'. If the voltage is zero, this means that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering.
It is most often used to prevent rust, but is also commonly applied to the ends of st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Protection: Cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from chemical injury
*Immunity to infection: Enables the immune system to recognize and selectively attack foreign organisms
*Defense against cancer: Changes in the glycocalyx of cancerous cells enable the immune system to recognize and destroy them.
*Transplant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission. It was found that patients with bipolar disorder had lower GABA levels, which results in excitotoxicity and can cause apoptosis (cell loss). Lithium has been shown to increase the level of GABA in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The radical-pair mechanism explains how a magnetic field can affect reaction kinetics by affecting electron spin dynamics. Most commonly demonstrated in reactions of organic compounds involving radical intermediates, a magnetic field can speed up a reaction by decreasing the frequency of reverse reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants or living things that have been altered at a genomic level by scientists to improve the organisms characteristics. These characteristics include providing new vaccines for humans, increasing nutrients supplies, and creating unique plastics. They may also be able to grow ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ehrlich and Raven's paper was highly influential on a generation of biologists and contributed to the explosion of research on plant-insect interactions and chemical ecology. The theory of escape and radiate coevolution purports to explain why we see such vast biological diversity on earth. After the organism escapes, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since a variety of systems have been investigated, a study was done to investigate the individual adsorption of a mixed solution. This phenomenon is also called competitive adsorption because solutes tend to compete for the same adsorption sites. In the experiment conducted by Rosene and Manes, the competitive adsorpti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bodenstein number (abbreviated Bo, named after Max Bodenstein) is a dimensionless parameter in chemical reaction engineering, which describes the ratio of the amount of substance introduced by convection to that introduced by diffusion. Hence, it characterises the backmixing in a system and allows statements whethe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, there has not been any volume use for scrap tires other than burning that has been able to keep up with the volume of waste generated yearly. Tires produce the same energy as petroleum and approximately 25% more energy than coal. Burning tires is lower on the hierarchy of reducing waste than recycling, bu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French molecular biologists François Jacob and Jacques Monod became the first to explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli. In the absence of lactose, the constitutively expressed lac repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liesegang rings () are a phenomenon seen in many, if not most, chemical systems undergoing a precipitation reaction under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of convection. Rings are formed when weakly soluble salts are produced from reaction of two soluble substances, one of which is dissolved in a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.