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On 21 November 1879, Lancashire chemist John Hargreaves canvassed a meeting of chemists and managers in Widnes, St Helens and Runcorn to consider the formation of a chemical society. Modelled on the successful Tyne Chemical Society already operating in Newcastle, the newly proposed South Lancashire Chemical Society hel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stereoisomers have the same atoms or isotopes connected by bonds of the same type, but differ in their shapes – the relative positions of those atoms in space – apart from rotations and translations.
In theory, one can imagine any arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule or ion to be gradually changed to any oth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary minerals are the minerals that crystalize during the formation of Earths crust, and their typical δSi isotopic value is in the range of −0.9‰ – +1.4‰. Earths crust is constantly undergoing weathering processes, which dissolve Si and produce secondary Si minerals simultaneously. The formation of secondary Si dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first step should always be an investigation to determine the cause of the deterioration. The general principles of repair include arresting and preventing further degradation; treating exposed steel reinforcement; and filling fissures or holes caused by cracking or left after the loss of spalled or damaged concret... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water rockets use compressed air to power their water jet and generate thrust, they are used as toys.
Air Hogs, a toy brand, also uses compressed air to power piston engines in toy airplanes (and some other toy vehicles). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance. The van der Waals force ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The spectroscopic notation of molecules uses Greek letters to represent the modulus of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis.
The quantum number that represents this angular momentum is Λ.
: Λ = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
: Symbols: Σ, Π, Δ, Φ
For Σ states, one denotes if there is a reflection in a plane contai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating ribonucleotides, the fundamental molecules that com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloride is an anion in the human body needed for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy). It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serum chloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys.
Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
INT (iodonitrotetrazolium or 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium) is a commonly used tetrazolium salt (usually prepared with chloride ions), similar to tetrazolium chloride that on reduction produces a red formazan dye that can be used for quantitative redox assays. It is also toxic to prokaryot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This scan uses reverse-geometry (BE-type) instruments. These instruments use a front-end magnetic sector that allows for exclusive mass selection of the precursor ion. The fragmentation region is in-between the two analyzers. The electric sector scan gives the product-ion spectrum. MIKES can also be used for direct mea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kirchhoff also worked in the mathematical field of graph theory, in which he proved Kirchhoff's matrix tree theorem. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When transcription is arrested by the presence of a lesion in the transcribed strand of a gene, DNA repair proteins are recruited to the stalled RNA polymerase to initiate a process called transcription-coupled repair. Central to this process is the general transcription factor TFIIH that has ATPase activity. TFIIH cau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science, Ostwalds rule or Ostwalds step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.
This can be explained on the basis of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cis-regulatory element called the GAIT element is involved in the selective translational silencing of the Ceruloplasmin transcript.
The silencing requires binding of a cytosolic inhibitor complex called IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) to the GAIT element. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethers serve as Lewis bases. For instance, diethyl ether forms a complex with boron trifluoride, i.e. borane diethyl etherate (). Ethers also coordinate to the Mg center in Grignard reagents. Tetrahydrofuran is more basic than acyclic ethers. It forms with many complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* pnictochalcogenides
** oxypnictides, including oxynitrides, oxyphosphides, oxyarsenides, oxyantimonides, oxybismuthides
* chalcohalides or chalcogenide halides
** oxohalides, including oxyfluorides, oxychlorides, oxybromides, oxyiodides
** fluorosulfides
** sulfide chlorides, selenide chlorides, telluride chlorides
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Completed genome sequences allow every open reading frame (ORF), the part of a gene that is likely to contain the sequence for the messenger RNA and protein, to be cloned and expressed as protein. These proteins are then purified and crystallized, and then subjected to one of two types of structure determination: X-ray... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first efforts that can be considered photogeochemical research can be traced to the "formaldehyde hypothesis" of Adolf von Baeyer in 1870, in which formaldehyde was proposed to be the initial product of plant photosynthesis, formed from carbon dioxide and water through the action of light on a green leaf. This sugg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin D is produced photochemically from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals, including humans. The precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities. 7-Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. These wavelengths are present in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymers such as PMMA and HEMA:MMA are used as matrices in the gain medium of solid-state dye lasers, also known as solid-state dye-doped polymer lasers. These polymers have a high surface quality and are also highly transparent so that the laser properties are dominated by the laser dye used to dope the polymer matrix... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolic rates in lakes and reservoirs are controlled by many environmental factors, such as light and nutrient availability, temperature, and water column mixing regimes. Thus, spatial and temporal changes in those factors cause spatial and temporal variability in metabolic rates, and each of those factors affect met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sufficiently dense matter containing protons experiences proton degeneracy pressure, in a manner similar to the electron degeneracy pressure in electron-degenerate matter: protons confined to a sufficiently small volume have a large uncertainty in their momentum due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. However, bec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the early work of Hillhouse focused on early-transition metal chemistry, his later career efforts were dedicated towards base metals. For example, in 2001 Hillhouse and co-workers synthesized a complex that refuted the notion that it was impossible for late transition metals like nickel to form multiple bonds wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a closed tube.
It belongs to a class of meters called variable-area flowmeters, which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing a measurable effect. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis reported by Bodwell/Li (racemic, 2002) was a formal synthesis as it produced a compound already prepared by Rawal (no. 5 in the Rawal synthesis). The key step was an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of cyclophane 1 by heating in N,N-diethylaniline (dinitrogen is expulsed) followed by reduction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method relies on phase separation by centrifugation of a mixture of the aqueous sample and a solution containing water-saturated phenol and chloroform, resulting in an upper aqueous phase and a lower organic phase (mainly phenol). Guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, is added to the organic phase to aid in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several software tools available for RNA velocity analysis.Each of these tools has its own strengths and applications, so the choice of tool would depend on the specific requirements of your analysis: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some synthetic macromolecules, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers, and other assemblies, have molecular weights extending into the thousands or tens of thousands, where most ionization techniques have difficulty producing molecular ions. MALDI is a simple and fast analytical method t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A lamella (: lamellae) in biology refers to a thin layer, membrane or plate of tissue. This is a very broad definition, and can refer to many different structures. Any thin layer of organic tissue can be called a lamella and there is a wide array of functions an individual layer can serve. For example, an intercellular... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to the Nobel Prize, his awards and distinctions include Sloan Fellow (1969); Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975); Fellow Am. Phys. Soc. (1976); Guggenheim Fellow (1977); Member National Academy of Sciences (1979); Member International Academy of Science, Munich, Member Academia Sinica (19... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the fluid density is time-invariant at all points within the flow, i.e.,
then the continuity equation (e.g., see Continuity equation#Fluid dynamics) for two-dimensional plane flow becomes
In this case the stream function is defined such that
and represents the mass flux (rather than volumetric flux) per unit thickn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leishmania tarentolae (cannot infect mammals) expression systems allow stable and lasting production of proteins at high yield, in chemically defined media. Produced proteins exhibit fully eukaryotic post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AMCA testing laboratory is an A2LA accredited laboratory that tests air control and air movement devices for members of the air control and air movement industry.
The AMCA lab comprises the following:
* Four Reverberant Sound Rooms ranging in size from 6,300 cu.ft. to 61,700 cu.ft.
* Two Water Test Facilities with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the measurement of the diversity of fragmentomic features, the PFE metric, derived from Shannons Index of entropy, is developed. The default number of 201 bins of lengths 100 to 300 are used for density estimation by the maximum likelihood method. The probability of having a fragment with size , () is computed by t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Singlet and triplet carbenes exhibit divergent reactivity.
Triplet carbenes are diradicals, and participate in stepwise radical additions. Triplet carbene addition necessarily involves (at least one) intermediate with two unpaired electrons.
Singlet carbenes can (and do) react as electrophiles, nucleophiles, or amb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An off-line process is characterized by the fact that the system to be cleaned has to be taken out of operation in order to inject the cleaning body(ies) and to execute the cleaning procedure. An additional distinction must be made between active and passive cleaning bodies.
Passive cleaning bodies may be a matter of b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biodegradable additives may be added to polymers to accelerate their degradation. In the case of photo-oxidation OXO-biodegradation additives are used. These are transition metal salts such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co). Fe complexes increase the rate of photooxidation by promoting the homolysis of hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Staying in the U.S., Cheon was a postdoc in the University of California Berkeley. For the next three years, he was a staff research associate at UCLA before returning to Korea to work as an assistant and then associate professor at KAIST. His research at KAIST focused on geometrical shape control of nanoparticles and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resistance to mefloquine is common around the west border in Cambodia and other parts of Southeast Asia. The mechanism of resistance is by increase in Pfmdr1 copy number. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes the term point mutation is used to describe insertions or deletions of a single base pair (which has more of an adverse effect on the synthesized protein due to the nucleotides' still being read in triplets, but in different frames: a mutation called a frameshift mutation). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that is developed to treat certain rare medical conditions. An orphan drug would not be profitable to produce without government assistance, due to the small population of patients affected by the conditions. The conditions that orphan drugs are used to treat are referred to as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inorganic Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society since 1962. It covers research in all areas of inorganic chemistry.
The current editor-in-chief is Stefanie Dehnen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quenching process produces a high strength bar from inexpensive low carbon steel. The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and simultaneously begins to temper the quenched layers using the heat from the bar's core.
Steel billets 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aquatic invertebrates, most popularly the larvae of the caddis fly sp., are responsive to climate change, low levels of pollution and temperature change. As a result, they have the longest history of use in biomonitoring programs. Additionally, macroscopic species: frogs, fish, and some plant species, as well as, many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Executive Committee of the IIR handles the administrative and financial aspects of the daily running of the IIR, and meets once per year. It includes one delegate per member country, a president and three to six vice-presidents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For an enzyme immobilised on an electrode, the value of the current at a certain potential equates , where is the number of electrons exchanged in the catalytic reaction, is the electrode surface, is the electroactive coverage, and TOF is the turnover frequency (or "turnover number"), that is, the number of substrat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FeMo cofactor is a cluster with composition FeMoSC. Fe is the chemical symbol for the element iron (ferrum), and Mo is the symbol for molybdenum. This large cluster can be viewed as two subunits composed of one FeS (iron(III) sulfide) cluster and one MoFeS cluster. The two clusters are linked by three sulfide ligan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earths atmosphere. The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to methane emissions, and is causing climate change. Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases. Methanes radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct, and it is the second largest contribu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of all the radiation-based chemical reactions that have been studied, the most important is the decomposition of water. When exposed to radiation, water undergoes a breakdown sequence into hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen radicals, and assorted oxygen compounds, such as ozone, which when converted back into oxygen releases ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Among these four moisture condition of aggregates, saturated surface dry is the condition that has the most applications in laboratory experiments, researches and studies, especially these related to water absorption, composition ratio or shrinkage test in materials like concrete. For many related experiments, a satura... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One major area of application for microfluidic devices is the separation and sorting of different fluids or cell types. Recent developments in the microfluidics field have seen the integration of microfluidic devices with magnetophoresis: the migration of particles by a magnetic field. This can be accomplished by sendi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed that when light with sufficient frequency hits a metallic surface, the surface emits cathode rays. Ten years later, J. J. Thomson showed that the many reports of cathode rays were actually "corpuscles" and they quickly came to be called electrons. In 1902, Philipp Lenard discovered tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloroeremomycin is composed of seven amino acids (three non-proteinogenic, and four proteinogenic) and three saccharide units. From N-terminus to C-terminus, the order is: Me--Leu, -Tyr, -Asn, -4-hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG), -HPG, -Tyr, and -3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). When referring to specific amino acids, thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While all the metals of antiquity but tin and lead occur natively, only gold and silver are commonly found as the native metal.
* Gold and silver occur frequently in their native form
* Mercury compounds are reduced to elemental mercury simply by low-temperature heating (500 °C).
* Tin and iron occur as oxides and can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hydrogencarbonate indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is bei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple example can illustrate the concept. Consider the situation in which a slurry is flowing into a settling tank to remove the solids in the tank. Solids are collected at the bottom by means of a conveyor belt partially submerged in the tank, and water exits via an overflow outlet.
In this example, there are two s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
COLACRO (Congreso Latinoamericano de Cromatografia) Merit Medal; Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award; Eastern Analytical Symposium Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry; Tracy M. Sonneborn Award for Outstanding Research and Teaching, Indiana University; Dal Nogare Award in Chromatog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ex situ conservation (literally "off-site conservation") is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat. For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of plant biomass to water lost by transpiration, can be defined either at the leaf, at the whole plant or a population/stand/field level:
*leaf level : photosynthetic water-use efficiency (also called instantaneous water-use efficiency WUE), which is defined as the ratio o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSOSR'. Thiosulfonate esters are produced by oxidation of disulfides or the nucleophilic attack of thiolates on organosulfonyl halides.
Alkali metal thiosulfonates are the conjugate base of thiosulfuric acid. They are prepared by the reaction of organosulfonyl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPIC-seq inherits the advantages of high-throughput sequencing: fast sequencing times, high scalability, higher sequencing depths, lower costs, and low error rates. Another advantage of EPIC-seq is that it is non-invasive. This also eliminates the risks of invasive methods done over risky tissues and allows scientists ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N NMR has complications not encountered in H and C NMR spectroscopy. The 0.36% natural abundance of N results in a major sensitivity penalty. Sensitivity is made worse by its low gyromagnetic ratio (γ = −27.126 × 10 Ts), which is 10.14% that of H. The signal-to-noise ratio for H is about 300-fold greater than N at th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Melanocytes are commonly known as cells that are responsible for producing the pigment melanin which gives coloration to the hair, skin, and nails. The exact mechanisms of how exactly melanocytes become cancerous are relatively unclear, but there is ongoing research to gain more information about the process. For examp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Experimentation with respiratory oxidase inhibitors (for instance, cyanide) on unicellular algae has revealed interactive pathways to be present between chloroplasts and mitochondria. Metabolic pathways responsible for photosynthesis are present in chloroplasts, whereas respiratory metabolic pathways are present in mit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Years of research and experience with the unusual conditions of supersonic flow have led to some interesting conclusions about airfoil design. Considering a rectangular wing, the pressure at a point P with coordinates (x,y) on the wing is defined only by the pressure disturbances originated at points within the upstrea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and their use spread very quickly for medical diagnostics, particularly broken bones and embedded foreign objects where they were a revolutionary improvement over previous techniques.
Due to the wide use of X-rays and the growing realisation of the dangers of ioniz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a given structure, the shear center is the point in space at which shear force could be applied without causing torsional deformation (e.g. twisting) of the cross-section of the structure. The shear center is an imaginary point, but does not vary with the magnitude of the shear force - only the cross-section of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation affects several properties.
# Bond length: Hyperconjugation is suggested as a key factor in shortening of sigma bonds (σ bonds). For example, the single C–C bonds in 1,3-butadiene and propyne are approximately 1.46 Å in length, much less than the value of around 1.54 Å found in saturated hydrocarbons. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blow-off panels are used in ammunition compartments of some tanks to protect the crew in case of ammunition explosion, turning a catastrophic kill into a lesser firepower kill. Blowout panels are installed in several modern main battle tanks, including the M1 Abrams.
In military ammunition storage, blowout panels are i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Defining a drag coefficient, , as the ratio of the force experienced by the particle divided by the impact pressure of the fluid, a coefficient that can be considered as the transfer of available fluid force into drag is established. In this region the inertia of the impacting fluid is responsible for the majority of f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, the transition temperature is the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state (allotrope) to another. More formally, it is the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance can co-exist in equilibrium. For example, when rhombic sulfur is heated above 95.6 °C, it change... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Renner-Teller effect is a phenomenon in molecular spectroscopy where a pair of electronic states that become degenerate at linearity are coupled by rovibrational motion.
The Renner-Teller effect is observed in the spectra of molecules that have electronic states that allow vibration through a linear configuration.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gem-diol intermediate cleaves at the C2-C3 bond to form one molecule of glycerate-3-phosphate and a negatively charged carboxylate. Stereo specific protonation of C2 of this carbanion results in another molecule of glycerate-3-phosphate. This step is thought to be facilitated by Lys175 or potentially the carbamylat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many carboxylic acids are produced industrially on a large scale. They are also frequently found in nature. Esters of fatty acids are the main components of lipids and polyamides of aminocarboxylic acids are the main components of proteins.
Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the ability of a surface to adsorb molecules onto its surface depends on energies of interaction, thermodynamics of adsorption can be used to understand the driving forces for adsorption. To measure the thermodynamics of polymer surfaces, contact angles are often used to easily obtain useful information. The th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tramadol can have pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacogenetic interactions.
Tramadol is metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes which contribute to the metabolism of approximately 25% of all medications. Any medications with the ability to inhibit or induce these enzymes may interact with tramadol. These include common... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enalapril is used to treat hypertension, symptomatic heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. ACE-inhibitors (including enalapril) have demonstrated ability to reduce the progression and worsening of existing chronic kidney disease in the presence of proteinuria/microalbuminuria (protein in the uri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Static devolatilizers include:
* Falling strand devolatilizers: Polymer is partitioned into many individual strands which fall down in a vacuum chamber. Diffusion moves volatiles into the gas phase, which are then collected via a vacuum system. This is usually the last stage of a devolatizing process, when vapor pressu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many industries such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and even medicine utilize levan in their products. One of the reasons levan is able to be used in such a versatile way is that it fulfills all safety guidelines. Levan does not cause any form of skin or eye irritation, has not shown any allergenic effects, and poses ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many ways to accurately manipulate single molecules. Prominent among these are optical or magnetic tweezers, atomic-force-microscope (AFM) cantilevers and acoustic force spectroscopy. In all of these techniques, a biomolecule, such as protein or DNA, or some other biopolymer has one end bound to a surface or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electroforming is a metal forming process in which parts are fabricated through electrodeposition on a model, known in the industry as a mandrel. Conductive (metallic) mandrels are treated to create a mechanical parting layer, or are chemically passivated to limit electroform adhesion to the mandrel and thereby allow i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some clinical circumstances, succinylcholine may be administered before and after a nondepolarising NMBA or two different nondepolarising NMBAs are administered in sequence. Combining different NMBAs can result in different degrees of neuromuscular block and management should be guided with the use of a neuromuscula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bias error in particle tracking discussed in the previous section is evident in the frequency domain, but it can be difficult to appreciate in cases where the particle motion is being tracked to perform flow field measurements (like in particle image velocimetry). A simple but insightful solution to the above-menti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enantioselective cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using chiral catalysts was first described in a seminal work by Allway and Grigg in 1991. This powerful method was further developed by Jørgensen and Zhang. These reactions generally use zinc, silver, copper, nickel, and calcium complexes.
Using chiral phosphine catal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With aqueous pK values of around 16–19, they are, in general, slightly weaker acids than water. With strong bases such as sodium hydride or sodium they form salts called alkoxides, with the general formula (where R is an alkyl and M is a metal).
The acidity of alcohols is strongly affected by solvation. In the gas pha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Aronson, S. and Ludlam, T.: [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/11327941 "Hunting the quark gluon plasma"], U.S. Dept. of Energy (2005)
* Letessier, Jean: [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4807502 Hadrons and quark-gluon plasma], Cambridge monographs on particle physics, nuclear physics, and cosmology (Vol. 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The deformation fields around large (over 1 μm) non-deformable particles are characterised by high dislocation densities and large orientation gradients and so are ideal sites for the development of recrystallization nuclei. This phenomenon, called particle stimulated nucleation (PSN), is notable as it provides one of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Total viable count (TVC), gives a quantitative estimate of the concentration of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast or mould spores in a sample. The count represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating serial tenfold dilutions of the sample until bet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical WorkBench can be used by researchers and engineers working in the following fields:
*General chemical kinetics and thermodynamics
*Kinetic mechanisms development
*Thin films growth for microelectronics
*Nanotechnology
*Catalysis and chemical engineering
*Combustion, detonation and pollution control
*Waste t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mond gas is a cheap coal gas that was used for industrial heating purposes. Coal gases are made by decomposing coal through heating it to a high temperature. Coal gases were the primary source of gas fuel during the 1940s and 1950s until the adoption of natural gas. They were used for lighting, heating, and cooking, ty... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first generation of the Edwards equation was
where k and k are the rate constants for a nucleophile and a standard (HO). H is a measure of the basicity of the nucleophile relative to protons, as defined by the equation:
where the pK is that of the conjugate acid of the nucleophile and the constant 1.74 is the corre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface roughness scattering or interface roughness scattering is the elastic scattering of particles against a rough solid surface or imperfect interface between two different materials. This effect has been observed in classical systems, such as microparticle scattering, as well as quantum systems, where it arises e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the diagram on the right, phytoplankton convert CO, which has dissolved from the atmosphere into the surface oceans (90 Gt yr), into particulate organic carbon (POC) during primary production (~ 50 Gt C yr). Phytoplankton are then consumed by copepods, krill and other small zooplankton grazers, which in turn are pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Walter Noddack (17 August 1893 – 7 December 1960) was a German chemist. He, Ida Tacke (who later married Noddack), and Otto Berg reported the discovery of element 43 and element 75 in 1925. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advantages of the copper–chlorine cycle include lower operating temperatures, the ability to use low-grade waste heat to improve energy efficiency, and potentially lower cost materials. In comparison with other thermochemical cycles, the Cu–Cl process requires relatively low temperatures of up to .
Another significant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because primers are designed to have low complementarity to each other, they may anneal (step I in the figure) only at low temperature, e.g. room temperature, such as during the preparation of the reaction mixture. Although DNA polymerases used in PCR are most active around 70 °C, they have some polymerizing activity a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andrée Marquet studied engineering at the École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris, then defended a thesis prepared at the Collège de France under the direction of Jean Jacques (1961), followed by a post-doctoral internship at the ETH in Zurich with Professor Duilio Arigoni. After a career at the CNRS, she was app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic apothecaries system consists of the units pound, ounce, and scruple from the classical Roman weight system, together with the originally Greek drachm and a new subdivision of the scruple into either 20 ("barley") or 24 ("wheat") grains (). In some countries other units of the original system remained in use, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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