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Marine outfalls for partially treated or untreated wastewater remain controversial. The design calculation and computer models for pollution modeling have been criticized, arguing that dilution has been overemphasized and that other mechanisms work in the opposite direction, such as bioaccumulation of toxins, sedimenta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bottles of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate buildup of internal pressure in sealed containers caused by its slow decomposition to di-tert-butyl carbonate and ultimately tert-butanol and CO in the presence of moisture. For this reason, it is usually sold and stored in plastic bottles rather than glass ones.
The main hazard of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of P700 consists of a heterodimer with two distinct chlorophyll molecules, most notably chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a’, giving it an additional name of “special pair”. Inevitably, however, the special pair of P700 behaves as if it were just one unit. This species is vital due to its ability to absorb li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The overall reaction catalyzed by ETF-QO is as follows:
ETF-QO(red) + ubiquinone ↔ ETF-QO(ox) + ubiquinol
Enzymatic activity is usually assayed spectrophotometrically by reaction with octanoyl-CoA as the electron donor and ubiquinone-1 as the electron acceptor. The enzyme can also be assayed via disproportionation of E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of natural products with neurotrophic activity, which results from several mechanisms including enhancing BDNF gene transcription, upregulating the expression of BDNF and TrkB, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and CREB signalling.
The first discovered non-protein neurotrophic natural p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isadore Perlman (April 12, 1915 – August 3, 1991) was an American nuclear chemist noted for his research of Alpha particle decay.
The National Academy of Sciences called Perlman "a world leader on the systematics of alpha decay".
He was also recognized for his research of nuclear structure of the heavy elements.
He was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, ionized impurity scattering is the scattering of charge carriers by ionization in the lattice. The most primitive models can be conceptually understood as a particle responding to unbalanced local charge that arises near a crystal impurity; similar to an electron encountering an electric field. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Albert Brahms (1692–1758)
*Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798)
*Henry Darcy (1803–1858)
*Julius Ludwig Weisbach (1806-1871)
*Robert Manning (1816–1897)
*Wilhelm Rudolf Kutter (1818–1888)
*Henri Bazin (1843–1917)
*Ludwig Prandtl (1875–1953)
*Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1883–1970)
*Albert Strickler (1887–1963)
*Cyril Frank ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pheromone programs are most effective when controlling low to moderate pest population densities. MD has also been identified as a pest control method in which the insect does not become resistant. The scientific community, together with governmental agencies throughout the world, understands the benefits of mating dis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclic salt is salt that is carried by the wind when it comes in contact with breaking waves. It is estimated that more than 300 million tons of cyclic salt is deposited on the Earths surface each year, and it is considered to be a significant factor in the chlorine content of the Earths river water. In general, cycli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Above the interface between the liquid and the surface, the pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure . At the meniscus interface, due to the surface tension, there is a pressure difference of , where is the pressure on the convex side; and is known as Laplace pressure. If the tube has a circular section of radius... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectrometers are kept at a very low temperature using helium as the coolant. This allows for minimal background flux in far-infrared readings. Some of the designs for the spectrometers may be simple, but even the frame is at its warmest less than 20 Kelvin. These devices are not commonly used as it is very expensive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Data resulting from toxicity studies that is integrated in to the ECOTOX database is subjected to a screening and quality assurance criteria developed by the EPA and the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). In order for study results to be accepted by the EPA and OPP the toxicity study must follow or consist of the foll... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A catalyst's function is to increase the speed of the electron transfer (redox) reaction. Plastocyanin is believed to work less like an enzyme where enzymes decrease the transition energy needed to transfer the electron. Plastocyanin works more on the principles of entatic states where it increases the energy of the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The danger of radiation from fallout also decreases rapidly with time due in large part to the exponential decay of the individual radionuclides. A book by Cresson H. Kearny presents data showing that for the first few days after the explosion, the radiation dose rate is reduced by a factor of ten for every seven-fold... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also in 2006 the group of Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo published a synthesis again bypassing shikimic acid.
An improved method published in 2007 starts with the enantioselective desymmetrization of aziridine 1 with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN) and a chiral catalyst to the azide 2. The amide group is pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pervious concrete has a common strength of though strengths up to can be reached. There is no standardized test for compressive strength. Acceptance is based on the unit weight of a sample of poured concrete using ASTM standard no. C1688. An acceptable tolerance for the density is plus or minus of the design density... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The developers of Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing have marketed it as a rapid, compact and economical sequencer that can be utilized in a large number of laboratories as a bench top machine. The company hopes that their system will take sequencing outside of specialized centers and into the reach of hospitals and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marine debris and marine aerosols refer to particulates suspended in a liquid, usually water on the Earth's surface. Particulates in water are a kind of water pollution measured as total suspended solids, a water quality measurement listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act, a water quality law. No... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TRMS is typically implemented to monitor processes that occur on second to millisecond time scale. However, there exist reports from studies in which sub-millisecond resolutions were achieved. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the reactants have been weighed out in the required amounts, they are mixed. For manual mixing of small quantities, usually an agate mortar and pestle are employed. Sufficient amount of some volatile organic liquid – preferably acetone or alcohol – is added to the mixture to aid homogenization. This forms a paste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA Pol II elongation promoters can be summarised in three classes:
# Drug/sequence-dependent arrest affected factors, e.g., SII (TFIIS) and P-TEFb protein families.
# Chromatin structure oriented factors. Based on histone post translational modifications – phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquination.
#:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A wide range of cellular secretions (say, a specific antibody or cytokine) can be detected using the ELISA technique. The number of cells which secrete those particular substances can be determined using a related technique, the ELISPOT assay. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the label on consumer products TarnX and Silver Dip, the liquid silver cleaning products contain thiourea along with a warning that thiourea is a chemical on California's list of carcinogens. A lixiviant for gold and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing thiourea, bypassing the steps of c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in the smog formati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One study in mice demonstrated dose-related carcinogenic potential at several different organ sites. The Food and Drug Administration in the US (FDA) has determined that gentian violet has not been shown by adequate scientific data to be safe for use in animal feed. Use of gentian violet in animal feed causes the feed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The catalytically active species is the anions cis-[Rh(CO)I] (top of scheme). The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to cis-[Rh(CO)I] to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH)Rh(CO)I]. This anion rapidly transforms, via the migration of a methyl group to an adjacent carbonyl ligand, aff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary physical advantage of thorium fuel is that it uniquely makes possible a breeder reactor that runs with slow neutrons, otherwise known as a thermal breeder reactor. These reactors are often considered simpler than the more traditional fast-neutron breeders. Although the thermal neutron fission cross section ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wood flour is commonly used as a filler in thermosetting resins such as bakelite, and in linoleum floor coverings. Wood flour is also the main ingredient in wood/plastic composite building products such as decks and roofs. Prior to 1920, wood flour was used as the filler in ¼-inch thick Edison Diamond Discs.
Wood flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nomenclature is based on [n × m] G, n corresponds to the number of ligands above the metal ion level, m the number below ones. In case of using only one ligand type, the homoleptic grid is formed in a square [nxn] structure. When using different ligands arise heteroleptic complexes, however, compete with the homole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical oxidation analysers inject the sample into a chamber with phosphoric acid followed by persulfate. The analysis is separated into two steps. One removes inorganic carbon by acidification and purging. After removal of inorganic carbon persulfate is added and the sample is either heated or bombarded with UV light... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Egyptian reliefs from 1500 BC depict siphons used to extract liquids from large storage jars.
Physical evidence for the use of siphons by Greeks are the Justice cup of Pythagoras in Samos in the 6th century BC and usage by Greek engineers in the 3rd century BC at Pergamon.
Hero of Alexandria wrote extensively about sip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper metallurgy in Africa encompasses the study of copper production across the continent and an understanding of how it influenced aspects of African archaeology. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Minze Stuiver (25 October 1929 – 26 December 2020) was a Dutch geochemist who was at the forefront of geoscience research from the 1960s until his retirement in 1998. He helped transform radiocarbon dating from a simple tool for archaeology and geology to a precise technique with applications in solar physics, oceanogr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current Medicinal Chemistry is indexed in the following databases:
*Chemical Abstracts Service/CASSI
*EMBASE
*EMBiology
*MEDLINE
*Science Citation Index Expanded
*Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 4.184, ranking it 16th out of 59 journals in the category "Chemist... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper mineral that contains copper, sodium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, its chemical formula is NaCu(CO)•3(HO). Chalconatronite is partially soluble in water, and only decomposes, although chalconatronite is soluble while cold, in dilute acids. The name comes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Film-forming agents are a group of chemicals that leave a pliable, cohesive, and continuous covering over the hair or skin when applied to their surface. This film has strong hydrophilic properties and leaves a smooth feel on skin.
Film-forming agents include polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), acrylates, acrylamides, and copo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Development of the Varian A-60 NMR Spectrometer in 1960, and the development of MRI by Paul Lauterbur at Stony Brook University in the 1970s | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initiation of transcription requires promoter regions, which are specific nucleotide consensus sequences that tell the σ-factor on RNA polymerase where to bind to the DNA. The promoters are usually located 15 to 19 bases apart and are most commonly found upstream of the genes they control. RNA polymerase is made up of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All the graphical symbols used in the SBGN languages are associated with an SBO term. This permits, for instance, to help generate SBGN maps from SBML models. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Melanopsin: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex, involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
*Photopsin: reception of various colors of light in the cone cells of vertebrate retina
*Rhodopsin: green-blue light reception in the rod cells of vertebrate retina
*Protein Kinase C: mediates photoreceptor deacti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially, the RNA or DNA of interest is purified and denoted as the input template (IT). The OTTR library preparation protocol require the IT is incubated with BoMoC, which uses terminal transferase or ‘tailing’ activity' to add a chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide base, ddRTP (ddATP or ddGTP), to the 3’ end of the I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A simple and widely used model for molecular interactions is the Hill equation, which provides a way to quantify cooperative binding by describing the fraction of saturated ligand binding sites as a function of the ligand concentration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) is a heterotrimeric protein complex that binds the 5' cap of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to promote eukaryotic translation initiation. The eIF4F complex is composed of three non-identical subunits: the DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, the cap-binding protein eIF4E, and the large "scaffold... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Conia-ene reaction is an intramolecular cyclization reaction between an enolizable carbonyl such as an ester or ketone and an alkyne or alkene, giving a cyclic product with a new carbon-carbon bond. As initially reported by J. M. Conia and P. Le Perchec, the Conia-ene reaction is a heteroatom ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion, Frank-Kamenetskii theory explains the thermal explosion of a homogeneous mixture of reactants, kept inside a closed vessel with constant temperature walls. It is named after a Russian scientist David A. Frank-Kamenetskii, who along with Nikolay Semenov developed the theory in the 1930s. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Its use in children is generally advised against, although it may be done under the supervision of a specialist. On 21 September 2015, the FDA started investigating the safety of tramadol in use in persons under the age of 17. The investigation was initiated because some of these people have experienced slowed or diffi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The interactions that lead to the assembly of the chlorophylls in chlorosomes are rather simple and the results may one day be used to build artificial photosynthetic systems that convert solar energy to electricity or biofuel. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humphrey Rang (born 1936) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1979 to 1983.
Rang qualified in medicine at UCL and had worked in H.O.Schilds laboratory while a medical student. He was the author of the first successful ligand-binding experiment of the modern era. This was based on his PhD work in Oxford, under William D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polywater was a hypothesized polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s, first described by Soviet scientist Nikolai Fedyakin. By 1969 the popular press had taken notice of Western attempts to recreate the substance and sparked fears of a "polywater gap" between ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkyl groups form homologous series. The simplest series have the general formula . Alkyls include methyl, (), ethyl (), propyl (), butyl (), pentyl (), and so on. Alkyl groups that contain one ring have the formula , e.g. cyclopropyl and cyclohexyl. The formula of alkyl radicals are the same as alkyl groups, except th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magneto-optic generalized ellipsometry (MOGE) is an advanced infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry technique for studying free charge carrier properties in conducting samples. By applying an external magnetic field it is possible to determine independently the density, the optical mobility parameter and the effective mas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*5'-nuclease TaqMan assay
*Exciton-controlled hybridization-sensitive fluorescent oligonucleotide (ECHO) probes.
*Dual Hybridization (LightCycler®) probes
*Scorpions® Probes
*LUX (Light Upon Extension) Probes
*DNA binding dye assays (e.g., SYBR Green, SYTO9, Melt Doctor, LCGreen Plus, etc.) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brown adipose tissue stores free fatty acids rather than triglycerides, and is especially abundant in newborn and hibernating mammals. Brown adipose tissue is involved in thermogenesis, and has a considerably higher glyceroneogenesis activity. Brown adipose tissue contains more glyceroneogenesis-related enzymes, in par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The silicon α and β effects arise because 3rd period heteroatoms can stabilize adjacent carbanions charges via (negative) hyperconjugation.
In the α effect, reactions that develop negative charge adjacent to the silicon, such as metalations, exhibit accelerated rates. The C–M σ orbital partially overlaps the C&... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Indigo carmine in a 0.2% aqueous solution is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Indigo carmine is also a redox indicator, turning yellow upon reduction. Another use is as a dissolved ozone indicator through the conversion to isatin-5-sulfonic acid. This reaction has been shown not to be specific to ozone, however: it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Germacranolides are a group of natural chemical compounds classified as sesquiterpene lactones. They are found in a variety of plant sources. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, the Federal Ocean Acidification Research And Monitoring Act of 2009 supports government coordination, such as the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) "Ocean Acidification Program". In 2015, USEPA denied a citizens petition that asked EPA to regulate under the Toxic Substances Con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a sufficiently narrow (i.e., low Bond number) tube of circular cross-section (radius a), the interface between two fluids forms a meniscus that is a portion of the surface of a sphere with radius R. The pressure jump across this surface is related to the radius and the surface tension γ by
This may be shown by writi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many salts of [Fe(o-phen)]2+ have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structures of [Fe(o-phen)] and [Fe(o-phen)] are almost identical, consistent with both being low-spin. These cations are octahedral with D symmetry group. The Fe-N distances are 197.3 pm. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Artwork consists of many pigments with a wide range of spectral absorption properties, which determine their color. Due to the broad spectral features of these pigments, the identification of a specific pigment in a mixture is difficult. Pump–probe imaging can provide accurate, high-resolution, molecular information an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The A coupling (also known as A coupling reaction or the aldehyde-alkyne-amine reaction), coined by Prof. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University, is a type of multicomponent reaction involving an aldehyde, an alkyne and an amine which react to give a propargylamine.
The reaction proceeds via direct dehydrative condensation a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photoconversion property of Kaede does not only contribute to the application on protein labeling and cell tracking, it is also responsible for the vast variation in the colour of stony corals, Trachyphyllia geoffroyi. Under sunlight, due to the photoconversion of Kaede, the tentacles and disks will turn red. As gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the radioactive element and the specific site conditions, bacteria can enzymatically immobilize radionuclides directly or indirectly. Their redox potential is exploited by some microbial species to carry out reductions that alter the solubility and hence, mobility, bioavailability and radiotoxicity. This w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book is extensively illustrated and describes the tools and machinery associated with mining. Handtools and different sorts of buckets, wheelbarrows and trucks on wooded plankways are described. Packs for horses and sledges are used to carry loads above ground. Agricola then provides details of various kinds of ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aside from its environmental impacts, R12, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Borda–Carnot equation is
where
: ΔE is the fluid's mechanical energy loss,
: ξ is an empirical loss coefficient, which is dimensionless and has a value between zero and one, 0 ≤ ξ ≤ 1,
: ρ is the fluid density,
: v and v are the mean flow velocities before and after the expansion.
In case of an abrupt and wide expa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Langmuir-Blodgett method, the nanoparticles are injected at air-water interphase in a special Langmuir-Blodgett Trough. The floating particles are compressed closer to each other with motorized barriers which allow to control the packing density of the particles. After compressing the particles to the desired pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immobilized enzymes have important application uses as they reduce costs and improve the outcome of the reaction they catalyze. Advantages include:
;Convenience: Minuscule amounts of protein dissolve in the reaction, so workup can be much easier. Upon completion, reaction mixtures typically contain only solvent and re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contraceptive implants are primarily used to prevent unintended pregnancy and treat conditions such as non-pathological forms of menorrhagia. Examples include copper- and hormone-based intrauterine devices. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following the laser cooling proposals, in 1978 two research groups that Wineland, Drullinger and Walls of NIST, and Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toscheck and Dehmelt of the University of Washington succeeded in laser cooling atoms. The NIST group wanted to reduce the effect of Doppler broadening on spectroscopy. They cooled ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Without the aid of the whole-genome sequences, pre-genomics investigations looked at select regions of the genome, often with only minimal knowledge of the gene sequences they were looking at. Genetic techniques capable of providing this sort of information include Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since constructed wetlands are self-sustaining their lifetime costs are significantly lower than those of conventional treatment systems. Often their capital costs are also lower compared to conventional treatment systems. They do take up significant space, and are therefore not preferred where real estate costs are hi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relative wind stress is a shear stress that is produced by wind blowing over the surface of the ocean, or another large body of water. Relative wind stress is related to wind stress but takes the difference between the surface ocean current velocity and wind velocity into account. The units are Newton per meter squared... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Red litmus contains a weak diprotic acid. When it is exposed to a basic compound, the hydrogen ions react with the added base. The conjugate base formed from the litmus acid has a blue color, so the wet red litmus paper turns blue in an alkaline solution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent developments in light-emitting diode (LED) technology have led to the commercial availability of UVC LED sources.
UVC LEDs use semiconductor materials to produce light in a solid-state device. The wavelength of emission is tuneable by adjusting the chemistry of the semiconductor material, giving a selectivity to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
YwIE is a member of the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP). It is the only active PAP present in B.subtilis, and PAPs exhibits almost no activity against Protein Serine, Protein Tyrosine, and Protein Threonine peptides. Also, YwIE has been shown to play a role in B.Subtilis's resistance to stre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments. C5b is important in late events of the complement cascade, an orderly series of reactions which coordinates several basic defense mechanisms, including formation of the membrane attack compl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several variations of the MALDI technology and comparable instruments are today produced for very different purposes, from more academic and analytical, to more industrial and high throughput. The mass spectrometry field has expanded into requiring ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry such as the FT-ICR ins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Earth systems engineering is essentially the use of systems analysis methods in the examination of environmental problems. When analyzing complex environmental systems, there are numerous data sets, stakeholders and variables. It is therefore appropriate to approach such problems with a systems analysis method. Esse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by De Gruyter. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the box contains N non-interacting fermions of spin ½, it is interesting to calculate the energy in the thermodynamic limit, where N is so large that the quantum numbers n, n, n can be treated as continuous variables.
With the vector , each quantum state corresponds to a point in n-space with energy
With denoting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The commercial manufacture of wood pulp grade chemical cellulose using the kraft chemical pulping processes releases resin acids. The Kraft process is conducted under strongly basic conditions of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide and sodium hydrosulfide, which neutralizes these resin acids, converting them to their res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While insulin is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels, glucagon is secreted to raise blood glucose levels. This is why glucagon has been known for decades as a counter-regulatory hormone. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which in turn causes the liver to convert store... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chain shuttling polymerization makes use of two catalysts and a chain shuttling agent (CSA) to generate copolymers of alternating tacticity. Catalyst 1 (Cat1) propagates a polyolefin of a desired tacticity. Catalyst 2 (Cat2) generates another chain of a different tacticity. The two chains are allowed to co-propagate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethanol fermentation causes bread dough to rise. Yeast organisms consume sugars in the dough and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products. The carbon dioxide forms bubbles in the dough, expanding it to a foam. Less than 2% ethanol remains after baking.
In a contemporary advancement, a group in Germany has b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clay is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops plasticity when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. It is a very common material, and is the oldest known ceramic. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making pottery. The chemistry of cl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Thermodynamics, University of Colorado-Boulder, 2011
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkqmf_QR4Yg Introduction to fugacity: Where did it come from?]
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMBoLiQJMFQ What is fugacity?]
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZFB48wVtjw What is fugacity in mixtures?] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pigments absorb light. Soap bubbles show a prism of different colors on their surfaces. These colors result from the way light interacts with differing thicknesses of the bubble's film, a phenomenon called structural color. Part of Qingchen Shen and Silvia Vignolini’s research focuses on identifying the causes behind ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxygen-17 (O) is a low-abundance, natural, stable isotope of oxygen (0.0373% in seawater; approximately twice as abundant as deuterium).
As the only stable isotope of oxygen possessing a nuclear spin (+5/2) and a favorable characteristic of field-independent relaxation in liquid water, O enables NMR studies of oxidativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a switch is closed in an electrical circuit containing a capacitor or inductor, the component draws out the resulting change in voltage or current, causing the system to take a substantial amount of time to reach a new steady state. This period of time is known as the transient state.
A capacitor acts as a short c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternative disposal method, transmutation, has been demonstrated at CERN for technetium-99. This transmutation process bombards the technetium ( as a metal target) with neutrons, forming the short-lived (half-life 16 seconds) which decays by beta decay to stable ruthenium (). Given the relatively high market value... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Carman Drahl of Forbes magazine, "Chemists will quickly recognize the life stories of giants in their field. This show wasn’t designed just for chemists, however. The target audience includes teachers, students, and curious TV viewers." The series, based on a National Science Foundation project description... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Select filter cloth to obtain good wear and solid binding characteristics. Use moderate blowback pressure to avoid high wear. Adjust duration of blow back pressure short enough to remove the cake from the filter cloth. The tuning of valve body is important for the blow back to prevent the excess filtrated being force b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Radiation Protection Division of the Health Protection Agency was formed on 1 April 2005, due to the Health Protection Agency Act 2004, directly superseding the NRPB. This became the CRCE due to the Health and Social Care Act 2012, when Public Health England was formed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been proposed that COX-2 selectivity could cause imbalance of prostaglandins in the vasculature. If this were the explanation for the increased cardiovascular risk then low-dose aspirin should negate this effect, which was not the case in the APPROVe trial. Also, the non-selective COX inhibitors, have also show... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amides are usually prepared by coupling a carboxylic acid with an amine. The direct reaction generally requires high temperatures to drive off the water:
Esters are far superior substrates relative to carboxylic acids.
Further "activating" both acid chlorides (Schotten-Baumann reaction) and anhydrides (Lumière–Barbier ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resistance, , is proportional to the distance, , between the electrodes and is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the sample, (noted on the Figure above). Writing (rho) for the specific resistance, or resistivity.
In practice the conductivity cell is calibrated by using solutions of known specific... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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