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In fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, the Lewis number (denoted ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity. It is used to characterize fluid flows where there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The Lewis number puts the thickness of the thermal boundary layer in rel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Site specific isotope enrichments of NO is measured in the environment to help disentangle microbial sources and sinks in the environment. Different isotopologues of N2O absorb light at different wavelengths. Laser spectroscopy converts these differences as it scans across wavelengths to measure the abundance of N-N-O ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is great potential for RNA interference (RNAi) to be used therapeutically to reversibly silence any gene. For RNAi to realize its therapeutic potential, small interfering RNA (siRNA) must be delivered to the site of action in the cells of target tissues. But finding safe and efficient delivery mechanisms is a maj... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is extremely localized corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes in the material – nearly always a metal. The failures resulting from this form of corrosion can be catastrophic. With general corrosion it is easier to predict the amount of material that will be lost over time and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium. The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to its size and complexity, the 43S PIC has eluded high resolution structural characterization. However, combined approaches including cryo-EM, cross-linking, and the structural characterization of individual components, has led to models for the complex organization. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gold clusters can be obtained in colloid form. Such colloids often occur with a surface coating of alkanethiols or proteins. Such clusters can be used in immunohistochemical staining. Gold metal nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by an intense absorption in the visible region, which enhances the utility of these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The significance of CIA for astrophysics was recognized early-on, especially where dense atmospheres of mixtures of molecular hydrogen and helium gas exist. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, and oceanography, Langmuir turbulence is a turbulent flow with coherent Langmuir circulation structures that exist and evolve over a range of spatial and temporal scales. These structures arise through an interaction between the ocean surface waves and the currents.
In the upper ocean Langmuir circul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The flow around a tropical cyclone is often well approximated as parallel to circular isobars, such as in a vortex. A strong pressure gradient draws air toward the center of the cyclone, a centripetal force nearly balanced by Coriolis and centrifugal forces in gradient wind balance. The viscous secondary flow near the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (PGAA) is a very widely applicable technique for determining the presence and amount of many elements simultaneously in samples ranging in size from micrograms to many grams. It is a non-destructive method, and the chemical form and shape of the sample are relatively unimportant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies on the binding mechanism of selective COX-2 inhibitors show that they have two reversible steps with both COX-1 and COX-2, but the selectivity for COX-2 is due to another step that is slow and irreversible and is seen only in the inhibition of COX-2, not COX-1. The irreversible step has been attributed to the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nujol is a brand of mineral oil by Plough Inc., cas number 8012-95-1, and density 0.838 g/mL at 25 °C, used in infrared spectroscopy. It is a heavy paraffin oil so it is chemically inert and has a relatively uncomplicated IR spectrum, with major peaks between 2950-2800, 1465-1450, and 1380–1300 cm. The empirical formu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Laves graph has been suggested as an allotrope of carbon, analogous to the more common graphene and graphite carbon structure which also have three bonds per atom at 120° angles. In graphene, adjacent atoms have the same bonding planes as each other, whereas in the Laves graph structure the bonding planes of adjace... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biogeochemistry, remineralisation (or remineralization) refers to the breakdown or transformation of organic matter (those molecules derived from a biological source) into its simplest inorganic forms. These transformations form a crucial link within ecosystems as they are responsible for liberating the energy store... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An international subculture has grown up around the exploration of stormwater drains. Societies such as the Cave Clan regularly explore the drains underneath cities. This is commonly known as "urban exploration", but is also known as draining when in specific relation to storm drains. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove in Maldon, Essex. In his early years he suffered from frailty and poor health. He attended Eton College and Harrow School (each for only a short period), before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alternate land use, deforestation, afforestation and different types of river engineering have also led to changes in hydrologic processes, such as runoff. Mushrooming illegal mining activity can, for example, change the soil structure, the pressure-gradient between stream flow and groundwater and the vegetation cover ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean acidification not only has impacts on aquatic life, but also on human communities and the overall livelihood of people living near these waters. For example, as a result of crustaceans being unable to produce their shells and skeletons due to reduced amounts of carbonate ions, populations such as crabs have signi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sample thickness can be estimated using twoBeamGUI from a convergent beam electron diffraction pattern (CBED) in two beam approximation. The procedure is based on an automated extraction of the intensity profile across the diffracted disk in the following steps:
# diffraction disk radius is determined using multi-scale... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is no known antidote against MFA, but there are some suggestions regarding the treatment of MFA poisoning. Advised is to use an intravenous injection of fast-acting anesthetics directly after poisoning. The anesthetic should be pentothal sodium or evipan sodium followed by an intramuscular injection of long-actin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxophilicity is the tendency of certain chemical compounds to form oxides by hydrolysis or abstraction of an oxygen atom from another molecule, often from organic compounds. The term is often used to describe metal centers, commonly the early transition metals such as titanium, niobium, and tungsten. Oxophilicity is of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further splitting in the fluorescence spectrum may occur due to the hyperfine interaction which leads to further resonance conditions and corresponding spectral lines. In NV ODMR, this detailed structure usually originates from nitrogen and carbon-13 atoms near to the defect. These atoms have small magnetic fields whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A dilution series of a sample or extract is prepared and assessed for presence of odour. The result can be described as the odour potency of a compound.
One kind of analysis is to measure the maximum dilution in the series in which odour is still perceived. The resulting value is called the flavour dilution (FD) facto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of multiple native disulfides remains challenging of native peptide synthesis by solid-phase methods. Random chain combination typically results in several products with nonnative disulfide bonds. Stepwise formation of disulfide bonds is typically the preferred method, and performed with thiol protecting ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In igneous petrology the term more specifically refers to the volatile components of magma (mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide) that affect the appearance and explosivity of volcanoes. Volatiles in a magma with a high viscosity, generally felsic with a higher silica (SiO) content, tend to produce eruptions that are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid-base extraction works on the fundamental principle that salts are ionic compounds with a high solubility in water, while neutral molecules typically lack solubility in water.
Consider a mixture of acidic and basic compounds dissolved in an organic solvent. Adding aqueous acid will cause the acidic component to sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TFA interacts with the TBP subunit of TFD and aids in the binding of TBP to TATA-box containing promoter DNA. Interaction of TFA with TBP facilitates formation of and stabilizes the preinitiation complex. Interaction of TFA with TBP also results in the exclusion of negative (repressive) factors that might otherwise b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Favre averaging is the density-weighted averaging method, used in variable density or compressible turbulent flows, in place of the Reynolds averaging. The method was introduced formally by the French scientist A. J. Favre in 1965, although Osborne Reynolds has also already introduced the density-weighted averaging in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paired receptors transduce extracellular signals through opposing intracellular signaling pathways. Canonically, inhibitory receptors recruit phosphatases through their ITIM motifs, inhibiting the function of cells in which they are expressed. By contrast, activating receptors interact with adaptor proteins such as DAP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, intercalation is the insertion of molecules between the planar bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This process is used as a method for analyzing DNA and it is also the basis of certain kinds of poisoning.
There are several ways molecules (in this case, also known as ligands) can interact with DNA. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extensive studies relating to the establishment of the presence of radium, uranium, and decay products of the thorium series in natural brines of the Soviet Union were carried out under the direction of V. G. Khlopin; numerous expeditions revealed a new form of accumulation in nature of radium and its isotopes in brine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coenzyme A is produced commercially via extraction from yeast, however this is an inefficient process (yields approximately 25 mg/kg) resulting in an expensive product. Various ways of producing CoA synthetically, or semi-synthetically have been investigated although none are currently operating at an industrial scale. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Aarberg, Switzerland, Wüthrich was educated in chemistry, physics, and mathematics at the University of Bern before pursuing his PhD supervised by Silvio Fallab at the University of Basel, awarded in 1964. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vicinal difunctionalization reactions, most generally, lead to new bonds at two adjacent carbon atoms. Often this takes place in a stereocontrolled fashion, particularly if both bonds are formed simultaneously, as in the Diels-Alder reaction. Activated double bonds represent a useful handle for vicinal difunctionalizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Receptors must possess structural and steric specificity.
*Receptors are saturable and finite (limited number of binding sites)
*Receptors must possess high affinity for its endogenous ligand at physiological concentrations
*Once the endogenous ligand binds to the receptor, some early recognizable chemical event must ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical components of orcein were elucidated only in the 1950s by Hans Musso. The structures are shown below. A paper originally published in 1961, embodying most of Musso's work on components of orcein and litmus, was translated into English and published in 2003 in a special issue of the journal Biotechnic & His... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The role of endoglin plays in angiogenesis and the modulation of TGF beta receptor signaling, which mediates cellular localization, cellular migration, cellular morphology, cell proliferation, cluster formation, etc., makes endoglin an important player in tumor growth and metastasis. Being able to target and efficientl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The intercalation compounds graphite bisulfate and graphite perchlorate can be prepared by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents in the presence of strong acids. In contrast to the potassium and calcium graphites, the carbon layers are oxidized in this process:
:48 C + 0.25 O + 3 HSO → [C][HSO]·2HSO + 0.5 HO
I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Large quantities of fecal coliform bacteria in water are not harmful according to some authorities, but may indicate a higher risk of pathogens being present in the water. Some waterborne pathogenic diseases that may coincide with fecal coliform contamination include ear infections, dysentery, typhoid fever, viral and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrodynamic theories describe liquids in terms of space- and time-dependent macroscopic fields, such as density, velocity, and temperature. These fields obey partial differential equations, which can be linear or nonlinear. Hydrodynamic theories are more general than equilibrium thermodynamic descriptions, which assum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reversible non-covalent reactions, such as metal-ligand coordination, has also been applied in protein-directed DCC. This strategy is useful for the investigation of the optimal ligand stereochemistry to the binding site of the target protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Technomimetics are molecular systems that can mimic man-made devices. The term was first introduced in 1997. The current set of technomimetic molecules includes motors, rotors, gears, gyroscopes, tweezers, and other molecular devices. Technomimetics can be considered as the essential components of molecular machines an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Richard Llewellyns novel How Green Was My Valley (1939) describes the social and environmental effects of coal mining in Wales at the turn of the 20th century. The local mines spoil tip, which he calls a slag heap, is the central figure of devastation. Eventually the pile overtakes the entire valley and crushes Huw Mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1972, Friedmann and Roblin authored a paper in Science titled "Gene therapy for human genetic disease?". Rogers (1970) was cited for proposing that exogenous good DNA be used to replace the defective DNA in those with genetic defects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mirror life (also called mirror-image life) is a hypothetical form of life with mirror-reflected molecular building blocks. The possibility of mirror life was first discussed by Louis Pasteur. Although this alternative life form has not been discovered in nature, efforts to build a mirror-image version of biology's mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First eliminate the pressure p from the momentum flux S by use of the Bernoulli equation:
The streamfunction Ψ is expanded as a Maclaurin series around the bed at z = 0, and using that the impermeable bed is a streamline and the irrotationality of the flow: Ψ = 0 and ∂Ψ = 0 at z = 0:
with u the horizontal velocity at t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spinor condensates are degenerate Bose gases that have degrees of freedom arising from the internal spin of the constituent particles
They are described by a multi-component (spinor) order parameter.
Since their initial experimental realisation,
a wealth of studies have appeared, both
experimental and theoretical, foc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only the unbound fraction of the drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the levels of free drug change the volume of distribution because free drug may distribute into the tissues leading to a decrease in pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/software/cocas/index.html] CoCAS: a free Analysis software for Agilent ChIP-on-Chip experiments
*[http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/2.4/bioc/html/rMAT.html] rMAT: R implementation from MAT program to normalize and analyze tiling arrays and ChIP-chip data. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single fluorophores can be chemically attached to biomolecules, such as proteins or DNA, and the dynamics of individual molecules can be tracked by monitoring the fluorescent probe. Spatial movements within the Rayleigh limit can be tracked, along with changes in emission intensity and/or radiative lifetime, which ofte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the network is completely described by only two parameters (the number of network nodes per unit volume and the statistical de-correlation length of the polymer, the Kuhn length), the way in which the chains are connected is actually quite complicated. There is a wide variation in the lengths of the chains and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal sulfides are usually prepared by heating mixtures of the two elements, but in the case of scandium, this method yields scandium monosulfide, ScS. ScS can be prepared by heating scandium(III) oxide under flowing hydrogen sulfide in a graphite crucible to 1550 °C or above for 2–3 hours. The crude product is then p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A relation between the apparent molar of a component of a mixture and molar mixing ratio can be obtained by dividing the definition relation
to the number of moles of one component. This gives the following relation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility, owned by MP Materials, is an open-pit mine of rare-earth elements on the south flank of the Clark Mountain Range in California, southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2020 the mine supplied 15.8% of the world's rare-earth production. It is the only rare-earth mini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whereas promiscuity is mainly studied in terms of standard enzyme kinetics, drug binding and subsequent reaction is a promiscuous activity as the enzyme catalyses an inactivating reaction towards a novel substrate it did not evolve to catalyse. This could be because of the demonstration that there are only a small numb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pigulevsky was married to Nina Viktorovna Pigulevskaya (1894-1970), a soviet historian, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, specialist in the history of Byzantium, the Near and Middle East in the early Middle Ages. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For strong electrolytes, a single reaction arrow shows that the reaction occurs completely in one direction, in contrast to the dissociation of weak electrolytes, which both ionize and re-bond in significant quantities.
Strong electrolytes conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous solutions.
Strong electrolyte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nutrient bioextraction is bioremediation involving cultured plants and animals. Nutrient bioextraction or bioharvesting is the practice of farming and harvesting shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of removing nitrogen and other nutrients from natural water bodies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the simplest AH molecular system, Walsh produced the first angular correlation diagram by plotting the ab initio orbital energy curves for the canonical molecular orbitals while changing the bond angle from 90° to 180°. As the bond angle is distorted, the energy for each of the orbitals can be followed along the l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DLVO theory is the combined effect of van der Waals and double layer force. For the derivation, different conditions must be taken into account and different equations can be obtained. But some useful assumptions can effectively simplify the process, which are suitable for ordinary conditions. The simplified way to der... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Froth flotation efficiency is determined by a series of probabilities: those of particle–bubble contact, particle–bubble attachment, transport between the pulp and the froth, and froth collection into the product launder. In a conventional mechanically-agitated cell, the void fraction (i.e. volume occupied by air bubbl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Originally, the FRAP technique was intended for use as a means to characterize the mobility of individual lipid molecules within a cell membrane. While providing great utility in this role, current research leans more toward investigation of artificial lipid membranes. Supported by hydrophilic or hydrophobic substrate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Health Canada has investigated the risks and benefits of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine/Ephedra. Near the end of the study, Health Canada issued a warning on their website stating that those who are under the age of 12, or who have heart disease and may have strokes, should avoid taking pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. Al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The experimental archaeometallurgy of iron is more recent then that of copper in that for the most part was not widely studied until the mid-20th century. This can be attributed to the modern smelting of wrought iron still being produced as an industry up until 1900, when the last of the large-scale production shut do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Expression of genetic code in all life forms consists of two major processes, synthesis of copies of the genetic code recorded in DNA into the form of mRNA (transcription), and protein synthesis itself (translation), whereby the code copies in mRNA are decoded into amino acid sequences of the respective proteins. Both ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical tweezers are capable of manipulating nanometer and micron-sized dielectric particles, and even individual atoms, by exerting extremely small forces via a highly focused laser beam. The beam is typically focused by sending it through a microscope objective. Near the narrowest point of the focused beam, known as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1781, processes for preparing highly concentrated forms of yeast were established. Research on Single Cell Protein Technology started a century ago when Max Delbrück and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals. During World War I and World War II, yeast-S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide is prepared by heating sodium hydride or sodium amide in DMSO
:CHSOCH + NaH → CHSOCHNa + H
:CHSOCH + NaNH → CHSOCHNa + NH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optodes can apply various optical measurement schemes such as reflection, absorption, evanescent wave, luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescences), chemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance. By far the most popular methodology is luminescence.
Luminescence in solution obeys the linear Stern–Volmer relationship.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to its surface property, sucrose esters are used in pharmaceutical research as a stabilizer or a surfactant on vesicles for drug delivery systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He is the author of numerous books including Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Continuum Mechanics, and a series of books on Biomechanics. He is also one of the principal founders of the Journal of Biomechanics and was a past chair of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division. In 1972, Fung established the Biomec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A photobioreactor (PBR) is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source (that may be natural sunlight or artificial illumination). Virtually any translucent container could be called a PBR, however the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as opposed to an open storage tank or pond.
Photobi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Public Analyst Laboratories in Cork, Dublin and Galway provide an analytical service to the Food Safety Authority. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Reynolds number () is a dimensionless quantity that helps predict fluid flow patterns in different situations by measuring the ratio between inertial and viscous forces. At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers, flows tend to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) is a relatively new imaging technique, emerged from previously available CyTOF technology (cytometry by time of flight), that combines mass spectrometry with UV laser ablation to generate pseudo images of tissue samples. This approach adds spatial resolution to the data, which enables simul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Europe, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) went into effect on October 23, 2000. It requires all EU member states to show that all surface and groundwater bodies are in good status. The WFD requires member states to implement monitoring systems to estimate the integrity of biological stream components for specific... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Large aggregates can become anoxic which gives rise to anaerobic metabolisms. Typically anaerobic metabolisms are confined to areas where it is more energetically favorable. Given the abundance of denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria, it is thought that these metabolisms are able to thrive within marine snow aggr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Garnet-Garnet reaction can be used to estimate the redox state of transition zone.
A recent study showed that the oxygen fugacity of transition referred from Garnet-Garnet reaction is -0.26 to +3 relative to the Fe-FeO (IW, iron- wütstite) oxygen buffer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimental study of any supramolecular structures in bulk water is difficult because of their short lifetime: the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds.
Nevertheless, water clusters have been observed in the gas phase and in dilute mixtures of water and non-p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "tuck-in" process is related to ortho-metalation in the sense that it is an intramolecular cyclometalation. Tuck-in complexes derived from Cp* ligands are derivatives of tetramethylfulvene, sometimes abbreviated MeFv. A variety of complexes are known for MeFv and related ligands. In these complexes, the Fv can s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rogue waves can occur in media other than water. They appear to be ubiquitous and have also been reported in liquid helium, in quantum mechanics, in nonlinear optics, in microwave cavities, in Bose–Einstein condensate, in heat and diffusion, and in finance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of bacterial mRNAs have no 5'UTR whatsoever, or a very short one. The complete 70S ribosome, with the help of IF2 (recruiting fMet-tRNA), can simply start translating such a "leaderless" mRNA.
A number of factors modify the efficiency of leaderless initiation. A 5 phosphate group attached to the start codon se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence, of the prokaryotic RBS, was discovered by John Shine and Lynne Dalgarno in 1975. The Kozak consensus sequence was first identified by Marilyn Kozak in 1984 while she was in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The localization of ADAM17 is speculated to be an important determinant of shedding activity. TNF-α processing has classically been understood to occur in the trans-Golgi network, and be closely connected to transport of soluble TNF-α to the cell surface. Shedding is also associated with clustering of ADAM17 with its s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Histamine N-methyltransferase belongs to methyltransferases, a superfamily of enzymes present in every life form, including archaeans.
These enzymes catalyze methylation, which is a chemical process that involves the addition of a methyl group to a molecule, which can affect its biological function.
To facilitate methy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TSEs, or prion diseases, are infectious neurodegenerative diseases of mammals that include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease of deer and elk, scrapie in sheep, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. TSEs may be passed from host to host by ingestion of infected tissues or blood transfusi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drought poses negative impacts to growth and yield of hemp, therefore, hemp has evolved survival mechanisms for abiotic stress. Plant cells will discontinue normal growth rates when exposed to drought stress along with other physiological processes such as photosynthesis. Down regulating certain gene's expressions or t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the problems of both the glutamate–glutamine cycle and the GABA-glutamine cycle is ammonia homeostasis. When one molecule of glutamate or GABA is converted to glutamine in the astrocytes, one molecule of ammonia is absorbed. Also, for each molecule of glutamate or GABA cycled into the astrocytes from the synapse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Saves time for preparation and clear away
*Reduces waste at the source
*More safety
*Lower costs for chemical substances and equipment
*Smaller storage area
*Reduced reliance on intensive ventilation systems
*Pleasant working atmosphere
*Shorter reaction times
*More time for evaluation and communication. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urine bilirubin may also be clinically significant. Bilirubin is not normally detectable in the urine of healthy people. If the blood level of conjugated bilirubin becomes elevated, e.g. due to liver disease, excess conjugated bilirubin is excreted in the urine, indicating a pathological process. Unconjugated bilirubin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of particular concern in nuclear waste management are two long-lived fission products, Tc-99 (half-life 220,000 years) and I-129 (half-life 15.7 million years), which dominate spent fuel radioactivity after a few thousand years. The most troublesome transuranic elements in spent fuel are Np-237 (half-life two million y... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Libby's original exchange reservoir hypothesis assumed that the / ratio in the exchange reservoir is constant all over the world, but it has since been discovered that there are several causes of variation in the ratio across the reservoir. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Virtually all TOC analysers measure the CO formed when organic carbon is oxidized and/or when inorganic carbon is acidified. Oxidation is performed either through Pt-catalyzed combustion, by heated persulfate, or with a UV/persulfate reactor. Once the CO is formed, it is measured by a detector: either a conductivity ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Goldschmidt was born in Zürich, Switzerland on 27 January 1888. His father, Heinrich Jacob Goldschmidt, (1857–1937) was a physical chemist at the Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum and his mother, Amelie Koehne (1864–1929), was the daughter of a lumber merchant. They named him Viktor after a colleague of Heinric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest method of manufacturing the molding of a disk in one piece is a possibility for some systems. A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed layer by layer. This is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However, layer-by-layer construction nee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria (bacteriophages) and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to define a good DPN application, it is important to understand what DPN can do that other techniques cannot. Direct-write techniques, like contact printing, can pattern multiple biological materials but it cannot create features with subcellular resolution. Many high-resolution lithography methods can patte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In recognition of his eminent contributions in the field of organic chemistry, he has been conferred with many civil awards, including:
* Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2002) (highest national civil award)
* Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
* Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1991)
* Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (1983)
* UNESCO Science Prize (1999)
* Grosse Goldene Ehrenze... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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