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* The monomer concentration is important for the synthesis of single chain cyclized/knotted polymers, but the kinetic chain length is the key determining factor for synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to the aforementioned odoriferous compounds, the levels of long straight-chain fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and linolic acid and short straight-chain fatty acids such as butyric acid, hexanoic acid, and octanoic acid in axillary sweat have not been found to be affected by the AB... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The BVS apparatus consists of a specimen surrounded by Helmholtz coils and isolated from external vibrations by a framework constructed from insulating foam and either lead or brass. The specimen is affixed with both a permanent magnet and a mirror. The orientation of the coils with respect to the magnet when a current... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kidd Metallurgical Site (or Met Site) is a metallurgical facility in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. It was built in 1980 and owned and operated by Xstrata Copper, following their 2006 takeover of Falconbridge Ltd. The site employs approximately 675 hourly employees.
The plant is southeast of the Kidd Mine, and houses... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An analogous reaction with nitrogen as the heteroatom was described in 1984 for the synthesis of the antibiotic substance streptazolin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH). It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The level 1 destination vector determines the position and orientation of each gene in the final construct. There are fourteen available level 1 vectors, which differ only by the sequence of the flanking fusion sites while being identical in the internal fusion sites. Hence, all vectors can assemble the same level 0 pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The HNF6 subfamily members contain a cut-homeodomain (ONECUT) bind to DNA as monomers.
* HNF6α/OC-1/ONECUT1 ()
* HNF6β/OC-2/ONECUT2 () | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR), also known as magnetic resonance Sounding (MRS), is a geophysical technique specially designed for hydrogeology. It is based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and measurements can be used to indirectly estimate the water content of saturated and unsaturated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Free thyroxine (fT or free T4) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.
Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the approximately three-thousand proteins found in chloroplasts, some 95% of them are encoded by nuclear genes. Many of the chloroplasts protein complexes consist of subunits from both the chloroplast genome and the hosts nuclear genome. As a result, protein synthesis must be coordinated between the chloroplast and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber. In such cases, the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to the acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein in the membrane (the sarcolemma) of the muscle fibe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For small displacement hulls, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the major source of the marine vessel drag.
A salient property of water waves is dispersiveness; i.e., the greater the wavelength, the faster it moves. Waves generated by a ship are affected by her geometry and speed, and most of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As with other metal foams, the properties of titanium foams depend mostly on the properties of the starting material and the relative density of the resultant foam. Thermal properties in foams – such as melting point, specific heat and expansion coefficient – remain constant for both the foams and the metals from which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temporally feathered radiation therapy (TFRT) is a radiation technique introduced in 2018 which aims to use the inherent non-linearities in normal tissue repair to allow for sparing of these tissues without affecting the dose delivered to the tumor. The application of this technique, which has yet to be automated, has ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Description of the Mono Lake tufa dates back to the 1880s, when Edward S. Dana and Israel C. Russell made the first systematic descriptions of the Mono Lake tufa. The tufa occurs as "modern" tufa towers. There are tufa sections from old shorelines, when the lake levels were higher. These pioneering works in tufa morpho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI-units are required. For a number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes, either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Histones are composed of mostly positively charged amino acid residues such as lysine and arginine. The positive charges allow them to closely associate with the negatively charged DNA through electrostatic interactions. Neutralizing the charges in the DNA allows it to become more tightly packed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genes with uninterrupted coding sequences that are thousands of bases long - up to 90,000 bases - that occur in many bacterial organisms were practically impossible to have occurred. However, the bacterial genes could have originated from split genes by losing introns, the only proposed way to arrive at long coding seq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Members of the 2Fe–2S ferredoxin superfamily () have a general core structure consisting of beta(2)-alpha-beta(2), which includes putidaredoxin, terpredoxin, and adrenodoxin. They are proteins of around one hundred amino acids with four conserved cysteine residues to which the 2Fe–2S cluster is ligated. This conserved ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2017 Kimizuka reported a phthalocyanine based conductive MOF Cu-CuPc with an intrinsic conductivity in the range of 10 S cm. For the solvothermal synthesis of MOF, the organic linker Cu-octahydroxy phthalocyanine (CuPc) and metal ion is dissolved in a DMF/HO mixture at heated at 130 °C for 48 hours. Afterwards, Miri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as replacements for Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons began after the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016, which called for the phase out of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and to replace them with other refrigerants with a lower ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures embedded in the chloroplast stroma. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum and resembles a stack of coins. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asymmetric stereoinduction can be achieved with the use of chiral auxiliaries. Chiral auxiliaries may be reversibly attached to the substrate, inducing a diastereoselective reaction prior to cleavage, overall producing an enantioselective process. Examples of chiral auxiliaries include, Evans’ chiral oxazolidinone auxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the apparent lack of attention towards covalent inhibitor drug discovery by most pharmaceutical companies, there are several examples of covalent drugs that have been approved or are progressing to late-stage clinical development. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, ZMapp contains a mixture of neutralizing antibodies that confer passive immunity to an individual, enhancing the normal immune response, and is designed to be administered after exposure to the Ebola virus. Such antibodies have been used in the treatment and prevention of variou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080405110339/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080321094829/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.htm Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regulatory sequences for the insulin gene are:
* A5
* Z
* negative regulatory element (NRE)
* C2
* E2
* A3
* cAMP response element
* A2
* CAAT enhancer binding (CEB)
* C1
* E1
* G1 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the motion is slow (in biology, for example, diffusion in a membrane), getting adequate statistics from a single-point FCS experiment may take a prohibitively long time. More data can be obtained by performing the experiment in multiple spatial points in parallel, using a laser scanning confocal microscope. This a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hormone transport and the involvement of binding proteins is an essential aspect when considering the function of hormones.
The formation of a complex with a binding protein has several benefits: the effective half-life of the bound hormone is increased, and a reservoir of bound hormones is created, which evens the var... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heat transfer coefficient due to nucleate boiling increases with wall superheat until they reach a certain point. When the applied heat flux exceeds the certain limit, heat transfer capability of the flow decreases or significantly drops. Normally, the critical heat flux corresponds to DNB in PWR and dryout in BWR. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to blood proteins within the blood plasma. A drug's efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse or diffuse through cell membranes. Common blood proteins that drugs bind to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While surface energy is conventionally defined as the work required to build a unit of area of a given surface, when it comes to its measurement by the sessile drop technique, the surface energy is not quite as well defined. The values obtained through the sessile drop technique depend not only on the solid sample in q... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium/glucose co-transporter (SGLT) proteins are bound to the cell membrane and have the role of transporting glucose through the membrane into the cells, against the concentration gradient of glucose. This is done by using the sodium gradient, produced by sodium/potassium ATPase pumps, so at the same time glucose is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many new monomeric versions of EosFP have been developed that offer advantages over wild type EosFP. Developed by a team at the Janelia Farm Research Campus at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, mEos4 has higher photostability and longer imaging abilities than EosFP. It is also highly resistant to chemical fixatives suc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations. With a pressure increase due to a decrease in volume, the side of the equilibrium with fewer moles is more favorable and with a pressure decrease due to an increase in volume, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vortex tube, also known as the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, is a mechanical device that separates a compressed gas into hot and cold streams. The gas emerging from the hot end can reach temperatures of , and the gas emerging from the cold end can reach . It has no moving parts and is considered an environmentally fri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleophilic alkylating agents deliver the equivalent of an alkyl anion (carbanion). The formal "alkyl anion" attacks an electrophile, forming a new covalent bond between the alkyl group and the electrophile. The counterion, which is a cation such as lithium, can be removed and washed away in the work-up. Examples incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described. What has been described is an extraction process involving heat and citrate, producing a mixture containing a substance that is reactive to a monoclonal antibody Mab32B11 raised against crushed AM fungi spores. The substance is then provisionally na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Vitis vinifera grape, trans-resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced against the growth of fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and delta-viniferin is another grapevine phytoalexin produced following fungal infection by Plasmopara viticola. Pinosylvin is a pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin (i.e. synthesized prior to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction. Since these fractions are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated units of measurement. Commonly used are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Branca Edmée Marques de Sousa Torres (Lisbon, 14 April 1899 - Lisbon, 19 July 1986) was a leading Portuguese specialist in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology who obtained a doctorate in Paris under the guidance of Marie Curie. Returning to Lisbon she founded the Radiochemistry Laboratory, where she continu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Throughout the clinical trial, the sponsor is responsible for accurately informing the local site investigators of the true historical safety record of the drug, device or other medical treatments to be tested, and of any potential interactions of the study treatment(s) with already approved treatments. This allows the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Liepmann, H. W., and Z. O. Bleviss. "The effects of dissociation and ionization on compressible couette flow." Douglas Aircraft Co. Rept. SM-19831 130 (1956).
* Liepmann, Hans Wolfgang, and Anatol Roshko. Elements of gasdynamics. Courier Corporation, 1957.
* Richard Feynman (1964) The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Mai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the high and low temperature limits, viscous flow in amorphous materials (e.g. in glasses and melts) has the Arrhenius form:
where is a relevant activation energy, given in terms of molecular parameters; is temperature; is the molar gas constant; and is approximately a constant. The activation energy takes a di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid such as air or water flows past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined) body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the body. In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from eit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or a solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, a scientific process of separating two or more substances in order to obtain purity. At least one product mixture from the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As shown below, the SCODA principle applies to any particle driven by a force field in which the particle's mobility is altered in sync with the driving field. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amorphous polymers do not have a crystallization temperature (Tm) like semi-crystalline polymers and have only a glass transition temperature (Tg). This has a decisive influence on the behavior of shape-shape-memory polymer systems.
A crystalline copolymer system alone can result in the crosslinker-treated copolymer lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At Cambridge University George Liveing and James Dewar set out to systematically measure spectra of elements from groups I, II and III in visible light and longer wave ultraviolet that would transmit through air. They noticed that lines for sodium were alternating sharp and diffuse. They were the first to use the term ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Virilization can occur in childhood in both males and females due to excessive amounts of androgens. Typical effects of virilization in children are pubic hair, accelerated growth and bone maturation, increased muscle strength, acne, and adult body odor. In males, virilization may signal precocious puberty, while conge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conjugation increases the allylic strain because it forces substituents into a configuration that causes their atoms to be in closer proximity, increasing the strength of repulsive Van der Waals forces. This situation occurs most noticeably when carboxylic acid or ketone is involved as a substituent of the allylic gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When polymers are oxidized, unstable alkyl radicals are formed which react further with oxygen to form peroxy bonds. The excitation and stabilization of the peroxy radical causes chemiluminescence. The light produced by this reaction is typically low wavelength infrared light. The amount of light emitted is used to det... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At high temperatures in air, it decomposes or burns to produce poisonous phosgene. This was a common problem when carbon tetrachloride was used as a fire extinguisher: there have been deaths due to its conversion to phosgene reported.
Carbon tetrachloride is a suspected human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, fresh and saltwater sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas. Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per litre). For comparison, chloride concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a hard, wear-resistant skin (the "case") but preserving a tough and ductile interior. Carbon steels are not very hardenable meaning they can not be hardened throughout thick sections. Alloy steels have a better hardenability, so they can be t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The expression vector is transformed or transfected into the host cell for protein synthesis. Some expression vectors may have elements for transformation or the insertion of DNA into the host chromosome, for example the vir genes for plant transformation, and integrase sites for chromosomal integration .
Some vectors ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frank Winton (1894–1985) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1938 to 1961. His main scientific interest was in the control of blood flow to the kidney. Winton ran the department through the difficult war years when the Medical School was evacuated to Leatherhead, Surrey.
He appointed the first two female academics in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3D-printing techniques have been used in a variety of industries for the overall goal of fabricating a product. Organ printing, on the other hand, is a novel industry that utilizes biological components to develop therapeutic applications for organ transplants. Due to the increased interest in this field, regulation an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Penicillium rubens is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium and was the first species known to produce the antibiotic penicillin. It was first described by Philibert Melchior Joseph Ehi Biourge in 1923. For the discovery of penicillin from this species Alexander Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main types of blowing agents: gases at the temperature that the foam is formed, and gases generated by chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide, pentane, and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of the former. Blowing agents that produce gas via chemical reactions include baking powder, azodicarbonamide, titanium hy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanodiamonds can self-assemble and a wide range of small molecules, proteins antibodies, therapeutics, and nucleic acids can bind to its surface allowing for drug delivery, protein-mimicking, and surgical implants. Other potential biomedical applications are the use of nanodiamonds as support for solid-phase peptide sy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This comparison is approximate. The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. For instance, the presence of water creates competing interactions that greatly weaken the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds. We may consider that for static systems, Ionic bonding and covalent bonding w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chimie ParisTech, officially École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris (National Chemical Engineering Institute in Paris) and also known as ENSCP or Chimie Paris, is an engineering school and a constituent college of PSL Research University specialised in chemical science. It was founded in 1896 within the Universi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The prediction of crystal properties by numerical simulation has become commonplace in the last 20 years as computers have grown more powerful and theoretical techniques more sophisticated. High accuracy prediction of elastic, electronic, transport and phase properties is possible with modern methods. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The small size of nanoparticles affects their magnetic and electric properties. The ferromagnetic materials in the micrometer range is a good example: widely used in magnetic recording media, for the stability of their magnetization state, those particles smaller than 10 nm are unstable and can change their state (flip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The species MoCl feature Mo(II) (d) centers. Six Mo(II) centers gives rise to a total of 24 valence electrons, or 2e/Mo-Mo vector. More electron-deficient derivatives such as TaCl have fewer d-electrons. For example, the naked cluster Ta, the core of TaCl would have 5(6) - 14 = 16 valence electrons. Fewer d-electro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pressure head is a component of hydraulic head, in which it is combined with elevation head. When considering dynamic (flowing) systems, there is a third term needed: velocity head. Thus, the three terms of velocity head, elevation head, and pressure head appear in the head equation derived from the Bernoulli equation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The elimination half-life of levomethamphetamine is between 13.3 and 15 hours, whereas dextromethamphetamine has a half-life of about 10.5 hours. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to get a good quality product, removing the inclusion becomes necessary. Liquid metal filtration through a ceramic medium is an efficient way to clean the metal. Different types of ceramic media are used in-line in foundries, such as ceramic foam filters, porous tube filters, bonded ceramic filters, and deep b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The preparation of stable carbenes free from metal cations has been keenly sought to allow further study of the carbene species in isolation from these metals. Separating a carbene from a carbene-metal complex can be problematic due to the stability of the complex. Accordingly, it is preferable to make the carbene free... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another useful coordinate system is 3D cylindrical coordinates (typically where a pumping well is a line source located at the origin — parallel to the z axis — causing converging radial flow). Under these conditions the above equation becomes (r being radial distance and θ being angle), | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers have investigated the role of surface plasmon resonances present on gold nanorods in the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. They found that with an increase nanorod concentration, the light absorption grew linearly; however, charge extraction was also dependent on the concentration. With an optimize... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sulfochlorination first described by Cortes F. Reed in 1936 proceeds under almost identical conditions as the conventional photochlorination. In addition to chlorine, sulfur dioxide is also introduced into the reaction mixture. The products formed are alkylsulfonyl chlorides, which are further processed into surfac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the plasma is optically thin, the bremsstrahlung radiation leaves the plasma, carrying part of the internal plasma energy. This effect is known as the bremsstrahlung cooling. It is a type of radiative cooling. The energy carried away by bremsstrahlung is called bremsstrahlung losses and represents a type of radiativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Residues from the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its decay products. The sulfate scale from an oil well can be very radium rich, while the water, oil, and gas from a well often contain radon. The radon decays to form solid radioisotopes which form coatings on the inside of pipework. In an oil processing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amylases are used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of ethanol and carbon dioxide. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While amylases are found naturally in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SiGe has been used as a material in RTGs since 1976. Each mission that has used RTG technology involves exploration of far-reaching regions of the solar system. The most recent mission, New Horizons (2005), was originally set for a 3-year exploration, but was extended to 17 years. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase (also sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase or SBPase, EC number 3.1.3.37; systematic name sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate to produce sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. SBPase is an exampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopes with extremely long half-lives and their decay products can be used to study multi-million year processes, such as tectonics and extreme climate change. For example, in rubidium–strontium dating, the isotopic ratio of strontium (Sr/Sr) can be analyzed within ice cores to examine changes over the earths lifetim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically a cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was often used, but more commonly used density gradients are sucrose or Percoll. The sample is put on top of the solution, and then the tube is spun at a very high speed for an extended time, at times lasting days. The CsCl molecules become densely packed toward the bottom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Autologous mitochondria extracted from healthy tissue and supplied to damaged tissue has been used to treat cardiac-compromised newborns. Alternatives to the approach include use of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) or tissue or organ transplantation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isoaspartic acid (isoaspartate, isoaspartyl, β-aspartate) is an aspartic acid residue isomeric to the typical α peptide linkage. It is a β-amino acid, with the side chain carboxyl moved to the backbone. Such a change is caused by a chemical reaction in which the nitrogen atom on the N+1 following peptide bond (in black... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*PDB molecule of the month:
**[http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb72_1.html ATP synthase]
**[http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb36_1.html Cytochrome c]
**[http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the realms of toxicology and pathology, the Irwin screen is utilised to determine whether the subject(s) show adverse effects from a course of pharmaceutical treatment or environmental pollution. It is an observational methodology. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rate expressions given in Guldberg and Waage's 1864 paper could not be differentiated, so they were simplified as follows. The chemical force was assumed to be directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants.
This is equivalent to setting the exponents a and b of the earlier theory to one... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Stokes’ law, a perfect sphere traveling through a viscous liquid feels a drag force proportional to the frictional coefficient :
where is the liquids viscosity, is the spheres drift speed, and is its radius. Because ionic mobility is directly proportional to drift speed, it is inversely proportional to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the post-genomic age, high-throughput sequencing and gene/protein profiling techniques have transformed biological research by enabling comprehensive monitoring of a biological system, yielding a list of differentially expressed genes or proteins, which is useful in identifying genes that may have roles in a given p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The color triangles formed by velocity vectors u,c and w are called velocity triangles and are helpful in explaining how pumps work.
: and are the absolute velocities of the fluid at the inlet and outlet respectively.
: and are the relative velocities of the fluid with respect to the blade at the inlet and outlet res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.
Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liver of sulfur was once used to counteract poisoning with several metals, including arsenic, copper, lead, and antimony. A lump was dissolved in warm water and the patient was instructed to drink the solution three or four times over the course of an hour. At one time sulfurated potash was used to combat arthritis. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common application for spontaneous fission is as neutron source for further use. These neutrons may be used for applications such as neutron imaging, or may drive additional nuclear reactions, including initiating induced fission of a target as is common in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.
In crystals con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bronze-colored material is one of the strongest reducing agents known. It has also been used as a catalyst in polymerizations and as a coupling reagent for aryl halides to biphenyls. In one study, freshly prepared was treated with 1-iodododecane delivering a modification (micrometre scale carbon platelets with lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clay bricks expand as they absorb heat and moisture. This places compression stress on the bricks and mortar, encouraging bulging or flaking. A joint replacing mortar with elastomeric sealant will absorb the compressive forces without damage. Concrete decking (most typically in sidewalks) can suffer similar horizontal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Henry solubility can also be expressed as the dimensionless ratio between the aqueous-phase concentration of a species and its gas-phase concentration :
For an ideal gas, the conversion is:
where is the gas constant, and is the temperature.
Sometimes, this dimensionless constant is called the water–air partition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method was developed by British physicists Oliver Lodge in 1886 and William Cecil Dampier in 1893. It depends on the movement of the boundary between two adjacent electrolytes under the influence of an electric field. If a colored solution is used and the interface stays reasonably sharp, the speed of the moving b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many commercial elastomers contain polysulfides as crosslinks. These crosslinks interconnect neighboring polymer chains, thereby conferring rigidity. The degree of rigidity is related to the number of crosslinks. Elastomers, therefore, have a characteristic ability to return to their original shape after being stretche... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was born in Nafplio, the first capital of Greece and his paternal family home. During World War II, he accompanied his parents to Egypt, South Africa, and finally the United States (U.S.), where his father held ministerial posts in the Greek Government in exile. The family stayed in the U.S. until 1944, when, follow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The performance and capabilities of magnetometers are described through their technical specifications. Major specifications include
*Sample rate is the number of readings given per second. The inverse is the cycle time in seconds per reading. Sample rate is important in mobile magnetometers; the sample rate and the ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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