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Akkermansia is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien et al. (2004), with the type species Akkermansia muciniphila (gen. nov., sp. nov).
Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely A. muciniphila. In 2016, Akkermansia glycaniphila was isolated in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Parasiewicz, P. (2008): Application of MesoHABSIM and target fish community approaches for selecting restoration measures of the Quinebaug River, Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA. River Research and Application. 24: 459–471.
*Parasiewicz, P. (2007): The MesoHABSIM Model Revisited. River Research and Application 23 (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA silencing is the mechanism that our cells (and cells from all kingdoms) use to fight RNA viruses and transposons (which originate from our own cells as well as from other vehicles). In the case of RNA viruses, these get destroyed immediately by the mechanism cited above. In the case of transposons, it's a little mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within the topic of gated drug delivery systems, utilizing magnetic forces generally goes hand in hand with temperature stimulus. The phenomenon of magnetic hyperthermia is when superparamagnetic nanoparticles reorient themselves after being exposed to heat generated by an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This concept... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total duration of a substance can be defined as the amount of time it takes for the effects of a substance to completely wear off into sobriety, starting from the moment the substance is first administered. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esters derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility. B... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The yeast mitochondrial code (translation table 3) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of yeasts, notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
* The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by the naked eye. By contrast, particles may be visible in a suspension.
* A solution does not cause beams of light to scatter. By contrast, the particles in a suspension or colloid can cause Tynda... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Increased intracellular levels of lactate can act as a signalling hormone, inducing changes in gene expression that will upregulate genes involved in lactate removal. These genes include MCT1, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and other enzymes involved in the lactate oxidation complex. Additionally, lactate will increase l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A highly efficient gold and palladium combined methodology for the Sonogashira coupling of a wide array of electronically and structurally diverse aryl and heteroaryl halides has been reported.
The orthogonal reactivity of the two metals shows high selectivity and extreme functional group tolerance in Sonogashira coupl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most class III adenylyl cyclases are transmembrane proteins with 12 transmembrane segments. The protein is organized with 6 transmembrane segments, then the C1 cytoplasmic domain, then another 6 membrane segments, and then a second cytoplasmic domain called C2. The important parts for function are the N-terminus and th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rooster tails are caused by constructive interference near and to the wake of objects within a flowing fluid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among the first representatives of the organometallic bismuth chemistry are a series of iron cyclopentadienyl compounds synthesized by Cullen et al. Characteristic to these is a σ Fe-Bi bond, the iron center bound to 1 cyclopentadienyl and to carbon monoxide ligands only having 17 electron in its coordination sphere in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione. The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Succinate is formed in E. coli in several steps.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a glycolysis pathway intermediate, is carboxylated by the enzyme PEP carboxylase to form oxaloacetate.
This is followed by the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. Fumarate hydratase then catalyses the deh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (nowadays also known as punji sticks), and small caltrops have been used in anti-infantry warfare since antiquity. However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of limited areas or chokepoints, especia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonium can have toxic effort on aquatic organism. Nitrification also takes places in bodies of water, which leads to oxygen depletion. Furthermore, nitrate and ammonium are eutophying (fertilizing) nutrients that can impair water bodies. For these reasons, nitrification and, in many cases, nitrogen removal is necessa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inhibition of proton pumps significantly decreases the acidity of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the symptoms of acid-related diseases. The resulting change in pH decreases survival of the bacteria H.pylori, a major cause of peptic ulcer disease. Once the proton pump inhibitor eradicates this bacteria within the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of photochemical reactions are those between certain arenes and alkenes forming [2+2] and [2+4] cycloaddition adducts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mercury oxide is a highly toxic substance which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract and may have effects on the kidneys, resulting in kidney impairment. In the food chain important to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
), gives a system of four non-linear ordinary differential equations that define the rate of change of reactants with time
In this mechanism, the enzyme E is a catalyst, which only facilitates the reaction, so that its total concentration, free plus combined, is a constant (i.e. ). This conservation law can also be o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temperature is a strong controlling factor on biochemical reaction rates and biological activity. Optimal temperature varies across aquatic organisms as some organisms are more cold-adapted while others prefer warmer habitats. There are rare cases of extreme thermal tolerance in hypersaline antarctic lakes (e.g. Don Ju... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glutamatergic means "related to glutamate". A glutamatergic agent (or drug) is a chemical that directly modulates the excitatory amino acid (glutamate/aspartate) system in the body or brain. Examples include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, and excitatory amino acid r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Planar extension tests are carried out on thin specimens which are constrained from deforming in one direction. For planar extension in the directions with the direction constrained, the principal stretches are . From incompressibility . Hence .
Therefore,
The left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor can then be expre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The temperature dependent relationship is subtle ().
COO is a rare isotopologue (≈60 ppm [3]).
Therefore, to obtain adequate precision, this approach requires long analyses (≈2–3 hours) and very large and uncontaminated samples.
Clumped isotope analyses assume that measured Δ47 is composed of COO, the most common isoto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method consists in exposing the cells to specific signaling pathways modulators and manipulating cell culture conditions (environmental or exogenous) to mimick the natural sequence of developmental decisions to produce a given cell type/tissue. A drawback of this approach is the necessity to have a good understan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, a "coffee ring" is a pattern left by a puddle of particle-laden liquid after it evaporates. The phenomenon is named for the characteristic ring-like deposit along the perimeter of a spill of coffee. It is also commonly seen after spilling red wine. The mechanism behind the formation of these and similar rin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Around the 1960s, safety concerns began to limit the range of materials and experiments available in chemistry sets. In the United States, the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act of 1960, the Toy Safety Act of 1969, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, established in 1972, and the Toxic Substances Control Act ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2011, the academy received a university status.
The successes of the university in education, research and innovation, the recognition of the scientific and pedagogical schools, its international status and worldwide fame are undoubtedly merit in the first professors, assistant professors, lecturers, and they have c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Block or graft copolymers are commonly used as compatibilizing agents. The copolymer used is made of the two components in the immiscible blend. The respective portions of the copolymer are able to interact with the two phases of the blend to make the phase morphology more stable. The increased stability is caused by r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban are already on the market. As of October 2016, several new direct Xa inhibitors have entered clinical trials. These are letaxaban from Takeda and eribaxaban from Pfizer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacteriophage Φ6, is a member of the Cystoviridae family. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13.5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrogen isotopes indicate the trophic level position of organisms (reflective of the time the tissue samples were taken). There is a larger enrichment component with δN because its retention is higher than that of N. This can be seen by analyzing the waste of organisms. Cattle urine has shown that there is a depletion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In reptiles, amphibia and non-primate mammals pheromones are detected by regular olfactory membranes, and also by the vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, which lies at the base of the nasal septum between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system. While the VNO is present in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
12-Phosphotungstic acid, the compound James F. Keggin used to determine the structure, can be purchased commercially. Other compounds that contain the α-Keggin anion such as silicotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid are also commercially available at Aldrich Chemicals, Fisher Chemicals, Alfa Aesar, VWR Chemical, Ame... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polanyis deliverance' (as he described it) from these rejections and criticism of his model occurred in 1930, when Fritz London proposed a new theory of cohesive forces founded on the theories of quantum mechanics on the polarization of electronic systems. Polanyi wrote to London asking,
After computational analysis, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developmen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main improvements to immunofluorescence lie in the development of fluorophores and fluorescent microscopes. Fluorophores can be structurally modified to improve brightness and photostability, while preserving spectral properties and cell permeability.
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods can produce ima... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as pavement surfacing and load bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due to a decreased amount of cement. It became popular again in the 1920s for two storey homes in Scotland and England. It became increasingly viable in Europe after WWII due to the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gaseous scintillators consist of nitrogen and the noble gases helium, argon, krypton, and xenon, with helium and xenon receiving the most attention. The scintillation process is due to the de-excitation of single atoms excited by the passage of an incoming particle. This de-excitation is very rapid (~1 ns), so the dete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prisms have higher dispersion in the UV region. Prism monochromators are favored in some instruments that are principally designed to work in the far UV region. Most monochromators use gratings, however. Some monochromators have several gratings that can be selected for use in different spectral regions. A double monoc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are particularly common carbene ligands. They are popular because they are more readily prepared than Schrock and Fischer carbenes. In fact, many NHCs are isolated as the free ligand, since they are persistent carbenes. Being strongly stabilized by π-donating substituents, NHCs are powerf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is primarily dependent on cellular entry by passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport. NRTIs are highly hydrophilic and have limited membrane permeability and therefore this step is very important.
NRTIs are analogues of endogenous 2´-deoxy-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trap cropping uses alternative plants to attract pests away from a main crop. For example, nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) is a food plant of some caterpillars which feed primarily on members of the cabbage family (brassicas); some gardeners claim that planting them around brassicas protects the food crops from damage, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yuan Tseh Lee (; born 19 November 1936) is a Taiwanese chemist. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, increased levels of fecal coliforms provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, possible contamination with pathogens. When levels are high there may be an elevated risk of waterborne gastroenteritis. Tests for the bacteria are cheap, reliable and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider the generic equation for beta decay
The value for this decay is
where is the mass of the nucleus of the atom, is the mass of the electron, and is the mass of the electron antineutrino. In other words, the total energy released is the mass energy of the initial nucleus, minus the mass energy of the final n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agmatine is present in small amounts in plant-, animal-, and fish-derived foodstuff and gut microbial production is an added source for agmatine. Oral agmatine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and readily distributed throughout the body. Rapid elimination from non-brain organs of ingested (un-metabolized) ag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jay Quade (born December 13, 1955) is an American geochemist and geologist. He is known for pioneering research applying geochemical isotopic methods for investigations of tectonics, global climate change, and the paleontology of Darwinian evolution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two ends of an actin filament differ in their dynamics of subunit addition and removal. They are thus referred to as the plus end (with faster dynamics, also called barbed end) and the minus end (with slower dynamics, also called pointed end). This difference results from the fact that subunit addition at the minus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hassan Naim received his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from the University of Bern, Switzerland. Following appointments at the Biochemistry Department, University of Lausanne (membrane transport in T cells) and the University Children’s Hospital Bern (structure and function of brush border membrane proteins) he moved i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Velocimetry is the measurement of the velocity of fluids. This is a task often taken for granted, and involves far more complex processes than one might expect. It is often used to solve fluid dynamics problems, study fluid networks, in industrial and process control applications, as well as in the creation of new kind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, periodic manner. The degree of crystallinity has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion. In an ideal gas, the relative positions of the atoms or molecules are comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Barring gear (or "turning gear") is the mechanism provided to rotate the turbine generator shaft at a very low speed after unit stoppages. Once the unit is "tripped" (i.e., the steam inlet valve is closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it stops completely, there is a tendency for the turbine shaft t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For many surface/adsorbate configurations, surface energy data and experimental observations are unavailable. As wetting interactions are of great importance in various applications, it is often desired to predict and compare the wetting behavior of various material surfaces with particular crystallographic orientatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sørensen formol titration(SFT) invented by S. P. L. Sørensen in 1907 is a titration of an amino acid with potassium hydroxide in the presence of formaldehyde. It is used in the determination of protein content in samples.
If instead of an amino acid an ammonium salt is used the reaction product with formaldehyde i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As thiolated polymers exhibit biocompatibility, cellular mimicking properties and efficiently support proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, they are used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Furthermore thiolated polymers such as thiolated hyaluronic acid and thiolated chitosan were shown to exhibit ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is known from thermodynamics that conjugated quantities scale in a different manner. Two classes can be distinguished: intensive quantities as temperature T, pressure P and amount of substance N or extensive quantities as entropy S, volume V and chemical potential μ. Extensive quantities scale with system size, wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some activists and scholars have, between 2002 and 2008, questioned the merits of Indian rivers inter-link projects, and questioned if appropriate study of benefits and risks to environment and ecology has been completed so far. Bandyopadhyay et al. claim there are knowledge gaps between the claimed benefits and potent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hans Max Jahn (4 July 1853 – 7 August 1906) was a German physical chemist who worked on thermochemistry and electrochemistry. As an experimental chemist he identified problems in the contemporary theory of electrolyte conductivity and examined the thermodynamic validity of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Jahn was born in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a volatile liquid, at 30, 50, 200, and 250 ml per container but in many developed nations is not available having been displaced by newer agents.
It is the only inhalational anesthetic containing bromine, which makes it radiopaque.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The split gene theory is a theory of the origin of introns, long non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes between the exons. The theory holds that the randomness of primordial DNA sequences would only permit small (< 600bp) open reading frames (ORFs), and that important intron structures and regulatory sequences are de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glide reflections, denoted by G, where c is a point in the plane, v is a unit vector in R, and w is non-null a vector perpendicular to v are a combination of a reflection in the line described by c and v, followed by a translation along w. That is,
or in other words,
(It is also true that
that is, we obtain the same re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temocapril (also known as temocaprilum [Latin]; brand name Acecol) is an ACE inhibitor. It was not approved for use in the US.
It is administered as inactive prodrug, then converted to its active metabolite, temocaprilat.
It was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1994. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humans need a certain amount of certain metals to function normally. Most metals are used as cofactors or prosthetics in enzymes, catalyzing specific reactions and serving essential roles. The essential metals for humans are: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Zin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique (ion source) that in contrast to vacuum MALDI operates at normal atmospheric environment. The main difference between vacuum MALDI and AP-MALDI is the pressure in which the ions are created. In vacuum MALDI, ions ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The log-normal distribution is often used to approximate the particle size distribution of aerosols, aquatic particles and pulverized material.
* The Weibull distribution or Rosin–Rammler distribution is a useful distribution for representing particle size distributions generated by grinding, milling and crushing ope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimental solid state heat engines, operating from the relatively small temperature differences in cold and hot water reservoirs, have been developed since the 1970s, including the Banks Engine, developed by Ridgway Banks. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GaN transistors are suitable for high frequency, high voltage, high temperature and high efficiency applications. GaN is efficient at transferring current, and this ultimately means that less energy is lost to heat.
GaN High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT)s have been offered commercially since 2006, and have found... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transition front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapid cooling of eutectic (such as solder) or eut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenol red exists as a red crystal that is stable in air. Its solubility is 0.77 grams per liter (g/L) in water and 2.9 g/L in ethanol. It is a weak acid with pK = 8.00 at .
A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator, often in cell culture. Its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow (λ = 443 nm) to red... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene targeting is relatively high efficiency in yeast, bacterial and moss (but is rare in higher eukaryotes). Hence gene targeting has been used in reverse genetics approaches to study gene function in these systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
G. E. Briggs and J. B. S. Haldane undertook an analysis that harmonized the approaches of Michaelis and Menten and of Van Slyke and Cullen, and is taken as the basic approach to enzyme kinetics today. They assumed that the concentration of the intermediate complex does not change on the time scale over which product fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complement component 1, q subcomponent-like 1 (or C1QL1) is encoded by a gene located at chromosome 17q21.31. It is a secreted protein and is 258 amino acids in length.
The protein is widely expressed but its expression is highest in the brain and may also be involved in regulation of motor control.
The pre-mRNA o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mercury oxide is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it decomposes, oxygen gas is generated.
It is also used as a material for cathodes in mercury batteries. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laboratory experiments are a very useful way of gaining information about a given flow without having to use more complex mathematical techniques. Sometimes physically seeing the change in the flow over time is just as useful as a numerical approach and any findings from these experiments can be related back to the und... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aerobic digestion occurs much faster than anaerobic digestion. The process is usually run at ambient temperature and the process is much less complex and easier to manage than anaerobic digestion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The technical platforms to conduct ChIP-on-chip experiments are DNA microarrays, or "chips". They can be classified and distinguished according to various characteristics:
Probe type: DNA arrays can comprise either mechanically spotted cDNAs or PCR-products, mechanically spotted oligonucleotides, or oligonucleotides th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boyles great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which Francis Bacon espoused in the Novum Organum'. Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any other teacher.
On several occasions he mentions that to keep his judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Variant genetic codes used by an organism can be inferred by identifying highly conserved genes encoded in that genome, and comparing its codon usage to the amino acids in homologous proteins of other organisms. For example, the program FACIL infers a genetic code by searching which amino acids in homologous protein do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The property of photoconverted fluorescence Kaede protein was serendipitously discovered and first reported by Ando et al. in Proceedings of the United States National Academy of Sciences. An aliquot of Kaede protein was discovered to emit red fluorescence after being left on the bench and exposed to sunlight. Subseque... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In single-phase heat transfer, convection is often the dominant mechanism of heat transfer. For adiabatic flow where the flow receives heat, the temperature of the coolant changes as it flows. An example of single-phase heat transfer is a gas-cooled reactor and molten-salt reactor.
The most convenient way for character... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Knudsen cell is used to measure the vapor pressures of a solid with very low vapor pressure. Such a solid forms a vapor at low pressure by sublimation. The vapor slowly effuses through the pinhole, and the loss of mass is proportional to the vapor pressure and can be used to determine this pressure. The heat of sub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis an ortho ester reacts with a Grignard reagent to form an aldehyde; this is an example of a formylation reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Taq polymerase lacks a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity. Thus, Taq has no error-proof-reading activity, which consists of excision of any newly misincorporated nucleotide base from the nascent (i.e., extending) DNA strand that does not match with its opposite base in the complementary DNA strand. The lack in 3′ to 5′ proo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nyholm was associated with industry all of his life. One of his earliest positions was as a chemist at Eveready Batteries in Sydney. The application of science to useful products was of great importance to him, and he is purported to have admired the DuPont logo "Better things for better living through chemistry". He... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of Ted Ellis more famous works is an abstract depiction of Barack Obamas signature hope pose. Ellis painted the portrait in honor of Obamas 2008 Presidential inauguration. In Obama, the 44th President', Ellis uses red, blue, yellow, and green acrylic paint to portray Obama as someone who unites people across lines ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nonclassic antagonists lack the urea, thiourea, or amide groups typical of the classic TRPV1 ligands. Two major structural types of nonclassic antagonists have been discovered. First there are the imidazole derivatives. Starting from a 4,6-disubstituted benzimidazole lead structure, a series of 4,5-biarylimidazoles cap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The diffusion coefficient in solids at different temperatures is generally found to be well predicted by the Arrhenius equation:
where
*D is the diffusion coefficient (in m/s),
*D is the maximal diffusion coefficient (at infinite temperature; in m/s),
*E is the activation energy for diffusion (in J/mol),
*T is the abso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ionotropic effect is the effect of a transmitter substance or hormone that activates or deactivates ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channels). The effect can be either positive or negative, specifically a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively. This term is commonly confused with an inotropic effe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called RuBisCO. RuBisCO has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, RuBisCO starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the result of ATP energy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When exposed to heat, barium chlorate alone will decompose to barium chloride and oxygen:
:Ba(ClO) → BaCl + 3 O | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The einstein (symbol E) is an obsolete unit with two conflicting definitions. It was originally defined as the energy in one mole of photons ( photons). Because energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, the unit is frequency dependent. This unit is not part of the International System of Units (SI) and is redunda... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mechanically created wounds in the plasma membrane have been observed as a result of sonoporation-produced shear forces. The nature of these wounds may vary based on the degree of acoustic cavitation leading to a spectrum of cell behavior, from membrane blebbing to instant cell lysis. Multiple studies examining membran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mingos undertook postdoctoral research at Northwestern University (Fulbright Fellow 1968–70) and at the University of Sussex (ICI Fellow 1970–71). From 1971 until 1976 he was a Lecturer at Queen Mary, University of London. He then moved to the University of Oxford as Fellow and Tutor at Keble College and University Lec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SPEARpesticides (Species At Risk) is a trait based biological indicator system for streams which quantitatively links pesticide contamination to the composition of invertebrate communities. The approach uses species traits that characterize the ecological requirements posed by pesticide contamination in running waters.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Canada, one cycle of IVF treatment can cost between $7,750 to $12,250 CAD, and medications alone can cost between $2,500 to over $7,000 CAD. The funding mechanisms that influence accessibility in Canada vary by province and territory, with some provinces providing full, partial or no coverage.
New Brunswick provides... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For condensed phases (solids and liquids), the pressure dependence of solubility is typically weak and usually neglected in practice. Assuming an ideal solution, the dependence can be quantified as:
where is the mole fraction of the -th component in the solution, is the pressure, is the absolute temperature, is the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a ship moves in the water, it creates standing waves that oppose its movement. This effect increases dramatically in full-formed hulls at a Froude number of about 0.35 (which corresponds to a speed/length ratio (see below for definition) of slightly less than 1.20 knot·ft) because of the rapid increase of resistance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photocyclization can be carried out with ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted stilbene substrates.
ortho-Substituted substrates generally give 1-substituted phenanthrenes, unless the substituent
is a good leaving group, in which case elimination to form unsubstituted phenanthrene occurs. meta-
Substituted substrates giv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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