text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to structural and conformational analysis of carbohydrates. This method allows the scientists to elucidate structure of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates and other carbohydrate derivatives... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transforming C-H bonds into C-B bonds through borylation has been thoroughly investigated due to their utility in synthesis (i.e. for cross-coupling reactions). John F. Hartwig reported a highly regioselective arene and alkane borylation catalyzed by a rhodium complex. In the case of alkanes, exclusive terminal functi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some research groups initially reported that they had replicated the Fleischmann and Pons results but later retracted their reports and offered an alternative explanation for their original positive results. A group at Georgia Tech found problems with their neutron detector, and Texas A&M discovered bad wiring in their... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like any ferroic material, a multiferroic system is fragmented into domains. A domain is a spatially extended region with a constant direction and phase of its order parameters. Neighbouring domains are separated by transition regions called domain walls. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As mentioned above, agonists have the potential to bind in different locations and in different ways depending on the type of agonist and the type of receptor. The process of binding is unique to the receptor-agonist relationship, but binding induces a conformational change and activates the receptor. This conformation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Functional models are simpler than structural models, focusing only on dissipating energy at a rate that is physically correct. These are based on an artificial eddy viscosity approach, where the effects of turbulence are lumped into a turbulent viscosity. The approach treats dissipation of kinetic energy at sub-grid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially, the laser light induces coherent polarization in the sample, i.e., the transitions between electron and hole states oscillate with the laser frequency and a fixed phase. The polarization dephases typically on a sub-100 fs time-scale in case of nonresonant excitation due to ultra-fast Coulomb- and phonon-sca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite flucloxacillin being insensitive to beta-lactamases, some organisms have developed resistance to it and other narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. Such organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which has developed resistance to flucloxacillin and other penicillins by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanum(III) iodide can be synthesised by the reaction of lanthanum metal with mercury(II) iodide:
:2 La + 3 HgI → 2 LaI + 3 Hg
It can also be prepared from the elements, that is by the reaction of metallic lanthanum with iodine:
:2 La + 3 I → 2 LaI
While lanthanum(III) iodide solutions can be generated by dissolving... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Urey created the names protium, deuterium, and tritium in an article published in 1934. The name is based in part on advice from Gilbert N. Lewis who had proposed the name "deutium". The name comes from Greek deuteros second, and the nucleus was to be called a "deuteron" or "deuton". Isotopes and new elements were trad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basic working principle of diffraction topography is as follows:
An incident, spatially extended beam (mostly of X-rays, or neutrons) impinges on a sample.
The beam may be either monochromatic, i.e. consist one single wavelength of X-rays or neutrons, or polychromatic, i.e. be composed of a mixture of wavelengths ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently there are only two drugs in this category, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. These new drugs are also the only β-lactam antibiotics that are effective against methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus (MRSA). Ceftobiprole is a pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephem. The C-3 side chain was specifically designed to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A germanium-68/gallium-68 generator is a device used to extract the positron-emitting isotope Ga of gallium from a source of decaying germanium-68. The parent isotope Ge has a half-life of 271 days and can be easily utilized for in-hospital production of generator produced Ga. Its decay product gallium-68 (with a half-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solomon is well known for several of his research achievements. In particular his work on free radical polymerization revolutionized the field through the development of the first living free-radical polymerization technique; Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP). He also led the team, and was principal inventor of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manganese like magnesium plays a crucial role as a co-factor in various enzymes though its concentration is noticeably lower than the other. Enzymes that use manganese as a co-factor are known as "manganoproteins." These proteins include enzymes, like oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases, which are necessary fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Folch was born in Barcelona, Spain. His father Rafel Folch was a lawyer and a Catalan poet, and his mother Maria Pi a teacher. His mother spoke French, Folch went to high school at the Lycée Français of Barcelona, from which he graduated in 1927. He then undertook Medicine studies and received an M.D. degree from the U... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Elaidinization of oleic acid, a common component of vegetable oils, yields its trans-isomer elaidic acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute was inaugurated in 2011 in the city of Taichung. Lee Cheng-shang was the inaugural Director.
TTFRI is a coordinator of research into quantitative precipitation forecasting.
TTFRI has worked with the Central Weather Bureau to develop a radar assimilation system which has i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The anti-Markovnikov addition selectivity to aldehyde can be achieved through exploiting inherent stereoelectronics of the substrate. Placement of directing group at homo-allylic (i.e. Figure 3, A) and allylic position (i.e. Figure 3, B) to the terminal olefin favors the anti-Markovnikov aldehyde product, which suggest... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) can be considered as an alternative to GPC, especially when particles or high molar mass polymers cause clogging of the column, shear degradation is an issue or agglomeration takes place but cannot be made visible. FFF is separation in an open flow channel without having a static phase in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PELP1 functions as a coactivator of several NRs and regulates genes involved in proliferation and cancer progression. PELP1 enhances transcription functions of ESR1, ESR2, AR, GR, E2F and STAT3. PELP1 participates in activation of ESR1 extra-nuclear actions by coupling ESR1 with Src kinase PI3K STAT3 ILK1 and mTO... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the chromatographic separation can be modified to prevent coelution of suppressing species then other approaches need not be considered. The effect of chromatographic modification may be evaluated using the detector response monitoring under constant infusion approach described previously. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1870s, the French industrialist Pierre Manhès began his first attempts with a small, ordinary Bessemer converter of 50 kg in his factory in Vedène, then in factories in Éguilles, near Avignon. He sought to refine a matte with 25 to 30% copper previously melted in a crucible. But like Hollway, he did not succeed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although they are classically thought of working only together, GPCRs may signal through G-protein-independent mechanisms, and heterotrimeric G-proteins may play functional roles independent of GPCRs. GPCRs may signal independently through many proteins already mentioned for their roles in G-protein-dependent signaling... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main metabolic challenge for methylotrophs is the assimilation of single carbon units into biomass. Through de novo synthesis, methylotrophs must form carbon-carbon bonds between 1-Carbon () molecules. This is an energy intensive process, which facultative methylotrophs avoid by using a range of larger organic comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Methyl esters are often susceptible to decarboxylation in the Krapcho decarboxylation.
* Phenyl esters react to hydroxyarylketones in the Fries rearrangement.
* Specific esters are functionalized with an α-hydroxyl group in the Chan rearrangement.
* Esters with β-hydrogen atoms can be converted to alkenes in ester py... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LINE elements propagate by a so-called target primed reverse transcription mechanism (TPRT), which was first described for the R2 element from the silkworm Bombyx mori.
ORF2 (and ORF1 when present) proteins primarily associate in cis with their encoding mRNA, forming a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, likely composed o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any real measuring instrument has a limited range over which it can accurately measure absorbance. An instrument must be calibrated and checked against known standards if the readings are to be trusted. Many instruments will become non-linear (fail to follow the Beer–Lambert law) starting at approximately 2 AU (~1% tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corriu and coworkers performed early work characterizing reactions thought to proceed through a hypervalent transition state. Measurements of the reaction rates of hydrolysis of tetravalent chlorosilanes incubated with catalytic amounts of water returned a rate that is first order in chlorosilane and second order in w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaeological evidence shows that bloomeries appeared in China around 800 BC. Originally it was thought that the Chinese started casting iron right from the beginning, but this theory has since been debunked by the discovery of more than ten iron digging implements found in the tomb of Duke Jing of Qin (d. 537 BC), wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dominant epoxides industrially are ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, which are produced respectively on the scales of approximately 15 and 3 million tonnes/year. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryoimmunotherapy, also referred to as cryoimmunology, is an oncological treatment for various cancers that combines cryoablation of tumor with immunotherapy treatment. In-vivo cryoablation of a tumor, alone, can induce an immunostimulatory, systemic anti-tumor response, resulting in a cancer vaccine—the abscopal effec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TRIM24 has been shown to interact with Mineralocorticoid receptor, TRIM33, Estrogen receptor alpha and Retinoid X receptor alpha. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This precatalyst was uncovered in attempts to use tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium chloride as a hydroformylation catalyst. It was found that the complex would quickly carbonylate and that the catalytic activity of the resulting material was enhanced by a variety of additives but inhibited by halides. This inhibition di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic selenocyanates can be reduced to the selenol, which readily oxidize to the diselenide:
:RSeCN + 2e → RSe + CN
:RSe + H → RSeH
:2 RSeH + 0.5O → RSeSeR + HO
Oxidation of selenocyanates gives the seleninic acids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two main sources of new research projects, namely ideas originating from the researchers themselves ("supply push") and those coming from customers ("demand pull"). Ideas for new processes typically originate from researchers, ideas for new products from customers, respectively customer contacts. Particularly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the sugarcane industry, the organic waste is usually burned in the power cogeneration process. When contaminated by chloride, this waste burns, releasing methyl chloride in the atmosphere. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Four potential processes exist for a chemical interacting with an animal: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption describes the entrance of the chemical into the body, and can occur through the air, water, food, or soil. Once a chemical is inside a body, it can be distributed to other area... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a fairly large variation in the types of inorganic substrates that these microorganisms can use to produce energy. Sulfur is one of many inorganic substrates that can be used in different reduced forms depending on the specific biochemical process that a lithotroph uses. The chemolithotrophs that are best docu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most tests employ a monoclonal antibody, which is specific to the β-subunit of hCG (β-hCG). This procedure is employed to ensure that tests do not make false positives by confusing hCG with LH and FSH. (The latter two are always present at varying levels in the body, whereas the presence of hCG almost always indicates ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In colloidal mixtures quintuple and sixtuple points have been described in violation of Gibbs phase rule but it is argued that in these systems the rule can be generalized to where accounts for additional parameters of interaction among the components like the diameter of one type of particle in relation to the diame... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ram Charan Mehrotra (16 February 1922 – 11 July 2004) was an Indian analytical and organometallic chemist, academic, educationist and the vice chancellor of the Universities of Delhi and Allahabad. He was known for his studies on the chemical theory of indicators, alkoxides and carboxylates of many elements. He was an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chiral column chromatography the stationary phase is made chiral with similar resolving agents as described above. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetic epidemiology, endophenotype (or intermediate phenotype) is a term used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection. By seeing the EP notion as a special case of a larger collection of multivariate genetic models, which may be fitted using currently accessible m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Denaturation can also be caused by changes in the pH which can affect the chemistry of the amino acids and their residues. The ionizable groups in amino acids are able to become ionized when changes in pH occur. A pH change to more acidic or more basic conditions can induce unfolding. Acid-induced unfolding often occur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemotaxis refers to the directional migration of cells in response to chemical gradients; several variations of chemical-induced migration exist as listed below.
* Chemokinesis refers to an increase in cellular motility in response to chemicals in the surrounding environment. Unlike chemotaxis, the migration stimulat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The size of the task requires a parallel computing infrastructure, such as a cluster of Linux systems, running a batch queue processor to handle the work, such as Sun Grid Engine or Torque PBS.
A means of handling the input from large compound libraries is needed. This requires a form of compound database that can be q... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a simple cubic packing, the number of atoms per unit cell is one. The side of the unit cell is of length 2r, where r is the radius of the atom. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ludwieg tube was invented by Hubert Ludwieg (1912-2000) in 1955 in response to a competition for a transonic or supersonic wind tunnel design that would be capable of producing high Reynolds number at low operating cost. Professor Ludwieg was also responsible for the experimental demonstration and explanation of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the buoyancy term to the flow shear term:
where is gravity, is density, is a representative flow speed, and is depth.
The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of pract... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simplified sewerage, also called small-bore sewerage, is a sewer system that collects all household wastewater (blackwater and greywater) in small-diameter pipes laid at fairly flat gradients. Simplified sewers are laid in the front yard or under the pavement (sidewalk) or - if feasible - inside the back yard, rather t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) are solutions of nitric oxide (NO) in dinitrogen tetroxide/nitrogen dioxide (NO and NO). It may be used as an oxidizing agent in rocket propulsion systems. A broad range of compositions is available, and can be denoted as MONi, where i represents the percentage of nitric oxide in the mix... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide variety of sampling configurations are used for thermal desorption, depending on the application. The most popular are listed below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cinnamyl alcohol glycosides rosin, rosavin and rosarin occur in the context of rhodiola species, only in Rhodiola rosea. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies of phenotype of mice showed that having a loss of an allele resulted in obesity and poor metabolic profiles. Transgenic expression of the WDTC1 gene in mice showed the opposite effect with mice having less adipose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*DNA extraction
*Phenol–chloroform extraction
*Minicolumn purification
*RNA extraction
*Boom method
*Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (SCODA) DNA purification | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mining and mineral processing industry uses screening for a variety of processing applications. For example, after mining the minerals, the material is transported to a primary crusher. Before crushing large boulder are scalped on a shaker with thick shielding screening. Further down stream after crushing the m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*C.H. Giles and S.D. Forrester, "The origins of the surface film balance: Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, part 3", Chemistry and Industry, pp. 43–53 (9 January 1971). (Note: This article contains one of the most detailed stories on Agnes Pockels, including photos of her and her family.)
*Charles Tanf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levomethorphan (LVM) (INN, BAN) is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that has never been marketed. It is the -stereoisomer of racemethorphan (methorphan). The effects of the two isomers of racemethorphan are quite different, with dextromethorphan (DXM) being an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative hall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Possible adverse effects in the central nervous system caused by levobupivacaine usage are light-headedness, tinnitus, tongue numbness and convulsions, which may be due to the blockade of sodium, potassium and calcium channels in tissues that were not intended as targets. Cardiotoxicity may be a result of indirect effe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
KAP1 facilitates the establishment of viral latency in certain cell types for Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other endogenous retroviruses
. KAP1 acts as a transcriptional corepressor of the viral genome. The protein binds to the histones of the viral chromatin and then recruits Mi2α and SETB1. SETB1 is a histone ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Detrimental secondary phases can also form because of thermal treatments or during the material production. Excessively high sintering/annealing temperatures or long dwelling times will result in the loss of volatile species (especially LiO) and in the decomposition of LAGP main phase into AlPO and GeO. LAGP bulk sampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By symmetry of second derivatives, for any "well-behaved" (non-pathological) function , we have
Hence, in a simply-connected region R of the xy-plane, where are independent, a differential form
is an exact differential if and only if the equation
holds. If it is an exact differential so and , then is a differentiabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With such table top laboratory equipment it is now also possible to produce films, fibers and test samples (rods, rings, tablets) from mixtures as small as 5 ml in less than 10 min. By the small footprint less lab space is needed than for a parallel twin screw extruder. Because of these benefits screening of optimum fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One method for synthesizing ynones is the acyl substitution reaction of an alkynyldimethylaluminum with an acyl chloride. An alkynyldimethylaluminum compound is the reaction product of trimethylaluminum and a terminal alkyne.
An alternative is the direct coupling of an acyl chloride with a terminal alkyne, using a copp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert Bowie Owens (October 29, 1870 – November 3, 1940) was a U.S. electrical engineer. He was the director of the Maryland Academy of Science. He was secretary of Franklin Institute from 1910 to 1924. He is credited as a discoverer of the alpha ray. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemurgy is a branch of applied chemistry concerned with preparing industrial products from agricultural raw materials. The concept developed by the early years of the 20th century. For example, products such as brushes and motion picture film were made from cellulose. Beginning in the 1920s, William J. Hale, agricultu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apamin is a polypeptide possessing an amino acid sequence of H-Cys-Asn-Cys-Lys-Ala-Pro-Glu-Thr-Ala-Leu-Cys-Ala-Arg-Arg-Cys-Gln-Gln-His-NH (one-letter sequence CNCKAPETALCARRCQQH-NH, with disulfide bonds between Cys-Cys and Cys-Cys). Apamin is very rigid because of the two disulfide bridges and seven hydrogen bonds. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the 1940s and 1950s, chemists had trouble explaining why even slight changes in the reactants caused significant differences in the rate and product distributions of a reaction. In 1955 George Hammond, a young professor at Iowa State University, postulated that transition-state theory could be used to qualitati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a ring is an ambiguous term referring either to a simple cycle of atoms and bonds in a molecule or to a connected set of atoms and bonds in which every atom and bond is a member of a cycle (also called a ring system). A ring system that is a simple cycle is called a monocycle or simple ring, and one that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a separate research, the micro-atmosphere method was used to investigate the anti-fungal efficacy of the essential oils from the cinnamon, a plant belonging to the genus Cinnamomum.
The procedure was employed to ensure that the active films, the material containing the active compound, does not come into direct cont... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naturally occurring iron has four stable isotopes, Fe, Fe, Fe, and Fe.
Stable iron isotopes are described as the relative abundance of each of the stable isotopes with respect to Fe. The standard for iron is elemental iron, IRMM-014, and it is distributed by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement. The de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil E is also largely a function of hydrological conditions. In the event of a flood, saturated soils can shift from oxic to anoxic, creating a reducing environment as anaerobic microbial processes dominate. Moreover, small anoxic hotspots may develop within soil pore spaces, creating reducing conditions. With time, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anti-DFS70 antibodies generate a dense fine speckled pattern in indirect immunofluorescence and are found in normals and in various conditions, but are not associated with a systemic autoimmune pathology. Therefore, they can be used to help to rule out such conditions in ANA positive individuals. A significant number o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amine oxides are common metabolites of medication and psychoactive drugs. Examples include nicotine, Zolmitriptan, and morphine.
Amine oxides of anti-cancer drugs have been developed as prodrugs that are metabolized in the oxygen-deficient cancer tissue to the active drug. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The decay rate, or activity, of a radioactive substance is characterized by the following time-independent parameters:
* The half-life, , is the time taken for the activity of a given amount of a radioactive substance to decay to half of its initial value.
* The decay constant, "lambda", the reciprocal of the mean lif... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To obtain a degree in natural resource engineering, a solid engineering background is required, as well as specific technical knowledge specific to natural resources and their role in our environment. Most degree programs within this specific discipline are partnered within larger disciplines of engineering such as env... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanum oxalate is an inorganic compound, a salt of lanthanum metal and oxalic acid with the chemical formula .
__TOC__ | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermentative/hydrolytic microorganisms hydrolyze complex organic polymers to monomers which are further converted to a mixture of lower-molecular-weight organic acids and alcohols by obligatory producing acidogenic bacteria.
Utilization of wastewater as a potential substrate for biohydrogen production has been drawing ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Undervirilization can occur if a genetic male cannot produce enough androgen or the body tissues cannot respond to it. Extreme undervirilization occurs when no significant androgen hormones can be produced or the body is completely insensitive to androgens. Both result in a female body. Partial undervirilization produc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term metabolism is derived from the Greek – for change, or overthrow. The history of the scientific study of metabolism spans 800 years. The earliest of all metabolic studies began during the early thirteenth century (1213–1288) by a Muslim scholar from Damascus named Ibn al-Nafis. al-Nafis stated in his most wel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Damage repair is the conversion of a damaged metabolite back to its original state via one or more enzymatic reactions; the concept is similar to DNA repair and protein repair. For example, the promiscuous activity of malate dehydrogenase causes reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to L-2-hydroxyglutarate. This compound is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Balls exist in any dimension and are generically called n-balls or hyperballs, where n is the number of dimensions.
The same reasoning can be generalized to n-balls using the general equations for volume and surface area, which are:
So the ratio equals . Thus, the same linear relationship between area and volume holds ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several synthetic molecular knots have been reported. Knot types that have been successfully synthesized in molecules are and 8 knots. Though the and knots have been found to naturally occur in knotted molecules, they have not been successfully synthesized. Small-molecule composite knots have also not yet been synthe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The third class of PTPs contains three cell cycle regulators, CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, which dephosphorylate CDKs at their N-terminal, a reaction required to drive progression of the cell cycle. They are themselves regulated by phosphorylation and are degraded in response to DNA damage to prevent chromosomal abnormal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the functional group of the amino acid cysteine, the thiol group plays a very important role in biology. When the thiol groups of two cysteine residues (as in monomers or constituent units) are brought near each other in the course of protein folding, an oxidation reaction can generate a cystine unit with a disulfid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the main isotopes of light elements, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, the most stable combination of neutrons and of protons occurs when the numbers are equal (this continues to element 20, calcium). However, in heavier nuclei, the disruptive energy of protons increases, since they are confined to a tiny volume ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FCC and HCP packings are the densest known packings of equal spheres with the highest symmetry (smallest repeat units).
Denser sphere packings are known, but they involve unequal sphere packing.
A packing density of 1, filling space completely, requires non-spherical shapes, such as honeycombs.
Replacing each conta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Detergents and surfactants are molecules that combine highly nonpolar and highly polar groups. Traditionally, soaps are the popular surfactants, being derived from fatty acids. Since the mid-20th century, the usage of sulfonic acids has surpassed soap in advanced societies. For example, an estimated 2 billion kilograms... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A recent advance in the production of nucleosome core particles with enhanced stability involves site-specific disulfide crosslinks. Two different crosslinks can be introduced into the nucleosome core particle. A first one crosslinks the two copies of H2A via an introduced cysteine (N38C) resulting in histone octamer w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is an ACE inhibitor medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset of effects are typ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TCE has also been used as a dry cleaning solvent, although mostly replaced by tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene), except for spot cleaning where it is still used under the trade name Picrin.
Perhaps the greatest use of TCE is as a degreaser for metal parts. It has been widely used in degreasing and c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of different fuels in nuclear reactors results in different spent nuclear fuel (SNF) composition, with varying activity curves. The most abundant material being U-238 with other uranium isotopes, other actinides, fission products and activation products.
Long-lived radioactive waste from the back end of the fue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depletion forces have been observed and measured using a variety of instrumentation including atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, and hydrodynamic force balance machines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipinskis rule of five, also known as Pfizers rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active dr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Thermal wheel, or rotary heat exchanger (including enthalpy wheel and desiccant wheel)
*Recuperator, or cross plate heat exchanger
*Heat pipe | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first use of diazonium salts was to produce water-fast dyed fabrics by immersing the fabric in an aqueous solution of the diazonium compound, followed by immersion in a solution of the coupler (the electron-rich ring that undergoes electrophilic substitution). The major applications of diazonium compounds remains i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photodegradation of pharmaceuticals is of interest because they are found in many water supplies. They have deleterious effects on aquatic organisms including toxicity, endocrine disruption, genetic damage. But also in the primary packaging material the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals has to be prevented. For t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioceramics have been proposed as a possible treatment for cancer. Two methods of treatment have been proposed: hyperthermia and radiotherapy. Hyperthermia treatment involves implanting a bioceramic material that contains a ferrite or other magnetic material. The area is then exposed to an alternating magnetic field, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.