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Two general types of instruments exist: filter fluorometers that use filters to isolate the incident light and fluorescent light and spectrofluorometers that use diffraction grating monochromators to isolate the incident light and fluorescent light.
Both types use the following scheme: the light from an excitation sou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil is composed of living organisms, water, carbonates, carbon containing material, decomposing matter and much more. To determine how much one of these soil components make up the entire soil mass, the LOI procedure is implemented. Initially, the researcher will take the mass of the sample prior to LOI and then place... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levocetirizine is used for allergic rhinitis. This includes allergy symptoms such as watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, hives, and itching. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ethyl ester of propionic acid (1) was brominated and then converted to the Wittig reagent using triphenylphosphine. Aldehyde 6 was obtained from allyl alcohol (4) by protection as the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether (5) followed by ozonolysis. Wittig reagent 3 and aldehyde 6 reacted in a Wittig reaction to give unsat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Materials with broad absorption bands are being applied in pigments, dyes and optical filters. Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and chromophores are applied as UV absorbers and reflectors in sunscreen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen bond-assisted supramolecular assembly is the process of assembling small organic molecules to form large supramolecular structures by non-covalent hydrogen bonding interactions. The directionality, reversibility, and strong bonding nature of hydrogen bond make it an attractive and useful approach in supramolec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primer walking is a method to determine the sequence of DNA up to the 1.3–7.0 kb range whereas chromosome walking is used to produce the clones of already known sequences of the gene. Too long fragments cannot be sequenced in a single sequence read using the chain termination method. This method works by dividing the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following example illustrates the potential of the photoacoustic technique: In the early 1970s, Patel and co-workers measured the temporal variation of the concentration of nitric oxide in the stratosphere at an altitude of 28 km with a balloon-borne photoacoustic detector. These measurements provided crucial data... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of hydrated minerals include:
* silicates (, )
** phyllosilicates, clay minerals "commonly found on Earth as weathering products of rocks or in hydrothermal systems"
***chlorite
*** muscovite
* non-silicates
** oxides (, , , etc.) and oxy-hydroxides
*** brucite,
*** goethite, FeO(OH)
** carbonates (, etc.)
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
δ-Aminolevulinic acid (also dALA, δ-ALA, 5ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants.
5ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Permittivity is typically associated with dielectric materials, however metals are described as having an effective permittivity, with real relative permittivity equal to one. In the high-frequency region, which extends from radio frequencies to the far infrared and terahertz region, the plasma frequency of the electro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spice, spiciness, or spicity, symbol τ, is a term in oceanography referring to variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater over space or time, whose combined effects leave the water's density unchanged. For a given spice, any change in temperature is offset by a change in salinity to maintain unchanged den... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dichloromethane, . There is a rotation axis which passes through the carbon atom and the midpoints between the two hydrogen atoms and the two chlorine atoms. Define the z axis as co-linear with the axis, the plane as containing and the plane as containing . A rotation operation permutes the two hydrogen atoms ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ancestry of each present day cell presumably traces back, in an unbroken lineage for over 3 billion years to the origin of life. It is not actually cells that are immortal but multi-generational cell lineages. The immortality of a cell lineage depends on the maintenance of cell division potential. This potential ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the inexact differential form, This must be inexact by considering going to the point . If we first increase and then increase , then that corresponds to first integrating over and then over . Integrating over first contributes and then integrating over contributes . Thus, along the first path we get a v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleofection is a method to transfer substrates into mammalian cells so far considered difficult or even impossible to transfect. Examples for such substrates are nucleic acids, like the DNA of an isolated gene cloned into a plasmid, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) for knocking down expression of a specific endogenou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amides () take the suffix "-amide", or "-carboxamide" if the carbon in the amide group cannot be included in the main chain. The prefix form is "carbamoyl-". e.g., methanamide, ethanamide.
Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they are ordered alphabetic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA testing has been used to establish the right of succession to British titles.
Cases:
* Baron Moynihan
* Pringle baronets | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liposomes are structures which consist of at least one lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core. This hydrophobic/hydrophilic composition is particularly useful for drug delivery as these carriers can accommodate a number of drugs of varying lipophilicity. Disadvantages associated with using liposomes as drug carriers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) angle and μέτρον (métron) measure. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ambident nucleophile is one that can attack from two or more places, resulting in two or more products. For example, the thiocyanate ion (SCN) may attack from either the sulfur or the nitrogen. For this reason, the S2 reaction of an alkyl halide with SCN often leads to a mixture of an alkyl thiocyanate (R-SCN) and a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Keith Stewartson and C. R. Illingworth, independently introduced in 1949, a transformation that extends the Howarth–Dorodnitsyn transformation to compressible flows. The transformation reads as
where is the streamwise coordinate, is the normal coordinate, denotes the sound speed and denotes the pressure. For ideal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dean number (De) is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics, which occurs in the study of flow in curved pipes and channels. It is named after the British scientist W. R. Dean, who was the first to provide a theoretical solution of the fluid
motion through curved pipes for laminar flow by using a perturbation proc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modafinil is used off-label as an adjunctive treatment (i.e., in combination therapy) for acute depressive phase in bipolar disorder. The depressive phase of bipolar disorder may feature excessive sleepiness and fatigue. Adjunctive treatment with modafinil can be used as an augmentation for the main treatment to increa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The visual cycle is a circular enzymatic pathway, which is the front-end of phototransduction. It regenerates 11-cis-retinal. For example, the visual cycle of mammalian rod cells is as follows:
#all-trans-retinyl ester + HO → 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid; RPE65 isomerohydrolases;
#11-cis-retinol + NAD → 11-cis-retinal +... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dideoxynucleotides are used in sequencing. These nucleoside triphosphates possess a non-canonical sugar, dideoxyribose, which lacks the 3 hydroxyl group normally present in DNA and therefore cannot bond with the next base. The lack of the 3 hydroxyl group terminates the chain reaction as the DNA polymerases mistake it ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initial measurements of position specific isotope enrichments were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry in which sites on a molecule were first degraded to , the was captured and purified, and then the CO was measured for its isotope composition on an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). Py-GC-MS was also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds like allicin and ajoene are responsible for the odor of garlic. Lenthionine contributes to the flavor of shiitake mushrooms. Volatile organosulfur compounds also contribute subtle flavor characteristics to wine, nuts, cheddar cheese, chocolate, coffee, and tropical fruit flavors. Many of these natural product... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phototrophs () are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is a common misconception that phototrophs are obligatorily photosynthetic. Many, but not all, pho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical equations, radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or molecular formula as follows:
Radical reaction mechanisms use single-headed arrows to depict the movement of single electrons:
The homolytic cleavage of the breaking bond is drawn with a "fish-hook" a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the drainage area to be ten acres or less. The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of . Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should neve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Voigt profile (named after Woldemar Voigt) is a probability distribution given by a convolution of a Cauchy-Lorentz distribution and a Gaussian distribution. It is often used in analyzing data from spectroscopy or diffraction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This process was developed by the National Smelting Company at Avonmouth Docks, England, in order to increase production, increase efficiency, and decrease labour and maintenance costs. L. J. Derham proposed using a spray of molten lead droplets to rapidly cool and absorb the zinc vapour, despite the high concentratio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 23 February 1841, a meeting was convened to take into consideration the formation of a Chemical Society. The Provisional Committee appointed for carrying that object into effect invited a number of gentlemen engaged in the practice and pursuit of chemistry to become original members. The following 77 communicated th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frohring took a job on the loading dock at Telling-Belle Vernon Dairy, the largest dairy in Ohio. Eight months later, he was offered an opportunity to run fat tests in the Telling-Belle Vernon labs for Henry J. Gerstenberger, MD, the medical director of Babies Dispensary and Childrens Hospital (later, Rainbow Babies & ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry and polymer physics, the Flory–Fox equation is a simple empirical formula that relates molecular weight to the glass transition temperature of a polymer system. The equation was first proposed in 1950 by Paul J. Flory and Thomas G. Fox while at Cornell University. Their work on the subject overtu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria—such as is present in the model organism Chlorobaculum tepidum—uses the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed by the reaction center, P840 enters an excited state with a large negative reduction potential, and so readily donates the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Morpholino, also known as a Morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression. Its molecular structure contains DNA bases attached to a backbone of methylenemorpholine rings linked thro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CoQ in the pure form is a crystalline powder insoluble in water. Absorption as a pharmacological substance follows the same process as that of lipids; the uptake mechanism appears to be similar to that of vitamin E, another lipid-soluble nutrient. This process in the human body involves secretion into the small intesti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical tags have been tailored for imaging technologies more so than fluorescent proteins because chemical tags can localize photosensitizers closer to the target proteins. Proteins can then be labeled and detected with imaging such as super-resolution microscopy, Ca-imaging, pH sensing, hydrogen peroxide detection, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The measured full SPR curves (x-axis: angle, y-axis: reflected light intensity) can be transcribed into sensograms (x-axis: time, y-axis: selected parameter such as peak minimum, light intensity, peak width). The sensograms can be fitted using binding models to obtain kinetic parameters including on- and off-rates and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Societys wholly owned publishing subsidiary, Portland Press, publishes books, a magazine, The Biochemist', and several print and online academic journals:
*Biochemical Journal
*Biochemical Society Symposium (online only)
*Biochemical Society Transactions
*Cell Signalling Biology
*Clinical Science
*Essays in Bioch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EWM research has suggested possible applications in the excitation of optical masers, high intensity light sources for communications, spacecraft propulsion, joining difficult materials such as quartz, and generation of high power radio-frequency pulses. The most promising applications of EWM are as a detonator, light ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3-Methylfentanyl was also reported by media as the identity of the anaesthetic "gas" Kolokol-1 delivered as an aerosol during the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002 in which many hostages died from accidental overdoses, 3-methylfentanyl was later ruled out as the primary agent used. The opiate antidote naloxone was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a molecule or atom in the ground state (S) absorbs light, one electron is excited to a higher orbital level. This electron maintains its spin according to the spin selection rule; other transitions would violate the law of conservation of angular momentum. The excitation to a higher singlet state can be from HOMO ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Green Infrastructure as a term did not appear until the early 1990s, although ideas of Green Infrastructure had been used long before that. The first coined use of the term was seen in a 1994 report by Buddy MacKay, chair of the Florida Greenways Commission, to Florida governor Lawton Chiles about a Green Infrastructur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a catalyst, ArMs have three advantages,
# thanks to the development in molecular biology, it is quite easy to generate a library of ArM mutants which has a size up to 10. Using proper selection method, the ArM has a large potential to gain unique catalytic properties.
# ArMs are proteins, it can have both hydrophil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics (condensed matter physics). The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high enantio- and regiocontrol afforded by phosphinooxazoline ligands has fuelled research into their use for asymmetric hydrogenation. Iridium complexes incorporating phosphinooxazoline ligands have been shown to be effective for classic hydrogenation using H, with ruthenium and palladium catalysts having also bee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a reference, molten sodium chloride, table salt has a melting point (m.p.) of 801 °C (1474 °F). A variety of eutectic mixtures have been developed with lower melting points: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:
* Free or natural convection: when fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of thermal ±temperature in the fluid. In the absence of an internal source, when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfide is incorporated into cysteine, catalyzed by O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase, with O-acetylserine as substrate. The synthesis of O-acetylserine is catalyzed by serine acetyltransferase and together with O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase it is associated as enzyme complex named cysteine synthase.
The formation of cysteine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multispectral imaging can be employed for investigation of paintings and other works of art. The painting is irradiated by ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays and the reflected radiation is recorded in a camera sensitive in this region of the spectrum. The image can also be registered using the transmitted instead o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A materials oscilloscope is a time-resolved synchrotron
high-energy X-ray technique to study rapid phase composition and microstructural related changes in a polycrystalline sample. Such device has been developed for in-situ studies of specimens undergoing physical thermo-mechanical simulation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shingling was a stage in the production of bar iron or steel, in the finery and puddling processes. As with many ironmaking terms, this is derived from the French - cinglage.
The product of the finery was a bloom or loop (from old Frankish luppa or lopp, meaning a shapeless mass); that of the puddling furnace was a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The foundations of Feigls work on spot analysis were the works of Hugo Schiff (the earliest publication about "spot test" was Shiffs detection of uric acid in 1859) and of Christian Friedrich Schonberg and Friedrich Goppelsröder on capillary analysis.
On the occasion of Feigl's 70th birthday the Chemical Society of Mid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Landau,
He later adds:
After an example, he concludes (with used to represent volume viscosity): | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For any coordination number above 2 more than one coordination geometry is possible. For example four coordinate coordination compounds can be tetrahedral, square planar, square pyramidal or see-saw shaped. The polyhedral symbol is used to describe the geometry. A configuration index is determined from the positions of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MDCs are utilized in seawater desalination by primarily acting as a precursor treatment for electrodialysis (ED) due to the inefficiency in salinity removal due to biofouling and membrane scaling by the complex ion composition. Studies show that efficacy of MDC systems diminish over 5000 hours due to membrane scaling s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During differentiation, pluripotent cells make a number of developmental decisions to generate first the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) of the embryo and intermediate progenitors, followed by subsequent decisions or check points, giving rise to all the bodys mature tissues. The differentiation proc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These methods are referred to as reverse genetics. Reverse genetics is an approach to discover the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific gene sequences obtained by DNA sequencing | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The PELP1 protein encodes a protein of 1130 amino acids, and exhibits both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization depending on the tissue. PELP1 lacks known enzymatic activity and functions as a scaffolding protein. It contains 10 NR-interacting boxes (LXXLL motifs) and functions as a coregulator of several nuclear recep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
*Two Orders of Lenin
*Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class
*Order of the Red Star
*Order of the October Revolution
*Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
*Medal of Zhukov
* USSR State Prize | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* U.S. Commissioner of Corporations. Report on the Steel Industry (1913).
* Warne, Colston E. ed. The Steel Strike of 1919 (1963), primary and secondary documents | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The trimerization of a part of a nitrile molecule and two parts of acetylene into pyridine is called Bönnemann cyclization. This modification of the Reppe synthesis can be activated either by heat or by light. While the thermal activation requires high pressures and temperatures, the photoinduced cycloaddition proceeds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GaAs can be used for various transistor types:
* Metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET)
* High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT)
* Junction field-effect transistor (JFET)
* Heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT)
* Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
The HBT can be used in integra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Redox reactions are normally strongly exothermic, and can make excellent candidates for thermometric titrations. In the classical determination of ferrous ion with permanganate, the reaction enthalpy is more than double that of a strong acid/strong base titration:ΔH =
−123.9 kJ/mol of Fe. The determination of hydrogen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation proceeds under mild conditions and is highly stereospecific. In addition to aliphatic, aromatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, acyl nitriles and 1,2-diketones are also suitable substrates. Few methods exist for decarbonylation.
One illustrative application is the synthesis of the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are capable of natural genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA from its surroundings. For bacterial transformation to take place, the recipient bacteria must be in a state of competence, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With a regular income, Hahn was now able to contemplate marriage. In June 1911, while attending a conference in Stettin, Hahn met (1887–1968), a student at the Royal School of Art in Berlin. They saw each other again in Berlin, and became engaged in November 1912. On 22 March 1913 the couple married in Edith's native ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Martha was born in Georgia, Vermont on February 13, 1870. She grew up in Easthampton, Massachusetts where she graduated high school. She earned her B.S. degree from Smith College in 1892. Prior to enrolling in graduate school at Yale University, she taught as a science teacher in New York and Massachusetts. She started... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1911 M. Potter described how microbial conversions could create reducing power, and thus electric current. Twenty years later Cohen (1931) investigated the capacity of bacteria to produce an electrical flow and he noted that the main limitation is the small capacity of current generation in microorganisms. Berk and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although suffering from poor mechanical strength, some approach has been made to construct hydrogel fiber with textile methods. Also, the electrospun, meltspun, DIW method can produce hydrogel fiber structures at higher dimensions directly. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A helion (symbol h) is the nucleus of a helium atom, a doubly positively charged cation. The term helion is a portmanteau of helium and ion, and in practice refers specifically to the nucleus of the helium-3 isotope, consisting of two protons and one neutron. The nucleus of the other stable isotope of helium, helium-4,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Morpholine oleate is used in glazing wax which covers fruit. NMOR can be generated by the nitration of morpholine, causing its presence in waxed fruits.Health Canada, the Canadian governmental department of public health, has stated in 2002 that this does not pose a risk to human health.
Consumption of nitrate-rich die... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marine primary production can be divided into new production from allochthonous nutrient inputs to the euphotic zone, and regenerated production from nutrient recycling in the surface waters. The total new production in the ocean roughly equates to the sinking flux of particulate organic matter to the deep ocean, about... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetals, ketals, and aminals are reduced in the presence of hydrosilanes and acid. Site-selective reduction of acetals and ketals whose oxygens are inequivalent have been reported—the example below is used in a synthesis of Tamiflu.
Other functional groups that have been reduced with hydrosilanes include amides, and α,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Finally, this type of plot can readily be drawn to illustrate the effects of changing parameters in the acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition to carbonyls. The example in Figure 4 demonstrates the effects of increasing the strength of the acid. In this case, the extent of protonation is the α-value in the Brønsted catal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkyl tosylates are alkylating agents because tosylate is electron-withdrawing as well as a good leaving group. Tosylate is a pseudohalide. Toluenesulfonate esters undergo nucleophilic attack or elimination. Reduction of tosylate esters gives the hydrocarbon. Thus, tosylation followed by reduction allows for the de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Patricia Ana Matrai is a marine scientist known for her work on the cycling of sulfur. She is a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
STAT1 has been shown to interact with:
* BRCA1,
* C-jun,
* CD117,
* CREB-binding protein,
* Calcitriol receptor,
* Epidermal growth factor receptor,
* Fanconi anemia, complementation group C,
* GNB2L1,
* IFNAR2,
* IRF1,
* ISGF3G
* Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit,
* MCM5,
* Mammalian target of rapamyc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of crystal symmetry on misorientations is to reduce the fraction of the full orientation space necessary to uniquely represent all possible misorientation relationships. For example, cubic crystals (i.e. FCC) have 24 symmetrically related orientations. Each of these orientations is physically indistinguish... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Secretin family are peptides that act as local hormones which regulate activity of G-protein coupled receptors. Most often found in the pancreas and the intestines. Secretin was discovered in 1902 by E. H. Starling. It was later linked to chemical regulation and was the first substance to be deemed a hormone.
#Secr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The numbers of electrons "donated" by some ligands depends on the geometry of the metal-ligand ensemble. An example of this complication is the M–NO entity. When this grouping is linear, the NO ligand is considered to be a three-electron ligand. When the M–NO subunit is strongly bent at N, the NO is treated as a pseu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ERVs have been found to be associated to disease not only through disease-causing relations, but also through immunity. The frequency of ERVs in long terminal repeats (LTRs) likely correlates to viral adaptations to take advantage of immunity signaling pathways that promote viral transcription and replication. A study ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) is a chemical compound with the formula OC(OCCl). It is used as a solid substitute for phosgene, which is a gas and diphosgene, which is a liquid. Triphosgene is stable up to 200 °C. Triphosgene is used in a variety of halogenation reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1901, Ramsay Silver Medal
* 1912, William H. Nichols Medal, New York Section of the American Chemical Society
* 1999, Laboratory recognized as a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society
* 2000, inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In competitive inhibition the substrate and inhibitor cannot bind to the enzyme at the same time. This usually results from the inhibitor having an affinity for the active site of an enzyme where the substrate also binds; the substrate and inhibitor compete for access to the enzymes active site. This type of inhibition... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reticulated foam is a very porous, low density solid foam. Reticulated means like a net. Reticulated foams are extremely open foams i.e. there are few, if any, intact bubbles or cell windows. In contrast, the foam formed by soap bubbles is composed solely of intact (fully enclosed) bubbles. In a reticulated foam only t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was long considered that the best examples of neutral homoaromatics are bishomoaromatics such as barrelene and semibullvalene. First synthesized in 1966, semibullvalene has a structure that should lend itself well to homoaromaticity although there has been much debate whether semibullvalene derivatives can provide a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiant personal heaters are devices that convert energy into infrared radiation that are designed to increase a user's perceived temperature. They typically are either gas-powered or electric. In domestic and commercial applications, gas-powered radiant heaters can produce a higher heat flux than electric heaters whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, Zaytsevs rule (or Zaitsevs rule, Saytzeffs rule, Saytzevs rule) is an empirical rule for predicting the favored alkene product(s) in elimination reactions. While at the University of Kazan, Russian chemist Alexander Zaytsev studied a variety of different elimination reactions and observed a genera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaeal transcription shares eukaryotic and bacterial ties. With eukaryotes, it shares similarities with its initiation factors that help transcription identify appropriate sequences such as TATA box homologs as well as factors that maintain transcription elongation. However, additional transcription factors similar t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The trivial name carbene is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names methylidene and dihydridocarbon, valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively.
Methylidene is viewed as methane with two hydrogen atoms removed. By default, this name pays no regard to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In complex variable the H equation is
then for , a unique solution is given by
where the imaginary part of the function can vanish if is real i.e., . Then we have
The above solution is unique and bounded in the interval for conservative cases. In non-conservative cases, if the equation admits the roots , then the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both the oral and intravenous preparations of flucloxacillin are inexpensive and are available as the sodium salt flucloxacillin sodium, in capsules (250 or 500 mg), oral suspensions (125 mg/5 ml or 250 mg/5 ml), and injections (powder for reconstitution, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg per vial).
Flucloxacillin is not comm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the relative age of the technology, it may be beneficial to discuss the operation of the multipath ultrasonic meter to illustrate the effects of flow profile distortion and swirl. There are various types of flow measurements utilizing high frequency sound. The custody transfer measurement devices available today... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The terms ‘sulfidic material’ and ‘sulfuric material’ were primarily coined by Prof Delvin Fanning (University of Maryland), Prof Martin Rabenhorst (University of Maryland), and Prof Rob Fitzpatrick (University of Adelaide) – and have been incorporated into the Australian Soil Classification (ASC) and World Reference B... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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