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Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amide tail synthesis (scheme 7) was based on an asymmetric Aldol reaction. The starting compound is the commercially available Benzyloxyacetic acid 53 which was converted to the thio ester 55 (Ethanethiol) through the acid chloride 54 (thionyl chloride, pyridine). This formed the silyl enol ether 55 (n-butyllithium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist who studied medicine at the University of Uppsala and was a professor of chemistry in Stockholm. He drew on the ideas of both Davy and Dalton to create an electrochemical view of how elements combined together. Berzelius classified elements into two groups, electronegative a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solomon is co-author of nine books, including an historical account of the development of plastic banknotes (The Plastic Banknote: From Concept to Reality) and several text books (including The Chemistry of Radical Polymerization). He is also co-author of over 250 journal papers and 45 patents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern weather satellites produce imagery in a variety of spectra.
In the case of Landsat satellites, several different band designations have been used, with as many as 11 bands (Landsat 8) comprising a multispectral image. Spectral imaging with a higher radiometric resolution
(involving hundreds or thousands of bands... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPIC-seq may be more effective in cancers with prominent genes or well-defined molecular subtypes. Consequently, its utility may be limited in cancers with less distinct genetic profiles or those characterized by significant interpatient variability. This restricts its generalizability across different cancer types and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest liquid crystalline phase that is formed by spherical micelles is the micellar cubic, denoted by the symbol I. This is a highly viscous, optically isotropic phase in which the micelles are arranged on a cubic lattice. Prior to becoming macroscopic liquid crystals, tactoids are formed, which are liquid cryst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recrystallization is prevented or significantly slowed by a dispersion of small, closely spaced particles due to Zener pinning on both low- and high-angle grain boundaries. This pressure directly opposes the driving force arising from the dislocation density and will influence both the nucleation and growth kinetics. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. Cost and performance remain problematic. Typical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law. Beyond structural materials, electroactive bioplastics are being developed that pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tertiary (3°) phosphines, with the formula RP, are traditionally prepared by alkylation of phosphorus trichloride using Grignard reagents or related organolithium compounds:
:3RMgX + PCl → PR + 3MgX
In the case of trimethylphosphine, triphenyl phosphite is used in place of the highly electrophilic PCl:
: 3 C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Directional solidification uses a thermal gradient to promote nucleation of metal grains on a low temperature surface, as well as to promote their growth along the temperature gradient. This leads to grains elongated along the temperature gradient, and significantly greater creep resistance parallel to the long grain d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HNF4 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4) is a nuclear receptor protein mostly expressed in the liver, gut, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells that is critical for liver development. In humans, there are two paralogs of HNF4, HNF4α and HNF4γ, encoded by two separate genes and respectively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interleukin 6 (acronym: IL-6) is a cytokine that is important for many aspects of cellular biology including immune responses, cell survival, apoptosis, as well as proliferation. Several studies have outlined the importance of autocrine IL-6 signaling in lung and breast cancers. For example, one group found a positive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes signal sequences may act co-translationally or post-translationally.
The co-translational pathway is initiated when the signal peptide emerges from the ribosome and is recognized by the signal-recognition particle (SRP). SRP then halts further translation (translational arrest only oc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The purpose of using RNA FISH is to detect target mRNA transcripts in cells, tissue sections, or even whole-mounts. The process is done in 3 main procedures: tissue preparation (pre-hybridization), hybridization, and washing (post-hybridization).
The tissue preparation starts by collecting the appropriate tissue sectio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin is formed, lowering hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen via the Bohr effect. The reaction is formed between a carbon dioxide molecule and an amino residue. In the absence of oxygen, unbound hemoglobin molecules have a greater chance of becoming carbaminohemoglob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mouth is the first part of the upper gastrointestinal tract and is equipped with several structures that begin the first processes of digestion. These include salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. The mouth consists of two regions; the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the tee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many instances, the oscillatory flow in the fluid interior of surface waves can be described accurately using potential flow theory, apart from boundary layers near the free surface and bottom (where vorticity is important, due to viscous effects, see Stokes boundary layer). Then, the flow velocity u can be describe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One application in which pressure exchangers are widely used is reverse osmosis (RO). In an RO system, pressure exchangers are used as energy recovery devices (ERDs). As illustrated, high-pressure concentrate from the membranes [C] is directed [3] to the ERD [D]. The ERD uses this high-pressure concentrate stream to pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At neutral pH, thiocarboxylic acids are fully ionized. Thiocarboxylic acids are about 100 times more acidic than the analogous carboxylic acids. For PhC(O)SH pK = 2.48 vs 4.20 for PhC(O)OH. For thioacetic acid the pK is near 3.4 vs 4.72 for acetic acid.
The conjugate base of thioacetic acid, thioacetate is reagents f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has published pollution control regulations for smelters.
* Air pollution standards under the Clean Air Act
* Water pollution standards (effluent guidelines) under the Clean Water Act.
The RMI Conformant Smelter Program
As conflict mineral use grows, numerous in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is well known that optical interference often is a major problem in laser-based gas spectroscopy. In conventional laser-based gas spectrometers, the optical interference originates from e.g. etalon-type interference effects in (or between) optical components and multi-pass gas cells. Throughout the years, great effo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A prehormone is a biochemical substance secreted by glandular tissue and has minimal or no significant biological activity, but it is converted in peripheral tissues into an active hormone. Calcifediol is an example of a prehormone which is produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the liver. Another ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is easiest to describe the flux of metabolites through a pathway by considering the reaction steps individually. The flux of the metabolites through each reaction (J) is the rate of the forward reaction (V), less that of the reverse reaction (V):
At equilibrium, there is no flux. Furthermore, it is observed that thr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ignatius Gottfried Kaim was an Austrian chemist.
In his dissertation De metallis dubiis published in 1770 Kaim describes the reduction of manganese oxide with carbon and the formation of a brittle metal. This is the first description of manganese metal several years before the better known synthesis of Johan Gottlieb G... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For molecular systems in thermal equilibrium, the addition of energy. e. g. by mechanical work, can cause a change in entropy. This is known from the theories of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Specifically, both theories assert that the change in energy must be proportional to the entropy change times the ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amines are ubiquitous in biology. The breakdown of amino acids releases amines, famously in the case of decaying fish which smell of trimethylamine. Many neurotransmitters are amines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Protonated amino groups () are the most common positively cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All 3 types of photooxygenation have been applied in the context of organic synthesis. In particular, type II photooxygenations have proven to be the most widely used (due to the low amount of energy required to generate singlet oxygen) and have been described as "one of the most powerful methods for the photochemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic entropy (at equilibrium) is a function of the state variables of the model description. It is therefore as "real" as the other variables in the model description. If the model constraints in the probability assignment are a "good" description, containing all the information needed to predict reproduci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The unit of osmotic concentration is the osmole. This is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines the number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution. A milliosmole (mOsm) is 1/1,000 of an osmole. A microosmole (μOsm) (also spelled micro-osmole) is 1/1,000,000 of an osmole. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM-IR has been used to study the surface plasmon resonance in heavily silicon-doped indium arsenide microparticles. Gold split ring resonators have been studied for use with Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. In this case AFM-IR was used to measure the local field enhancement of the plasmonics structur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the earliest synthesis of gallium nitride was at the George Herbert Jones Laboratory in 1932.
An early synthesis of gallium nitride was by Robert Juza and Harry Hahn in 1938.
GaN with a high crystalline quality can be obtained by depositing a buffer layer at low temperatures. Such high-quality GaN led to the dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
William Brownrigg ( – 6 January 1800) was a British doctor and scientist, who practised at Whitehaven in Cumberland. While there, Brownrigg carried out experiments that earned him the Copley Medal in 1766 for his work on carbonic acid gas. He was the first person to recognise platinum as a new element.
He was created a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When applied to polymers, the term crystalline has a somewhat ambiguous usage. In some cases, the term crystalline finds identical usage to that used in conventional crystallography. For example, the structure of a crystalline protein or polynucleotide, such as a sample prepared for x-ray crystallography, may be define... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to consumers. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by profess... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For strong gradients the transport equation typically has to be modified with higher order terms (and higher order Transport coefficients). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many proteins, including antibodies, are difficult to express in host cells due to problems with insolubility, disulfide bonds or host cell toxicity. Cell-free protein array makes many of such proteins available for use in protein microarrays. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two isozymes are encoded by the PKM gene: PKM1 and PKM2. The M-gene consists of 12 exons and 11 introns. PKM1 and PKM2 are different splicing products of the M-gene (exon 9 for PKM1 and exon 10 for PKM2) and solely differ in 23 amino acids within a 56-amino acid stretch (aa 378–434) at their carboxy terminus. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Middleton, Wilfrid & Habibi, Amin & Shankar, Sanjeev & Ludwig, Ferdinand. (2020). Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges. Sustainability. 12. 10.3390/su12083267. [https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3267/html Open access article link]
* Well, Friederike & Ludwig, Ferdinand. (2020). Blue-green arch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An apparent self-protective behaviour, known as "terminal burrowing", or "hide-and-die syndrome", occurs in the final stages of hypothermia. Those affected will enter small, enclosed spaces, such as underneath beds or behind wardrobes. It is often associated with paradoxical undressing. Researchers in Germany claim thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fretting examples include wear of drive splines on driveshafts, wheels at the lug bolt interface, and cylinder head gaskets subject to differentials in thermal expansion coefficients.
There is currently a focus on fretting research in the aerospace industry. The dovetail blade-root connection and the spline coupling of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
S-block compounds with low oxidation states can be short lived. There are various techniques available for use. However, the generation and detection of these molecules rely on frozen inert gas matrices, low pressures, high temperatures in the gas phase, or a combination of these. This can then be combined with theoret... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The spectrochemical series was first proposed in 1938 based on the results of absorption spectra of cobalt complexes.
A partial spectrochemical series listing of ligands from small Δ to large Δ is given below. (For a table, see the ligand page.)
:I < NO < FOO CN < py (pyridine) < NH < en (ethylenediamin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Lamb surfaces are smooth, connected orientable two-dimensional surfaces, which are simultaneously stream-surfaces and vortex surfaces, named after the physicist Horace Lamb. Lamb surfaces are orthogonal to the Lamb vector everywhere, where and are the vorticity and velocity field, respectively. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal sulfates form a variety of hydrates, each of which crystallizes in only one form. The sulfate group often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. The heptahydrates, which are often the most common salts, crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhomb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Krupp-Renn process is suitable for producing pre-reduced iron ore from highly siliceous and acidic ores (CaO/SiO2 basicity index of 0.1 to 0.4), which begin generating a pasty slag at 1,200 °C. Additionally, due to the slag's acidity, it becomes vitreous, facilitating separation from the iron through easy crushing.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Underground World Home was an exhibit at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair of a partially underground house which doubled as a bomb shelter. Designed by architect Jay Swayze, who made a specialty of underground homes, it was situated on the campus of the expo besides the Hall of Science and north of the expos helipor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ziegler–Natta catalysts of the third class, non-metallocene catalysts, use a variety of complexes of various metals, ranging from scandium to lanthanoid and actinoid metals, and a large variety of ligands containing oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). The complexes are activated using MAO, as is d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactoperoxidase-catalysed reactions yield short-lived intermediary oxidation products of SCN, providing antibacterial activity.
The major intermediary oxidation product is hypothiocyanite OSCN, which is produced in an amount of about 1 mole per mole of hydrogen peroxide. At the pH optimum of 5.3, the OSCN is in equilib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A “cuboct” cubic lattice of vertex connected octahedrons, similar to the perovskite mineral structure provides a regular polyhedral unit cell that satisfies Maxwell’s rigidity criterion and has a coordination number z of eight. The dependence of the relative density on the coordination number is small relative to the d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Detailed reviews on occurrence of CoQ and dietary intake were published in 2010. Besides the endogenous synthesis within organisms, CoQ also is supplied by various foods. CoQ concentrations in various foods are:
Vegetable oils, meat and fish are quite rich in CoQ levels. Dairy products are much poorer sources of CoQ th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By raster scanning the sample, making measurements at several points across the surface, multi-megapixel images of the SAW velocity can be built up - providing rich microstructural maps. On samples with a good surface finish measurements can be made without averaging, allowing samples to be rapidly scanned. In-theory, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Periodic table --
Pharmacology --
Physical chemistry --
Plastic --
Polymer --
Process control --
Process design --
Process modeling --
Process safety -- | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MDMA or "ecstasy" originally gained popularity in the 1980s among college students. According to a survey conducted, 10% of college students at a big US institution reported using MDMA, with alcohol and marijuana being the most often used substances. MDMA users report increased enjoyment in physical contact and proximi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nature of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation was the center of a vigorous, well-known debate in the chemistry community through the middle of the twentieth century. While the majority of chemists believed that a three-center two-electron bond best depicted its ground state electronic structure, others argued that al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material for high-cost, high-efficiency solar cells and is used for single-crystalline thin-film solar cells and for multi-junction solar cells.
The first known operational use of GaAs solar cells in space was for the Venera 3 mission, launched in 1965. The GaAs solar cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is an inversion-recovery pulse sequence used
to nullify the signal from fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid so as to bring out periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques. By carefully choosing th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When used as a food additive, ractopamine added to feed can be distributed by the blood to the muscle tissues, where it serves as a full agonist to murine (mouse or rat) TAAR1, a receptor protein (not necessarily in humans). It is also an agonist to beta-adrenergic receptors. A cascade of events will then be initiated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The release of a neurotransmitter is triggered by the arrival of a nerve impulse (or action potential) and occurs through an unusually rapid process of cellular secretion (exocytosis). Within the presynaptic nerve terminal, vesicles containing neurotransmitter are localized near the synaptic membrane. The arriving acti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low molecular weight simple amines, such as ethylamine, are only weakly toxic with between 100 and 1000 mg/kg. They are skin irritants, especially as some are easily absorbed through the skin. Amines are a broad class of compounds, and more complex members of the class can be extremely bioactive, for example strychnin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The neodymium found at Oklo has a different isotopic composition to that of natural neodymium: the latter contains 27% , while that of Oklo contains less than 6%. The is not produced by fission; the ore contains both fission-produced and natural neodymium. From this content, we can subtract the natural neodymium and ga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Landsupport consortium consists of the following partners:
*University of Naples, Italy
*ARIESPACE, Italy
*Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain
*University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
*Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
*Crops for the Future, Malaysia
*ICARDA, Tunisia
*Institute... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Expected progeny differences (EPD) are an evaluation of an animal’s genetic worth as a parent. They are based on animal models which combine all information known about an individual and its relatives to create a genetic profile of the animal’s merits. These profiles are then compared to other individuals of the same b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
- For visible light,
- For neutrons,
- For "hard" X-rays,
while typical values for polymers range in . This makes small-angle measurements in neutrons and X-rays a bit more tedious, as very small angles are needed, and the data in those angles is often "overpowered" by the spot emerging in usual scattering expe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:* A graft polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which one or more of the side chains are different, structurally or configurationally, from the main chain.
:* A star-shaped polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which a single branch point gives rise to multiple linear chains or arms. If the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactive primordial nuclides found in the Earth are residues from ancient supernova explosions that occurred before the formation of the Solar System. They are the fraction of radionuclides that survived from that time, through the formation of the primordial solar nebula, through planet accretion, and up to the pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy, or just simply N NMR) is a version of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that examines samples containing the N nucleus. N NMR differs in several ways from the more common C and H NMR. To circumvent the difficulties associated with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain perfusates have been shown to have toxic effects on kidneys as a result of the inadvertent inclusion of particular chemicals in their formulation. Collins showed that the procaine included in the formulation of his flush fluids could be toxic, and Pegg has commented how toxic materials, such as PVC plasticizers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney health, because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Class IIB HDACs include HDAC6 and HDAC10. These two HDACs are most closely related to each other in overall sequence. However, HDAC6's catalytic domain is most similar to HDAC9. A unique feature of HDAC6 is that it contains two catalytic domains in tandem of one another. Another unique feature of HDAC6 is the HDAC6... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another rare fission process, occurring in about 1 in 10 million fissions, is Quaternary fission. It is analogous to ternary fission, save that four charged products are seen. Typically two of these are light particles, with the most common mode of Quaternary fission apparently being two large particles and two alpha p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Beautiful Swimmers: Watermen, Crabs and the Chesapeake Bay (1976), a Pulitzer Prize-winning non-fiction book by William W. Warner about the Chesapeake Bay, blue crabs, and watermen.
* Chesapeake (1978), a novel by author James A. Michener.
*Chesapeake Requiem: A Year with the Watermen of Vanishing Tangier Island (201... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The German chemist Wilhelm Körner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. It was the German chemist Carl Gräbe who, in 1869, first used the pre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich elements; AREs) are found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that code for proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors, and cytokines. AREs are one of the most common determinants of RNA stability in mammalian cells.
AREs are defined as a reg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TEOS-10 was developed by the [https://scor-int.org/ SCOR(Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research)]/IAPSO(International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) Working Group 127 which was chaired by Trevor McDougall. It has been approved as the official description of the thermodynamic properties of seawa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before lead compounds can be discovered, a suitable target for rational drug design must be selected on the basis of biological plausibility or identified through screening potential lead compounds against multiple targets. Drug libraries are often tested by high-throughput screenings (active compounds are designated a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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The lipid tail is essential for enabling lipid membrane insertion and retention but also for giving the construct amphiphilic characteristics that enable hydrophilic surface coating (due to formation of bilipid layers). Different membrane lipids that can be used to create FSLs have different membrane physiochem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many possible thermodynamically stable fuel-oxidizer combinations. Some of them are:
* Aluminium-molybdenum(VI) oxide
* Aluminium-copper(II) oxide
* Aluminium-iron(II,III) oxide
* Antimony-potassium permanganate
* Aluminium-potassium permanganate
* Aluminium-bismuth(III) oxide
* Aluminium-tungsten(VI) oxide h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the absence of active stabilization, the repetition rate and carrier–envelope offset frequency would be free to drift. They vary with changes in the cavity length, refractive index of laser optics, and nonlinear effects such as the Kerr effect. The repetition rate can be stabilized using a piezoelectric transducer,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The English word lichen derives from the Greek ("tree moss, lichen, lichen-like eruption on skin") via Latin . The Greek noun, which literally means "licker", derives from the verb , "to lick". In American English, "lichen" is pronounced the same as the verb "liken" (). In British English, both this pronunciation an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ancient slag is difficult to date. It has no organic material with which to perform radiocarbon dating. There are no cultural artifacts like pottery shards in the slag with which to date it. Direct physical dating of slag through thermoluminescence dating could be a good method to solve this problem. Thermoluminescence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While Aristotelian philosophy eclipsed the importance of the atomists in late Roman and medieval Europe, their work was still preserved and exposited through commentaries on the works of Aristotle. In the 2nd century, Galen (AD 129–216) presented extensive discussions of the Greek atomists, especially Epicurus, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, describes certain arrangements of atoms within molecules. The prefixes "cis" and "trans" are from Latin: "this side of" and "the other side of", respectively. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups (substituents) are on the same side... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is an assembly of three microchannel plates with channels aligned in a Z shape. Single MCPs can have gain up to 10,000 (40dB) but this system can provide gain more than 10 million (70dB). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under certain conditions, protons can re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without contributing to ATP synthesis. This process is known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling and is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the matrix. The process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is the recombinant form of factor VIII, a blood-clotting protein that is administered to patients with the bleeding disorder hemophilia, who are unable to produce factor VIII in quantities sufficient to support normal blood coagulation. Before the development of recombinant factor VIII, the protein was obtained by p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This section will review the drug development from one generation to the next with emphasis on the structural differences between the generations. The generation classification system relies on dividing the cephalosporins by their chemical properties and their relative activity against gram-negative versus gram-positiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 2) is the genetic code found in the mitochondria of all vertebrata. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. In normal individuals, the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins (antigens) but not to human proteins (autoantigens). In some cases, antibodies to human antigens are produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the mass fraction of the dispersed phase is small, then one-way coupling between the phases is a reasonable assumption; that is, the dynamics of the particle phase are affected by the carrier phase, but the reverse is not the case. However, if the mass fraction of the dispersed phase is large, the interaction of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Northup joined the faculty at the University of New Mexico. At the UNM she started the Subsurface Life In Mineral Environments (SLIME) team. In particular, Northup studies the colourful ferromanganese deposits that line the walls of Lechuguilla and [https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery-item.htm?id=00BDA79B-155D-451F... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually the gamma-emitting tracer used in functional brain imaging is Tc-HMPAO (hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, exametazime). The similar Tc-EC tracer may also be used. These molecules are preferentially distributed to regions of high brain blood flow, and act to assess brain metabolism regionally, in an attempt to di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many units of measurement were historically, or are still, defined with reference to the properties of specific substances that, in many cases, occurred in nature as mixes of multiple isotopes, for example:
Since samples taken from different natural sources can have subtly different isotopic ratios, the relevant proper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further advances in aquasome research require additional investigation of their in vivo drug release and targeting. Applications such as delivery of dithranol for the treatment of psoriasis and oral delivery of bromelain for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as cancer show promising results in vitro and ex vi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research and teaching activities related to natural products fall into a number of diverse academic areas, including organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, ethnobotany, traditional medicine, and ethnopharmacology. Other biological areas include chemical biology, chemical ecology, chemogenomics, systems ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A masking agent is a reagent used in chemical analysis which reacts with chemical species that may interfere in the analysis.
In sports a masking agent is used to hide or prevent detection of a banned substance or illegal drug like anabolic steroids or stimulants. Diuretics are the simplest form of masking agent and wo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the last step of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible; in gluconeogenesis, it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 4n+3 chain of uranium-235 is commonly called the "actinium series" or "actinium cascade". Beginning with the naturally-occurring isotope uranium-235, this decay series includes the following elements: actinium, astatine, bismuth, francium, lead, polonium, protactinium, radium, radon, thallium, and thorium. All are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. The index of refraction depends on both composition and crystal structure and can be calculated u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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