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In 2008, Place et al. identified targets for miRNA miR-373 on the promoters of several human genes and found that introduction of miR-373 mimics into human cells induced the expression of its predicted target genes. This study provided the first example that RNAa could be mediated by naturally occurring non-coding RNA ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several isozymes of malate dehydrogenase exist. There are two main isoforms in eukaryotic cells. One is found in the mitochondrial matrix, participating as a key enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the oxidation of malate. The other is found in the cytoplasm, assisting the malate-aspartate shuttle with excha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are found in the lipids of plants and some marine organisms. Many ruminant animals form a large amount of 3-carbon propionate during the fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen. Long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms are found particularly in ruminant fat ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Droplet-based microfluidics can be used to generate microparticles with repeatable size.
* manipulation of alginate solution to allow microcapsules to be created | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Boulet Asphyxiant was a rumoured Russian chemical weapon during the Crimean War. The rumour was first found in the French newspaper Atlas before spreading to English-language publications.
According to the rumour, the Asphyxiant was developed by a French chemical researcher, M. Fortier, in 1839. He approached the M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
I is produced by proton irradiation of Xe. The caesium isotope produced is unstable and decays to I. The isotope is usually supplied as the iodide and hypoiodate in dilute sodium hydroxide solution, at high isotopic purity. I has also been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by proton bombardment of Te.
I decay... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Since the technique involves the use of SDS-PAGE which utilizes the effect that sodium-dodecyl sulfate has on proteins which is to denature them, there is the possibility of dissociating protein factors that possess multiple subunits through the process. This could end up affecting how well the protein factor binds t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After completing his education, Taube remained in the United States, becoming an instructor in chemistry at Berkeley until 1941. He initially wanted to return to Canada to work, but did not receive a response when he applied for jobs at the major Canadian universities. From Berkeley, he served as an instructor and ass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alexander Nikolayevich was one of the greatest organic chemists of the 20th century. He organised a number of fundamental works on the theory of the structure and reactivity of organic compounds. He created a new discipline lying on the border of inorganic and organic chemistry, which was called "chemistry of organoele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The spliceosome is a very complex structure containing up to one hundred proteins and five different RNAs. The substrate of the reaction is a long RNA molecule and the transesterification reactions catalyzed by the spliceosome require the bringing together of sites that may be thousands of nucleotides apart. All bioche... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Terfenol-D, an alloy of the formula (x ≈ 0.3), is a magnetostrictive material. It was initially developed in the 1970s by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the United States. The technology for manufacturing the material efficiently was developed in the 1980s at Ames Laboratory under a U.S. Navy-funded program. It is n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the adult brain, the endocannabinoid system facilitates the neurogenesis of hippocampal granule cells. In the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, multipotent neural progenitors (NP) give rise to daughter cells that, over the course of several weeks, mature into granule cells whose axons project to and synapse ont... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While identification of open reading frames within a DNA sequence is straightforward, identifying coding sequences is not, because the cell translates only a subset of all open reading frames to proteins. Currently CDS prediction uses sampling and sequencing of mRNA from cells, although there is still the problem of de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the study of heat transfer, radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation. As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.
Radiative cooling has been applied in various contexts throughout human history, including ice m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. For exa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SCO is also influenced by the application of pressure, which changes the population of the HS and LS states. Upon application of pressure, a conversion from the HS state to the LS state and a shift from T, (the temperature at which half of the complex is in a LS state), to higher temperatures will occur. This effect ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer concrete, a material commonly used in industrial flooring, uses polymers, typically resins, to replace lime-type cements as a binder. Researchers have found that grounded recycled glass can be used as a substitute for sand when making polymer concrete.
According to research, using recycled glass instead of san... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the substrate has both an α- and β-stereocenter, the Felkin–Anh rule (1,2-induction) and the Evans model (1,3-induction) should considered at the same time. If these two stereocenters have an anti- relationship, both models predict the same diastereomer (the stereoreinforcing case).
However, in the case of the syn-s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc. It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The mucosal cells of the digestive tract contain metallothionein proteins that store the zinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes, the potential or real toxicity of the compound is taken into account (ADME-Tox or ADMET). Parameters used to characterize toxicity include the median lethal dose (LD) and therapeutic index.
Computational chemists try to predict the ADME-Tox qualities of compounds through methods like QSPR or QSAR.
The route... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equilibrium of two molecular conformations is determined by the difference in Gibbs free energy of the two conformations. From this energy difference, the equilibrium constant for the two conformations can be determined.
If there is a decrease in Gibbs free energy from one state to another, this transformation is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* A configurational stereoisomer is a stereoisomer of a reference molecule that has the opposite configuration at a stereocenter (e.g., R- vs S- or E- vs Z-). This means that configurational isomers can be interconverted only by breaking covalent bonds to the stereocenter, for example, by inverting the configurations o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase is the recombinase that drives the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. SB transposase belongs to the DD[E/D] family of transposases, which in turn belong to a large superfamily of polynucleotidyl transferases that includes RNase H, RuvC Holliday resolvase, RAG proteins, and retrovir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal radiation can be concentrated on a tiny spot via reflecting mirrors, which concentrating solar power takes advantage of. Instead of mirrors, Fresnel lenses can also be used to concentrate radiant energy. In principle, any kind of lens can be used, but only the Fresnel lens design is practical for very large len... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are also many other descriptive terms, often with very specialized usage and confined to specific taxonomic groups. The conspicuousness of veins depends on a number of features. These include the width of the veins, their prominence in relation to the lamina surface and the degree of opacity of the surface, which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to specify the different harmonic components of the tide-generating potential, Doodson devised a practical system which is still in use, involving what are called the Doodson numbers based on the six Doodson arguments or Doodson variables. The number of different tidal frequency components is large, but each c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (variously abbreviated PPFPA, PolyPFPA, PPfpA, or PolyPfpA) is a highly fluorinated polymer. It features the pentafluorophenyl ester functionality, from which its properties and applications result. It is most commonly used in post-polymerization modification to synthesize functional po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PET scans are increasingly read alongside CT or MRI scans, with the combination (co-registration) giving both anatomic and metabolic information (i.e., what the structure is, and what it is doing biochemically). Because PET imaging is most useful in combination with anatomical imaging, such as CT, modern PET scanners a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When encapsulating hydrophobic or potentially toxic materials it is important that the encapsulant remain intact while inside the body. Studying the rheological properties of the micelles permits identification and selection of the polymer that is most appropriate for use in long-term biological applications. R-PEG exh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic studies show that malate dehydrogenase enzymatic activity is ordered. The cofactor NAD/NADH is bound to the enzyme before the substrate. The Km value for malate, i.e., the concentration at which the enzyme activity is half-maximal, is 2 mM. The Kcat value is 259.2 s. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Espín was married to Raúl Castro, the former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, who is the brother to former First Secretary Fidel Castro. Their wedding took place in 1959, only weeks after the 26th of July Movement had successfully overthrown dictator Fulgencio Batista. She had four children (Deborah, Mar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chiral acyclic alkenes also show diastereoselectivity upon reactions such as epoxidation and enolate alkylation. The substituents around the alkene can favour the approach of the electrophile from one or the other face of the molecule. This is the basis of the Houks model, based on theoretical work by Kendall Houk, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benzenesulfonyl chloride is an organosulfur compound with the formula CHSOCl. It is a colourless viscous oil that dissolves in organic solvents, but reacts with compounds containing reactive N-H and O-H bonds. It is mainly used to prepare sulfonamides and sulfonate esters by reactions with amines and alcohols, respecti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Production of crude steel has risen at an astounding rate, reaching 1.691 billion tonnes by 2017
During the 20th century, the consumption of steel increased at an average annual rate of 3.3%. In 1900, the United States was producing 37% of the world's steel, but with post war industrial development in Asia and centrali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides de novo synthesis, PA can be formed in three ways:
* By phospholipase D (PLD), via the hydrolysis of the P-O bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce PA and choline.
* By the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DAGK).
* By the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase (L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several lines of evidence suggest that intelectins recognize microbes and may function as an innate immune defense protein. Tunicate intelectin is an opsonin for phagocytosis by hemocyte. Amphioxus intelectin has been shown to agglutinate bacteria. In zebrafish and rainbow trout, intelectin expression is stimulated upo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The limiting equivalent conductivity of solutions based on mixed solvents like water alcohol has minima depending on the nature of alcohol. For methanol the minimum is at 15 molar % water, and for the ethanol at 6 molar % water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common method for cantilever-deflection measurements is the beam-deflection method. In this method, laser light from a solid-state diode is reflected off the back of the cantilever and collected by a position-sensitive detector (PSD) consisting of two closely spaced photodiodes, whose output signal is collecte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several important measures are used to characterize solar cells. The most obvious is the total amount of electrical power produced for a given amount of solar power shining on the cell. Expressed as a percentage, this is known as the solar conversion efficiency. Electrical power is the product of current and voltage, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Base calling can be assessed by two metrics, read accuracy and consensus accuracy. Read accuracy refers to the called base's accuracy to a known reference. Consensus accuracy refers to how accurate a consensus sequence is compared to overlapping reads from the same genetic locus. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lillie's trichrome is a combination of dyes used in histology.
It is similar to Massons trichrome stain, but it uses Biebrich scarlet for the plasma stain. It was initially published by Ralph D. Lillie in 1940. It is applied by submerging the fixated sample into the following three solutions: Weigerts iron hematoxylin ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Overdose symptoms can be confusion, hypotension, and tachycardia, and several fatalities have been reported with concentrations in postmortem blood ranging from 0.1 to 7.0 mg/L compared to non-toxic levels in postmortem blood which can extend to 0.4 mg/kg. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amorphous solids in general have a unique magnetic property because of their atomic disorder as explained above. They are rather soft metals and each has its own specific magnetic property depending on the means of production. In the splat quenching process, the metals are very soft and have superparamagnetic propertie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The antibiotic is produced under many brand names across the world.
* Bangladesh: Ancef, Ancef forte, Aphrin, Avlosef, Cefadin, Cephadin, Cephran, Cephran-DS, Cusef, Cusef DS, Dicef , Dicef forte, Dolocef, Efrad, Elocef, Extracef, Extracef-DS, Intracef, Kefdrin, Lebac, Lebac Forte, Medicef, Mega-Cef, Megacin, Polycef,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When photon energies are as high as the electron rest energy of , yet another process, Compton scattering, may occur. Above twice this energy, at , pair production is also more likely. Compton scattering and pair production are examples of two other competing mechanisms.
Even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commercially made Geiger counters are expensive and require frequent calibration. It is possible to construct an electrometer-type radiation meter called the Kearny fallout meter, which does not require batteries or professional calibration, from properly-scaled plans with just a coffee can or pail, gypsum board, monof... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The case of a vertical line absorbing at a fixed rate a constant quantity of fluid Q per unit length is a line sink. Everything is the same as the case of a line source a part from the negative sign.
This is derived from a stream function
or from a potential function
Given that the two results are the same a part from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned in the introduction, -photo-leucine is a synthetic derivative of the -Leucine amino acid. -photo-leucine is characterized by the presence of a diazirine ring linked to the R radical of the original amino acid. This cyclopropene ring-shaped molecule is constituted of a carbon atom attached to two nitrogen a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, olefin metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of alkenes (olefins) by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon double bonds. Because of the relative simplicity of olefin metathesis, it often creates fewer undesired by-products and hazardous wastes than... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is used as a pH indicator and as a tracking dye for DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. It can be used in its free acid form (light brown solid), or as a sodium salt (dark green solid). It is also an inhibitor of the prostaglandin E transport protein. Additional applications include use in sol-gel matrices, the detecti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trans-acting factors can be categorized by their interactions with the regulated genes, cis-acting elements of the genes, or the gene products. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The more comprehensive approach to assessment of ion suppression is to constantly infuse an appropriate concentration into the mobile phase flow, downstream from the analytical column, using a syringe pump and a tee union. A typical sample should then be injected through the HPLC inlet as per the usual analytical param... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several authors have reported the existence of supramultiplicative behavior in signaling cascades (i.e. the ultrasensitivity of the combination of layers is higher than the product of individual ultrasensitivities), but in many cases the ultimate origin of supramultiplicativity remained elusive. Altszyler et al. (2017)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perey received a grant to study at Paris Sorbonne, but because she didnt have a bachelor's degree, the Sorbonne required her to take courses and obtain the equivalent of a B.S. to fulfill their PhD program requirements before she could earn her doctorate. She graduated from the Sorbonne in 1946 with a Doctorate of Phys... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:
where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γ is the surf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with all non-lethal or less-lethal weapons, there is a risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges that may cause severe bruising, loss of eyesight, or skull fracture, resulting in immediate death. A case of serious vascular injury from t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Corrosion in Ballast Tanks is the deterioration process where the surface of a ballast tank progresses from microblistering, to hydroscaletric electration, and finally to cracking of the tank steel itself.
::“Effective corrosion control in segregated water ballast spaces is probably the single most important feature, n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Environmental engineering law professionals offer a sound knowledge base in the fields of both environmental engineering and law to address complex environmental problems which demand both professional technical practice and legal expertise. Areas of practice are continually expanding, but frequently include complex la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Americium-241, an alpha emitter, is used in smoke detectors. The alpha particles ionize air in an open ion chamber and a small current flows through the ionized air. Smoke particles from the fire that enter the chamber reduce the current, triggering the smoke detector's alarm.
Radium-223 is also an alpha emitter. It i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-computed results for biological assemblies
For a lot of proteins deposited in Protein Data Bank, the asymmetric unit might be different from biological unit, which would make the computational result biologically irrelevant. So the new CASTp 3.0 computed the topological features for biological assemblies, overcome ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two major classes of Neuraminidase that cleave exo or endo poly-sialic acids:
* Exo hydrolysis of α-(2→3)-, α-(2→6)-, α-(2→8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic acid residues
* Endo hydrolysis of (2→8)-α-sialosyl linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids (see endo-α-sialidase.) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many software tools for pharmaceutical bioinformatics. An example of an open source tool is the Bioclipse workbench. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dioxiranes oxidize a wide variety of functional groups. This section describes the substrate scope of dioxirane epoxidation and the products that most commonly result.
Oxidations of alkynes, allenes, arenes, and other unique unsaturated functionality may yield epoxides or other oxidized products. Oxidation of allenes a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alarm photosynthesis process was first evidenced in pigweed Amaranthus hybridus plant in 2016 when A. hybridus leaves were exposed to drought conditions or exogenous application of abscisic acid. The same study showed similar results in Dianthus chinensis, Pelargonium peltatum, and Portulacaria afra plants under d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PAMPs, conserved molecules that inhabit multiple pathogen genera, are referred to as MAMPs by many researchers. The defenses induced by MAMP perception are sufficient to repel most pathogens. However, pathogen effector proteins (see below) are adapted to suppress basal defenses such as PTI. Many receptors for MAMPs (an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epic-seq hypothesizes that cfDNA fragments originating from active promoters, which are less shielded by nucleosomes and thus more susceptible to endonuclease cleavage, will display more erratic cleavage patterns compared to fragments from inactive promoters, which are better protected by nucleosomes. PFE is a variatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene symbols are italicised, with all letters in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; the first letter is in uppercase and the remaining letters are in lowercase (Shh). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the absence of liver disease, high levels of total bilirubin confers various health benefits. Studies have also revealed that levels of serum bilirubin (SBR) are inversely related to risk of certain heart diseases. While the poor solubility and potential toxicity of bilirubin limit its potential medicinal applicatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The unfavourable reduction of Fd from a less reducing electron donor can be coupled simultaneously with the favourable reduction of an oxidising agent through an electron bifurcation reaction. An example of the electron bifurcation reaction is the generation of for nitrogen fixation in certain aerobic diazotrophs. Typ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mid-FTIR spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and quantitatively determine the BN of hydrocarbon lubricating oils by spectroscopically measuring the carboxylate (COO-) functional group of the salt produced when trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) reacts with basic constituents present in an oil sample. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Royal Society of Chemistry, its sections, societies that merged to form it and journals published by the Society.
de:Kategorie:Royal Society of Chemistry | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The topological properties of circular DNA are complex. In standard texts, these properties are invariably explained in terms of a helical model for DNA, but in 2008 it was noted that each topoisomer, negative or positive, adopts a unique and surprisingly wide distribution of three-dimensional conformations.
When the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In domestic applications, traps are typically U, S, Q, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture. An S-shaped trap is also known as an S-bend. It was invented by Alexander Cumming in 1775 but became known as the U-bend following the introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The U-b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reactions pair tethered dienes and dienophiles in a [4+2] fashion, the most common being terminal substitution. These transformations are popular in total synthesis and have seen a wide spread use in advance to numerous difficult synthetic targets. One such use is the application of an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipes may also be threaded with cylindrical threaded sections, in which case the threads do not themselves provide any sealing function other than some labyrinth seal effect, which may not be enough to satisfy either functional or code requirements. Instead, an O-ring seated between the shoulder of the male pipe sectio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition. This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disabled Iranian veterans, called janbaz (, literally "those who were willing to lose their lives") in Iran, mostly constitute the disabled veterans of the Iran–Iraq war. According to Mohammad Esfandiari, director of communications and public relations of Irans Martyrs and Disabled Veterans Organization, there are 548,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. Examples include the behavior of water suspended above oil in the gravity of Earth, mus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DMDO is most commonly used for the oxidation of alkenes to epoxides. One advantage of using DMDO is that the only byproduct of oxidation is acetone, a fairly innocuous and volatile compound. DMDO oxidations are particularly mild, sometimes allowing oxidations which might not otherwise be possible.
Despite its high re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cells respond to stress in the form of DNA damage, activated oncogenes, or sub-par growing conditions, and can enter a senescence-like state called "premature senescence". This allows the cell to prevent further replication during periods of damaged DNA or general unfavorable conditions. DNA damage in a cell can induce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zyklon B (; translated Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consists of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany du... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current nanoparticle drug delivery systems can be cataloged based on their platform composition into several groups: polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, viral nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) technology. Each family has its unique characteristics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The residual dipolar coupling between two spins in a molecule occurs if the molecules in solution exhibit a partial alignment leading to an incomplete averaging of spatially anisotropic dipolar couplings.
Partial molecular alignment leads to an incomplete averaging of anisotropic magnetic interactions such as the magne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Colloid solutions used in intravenous therapy belong to a major group of volume expanders, and can be used for intravenous fluid replacement. Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the intravascular volume, whereas other types of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On January 18, 1955, then-AEC commissioner Dr. Willard Libby said that there was insufficient data regarding the effects of fallout due to a lack of human samples – especially samples taken from children – to analyze. Libby was quoted saying, "I dont know how to get them, but I do say that it is a matter of prime impor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sequence reads are not perfect, so the accuracy of each base in the sequence needs to be estimated for downstream analyses. Raw data is examined to ensure: quality scores for base calls are high, the GC content matches the expected distribution, short sequence motifs (k-mers) are not over-represented, and the read dupl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reagents can be pulled through an endergonic reaction, if the reaction products are cleared rapidly by a subsequent exergonic reaction. The concentration of the products of the endergonic reaction thus always remains low, so the reaction can proceed.
A classic example of this might be the first stage of a reaction whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the pharmaceutical industry, some amorphous drugs have been shown to offer higher bioavailability than their crystalline counterparts as a result of the higher solubility of the amorphous phase. However, certain compounds can undergo precipitation in their amorphous form in vivo, and can then decrease mutual bioavai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While it is well established that the skin provides an ideal site for the administration of local and systemic drugs, it presents a formidable barrier to the permeation of most substances. Isotropic formulations have been used to deliver drugs locally and systemically via the skin appendages, intercellular and transcel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Chichén Itzá, Yucatán
#Dzantún C’hen, Yucatán
#Mayapán, Yucatán | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research into the phenomenon of ocean acidification, as well as awareness raising about the problem, has been going on for several decades. The fundamental research really began with the creation of the pH scale by Danish chemist Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen in 1909. By around the 1950s the massive role of the ocean in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Filters are often used to collect bioaerosols because of their simplicity and low cost. Filter collection is especially useful for personal bioaerosol sampling since they are light and unobtrusive. Filters can be preceded by a size-selective inlet, such as a cyclone or impactor, to remove larger particles and provide s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants. Such genes are called reporters because the characteristics they confer on organisms expressing them are easily identified an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superhydrophobic surfaces, such as the leaves of the lotus plant, are those that are extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet exceeds 150°. This is referred to as the lotus effect, and is primarily a physical property related to interfacial tension, rather than a chemical property. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium tert-butoxide (or sodium t-butoxide) is a chemical compound with the formula (CH)CONa (abbr. NaOtBu). It is a strong, non-nucleophilic base. It is flammable and moisture sensitive. It is sometimes written in the chemical literature as sodium t-butoxide. It is similar in reactivity to the more common potassium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with other pharmaceutical drugs, there is standardization of the drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals, although various standards coexist. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) gives the base drug name, followed by the radioisotope (as mass number, no space, element symbol) in parentheses with no supersc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Si-V center is formed by replacing two neighboring carbon atoms in the diamond lattice with one silicon atom, which places itself between the two vacant lattice sites. This configuration has a D point group symmetry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The von Foerster equation is a continuity equation; it can be solved using the method of characteristics. Another way is by similarity solution; and a third is a numerical approach such as finite differences.
To get the solution, the following boundary conditions should be added:
which states that the initial births sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some plasmids or microbial hosts include an addiction system or postsegregational killing system (PSK), such as the hok/sok (host killing/suppressor of killing) system of plasmid R1 in Escherichia coli. This variant produces both a long-lived poison and a short-lived antidote. Several types of plasmid addiction systems... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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