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In 2022, it was found that levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in rainwater worldwide ubiquitously and often greatly exceeded the EPA's lifetime drinking water health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and European Union safety standards, leading to the conclusion that "the global spread o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Passau, Germany, sometimes called the (City of Three Rivers), is the site of a triple confluence, described thus in a guidebook: "from the north the little Ilz sluices brackish water down from the peat-rich Bavarian Forest, meeting the cloudy brown of the Danube as it flows from the west and the pale snow-melt jade ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite its demise, Cement is an important part of California's history and culture. The remaining ruins serve as a reminder of the impact that the cement industry had on the region and the lives of its residents. Cement still interests people wondering about the history of the cement industry, the American West, the g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A range of different methods exist for the measurement of sound in air.
The earliest reasonably accurate estimate of the speed of sound in air was made by William Derham and acknowledged by Isaac Newton. Derham had a telescope at the top of the tower of the Church of St Laurence in Upminster, England. On a calm day, a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fas forms the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) upon ligand binding. Membrane-anchored Fas ligand trimer on the surface of an adjacent cell causes oligomerization of Fas.
Recent studies which suggested the trimerization of Fas could not be validated. Other models suggested the oligomerization up to 5–7 Fas molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hydrogen bond (H-bond), is a specific type of interaction that involves dipole–dipole attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative, partially negative oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or fluorine atom (not covalently bound to said hydrogen atom). It is not a covalent bond, but instead i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By analogy to the above, one can use an anion exchange (positively charged) column surface chemistry to reduce the influence on retention of cationic (positively charged) functional groups for a set of analytes, such as when selectively isolating phosphorylated peptides or sulfated polysaccharide molecules. Use of a pH... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The nanoparticles in the sintered material diffuse ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation (rhombic): [∞,2,∞]
* Coxeter notation (square): [(4,4,2)]
* Lattice: rhombic
* Point group: D
* The group cmm has reflections in two perpendicular directions, and a rotation of order two (180°) whose centre is not on a reflection axis. It also has two rotations whos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most studied mesoionic carbenes are based on imidazole and are referred to as imidazolin-4-ylidenes. These complexes were first reported by Crabtree in 2001. The formation of imidazolin-4-ylidenes (MIC) instead of imidazolin-2-ylidenes (NHC) is typically a matter of blocking the C2 position. Most imidazolin-4-ylid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2006 Goossen et al. proposed a reaction to synthesize biaryl compounds via catalytic decarboxylative cross coupling.
The mechanism involves two overlapping cycles, one using a copper halide and the other using palladium. The decarboxylation step occurs between the substituted benzoic acid and copper halide to form t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, supercritical fluids are completely miscible with each other, so that a binary mixture forms a single gaseous phase if the critical point of the mixture is exceeded. However, exceptions are known in systems where one component is much more volatile than the other, which in some cases form two immiscible gas ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ulrike Diebold (born 12 December 1961, in Kapfenberg, Austria) is an Austrian physicist and materials scientist who is a professor of surface science at TU Vienna. She is known for her groundbreaking research on the atomic scale geometry and electronic structure of metal-oxide surfaces. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the solubility, S, of an organic compound is known or predicted in both water and 1-octanol, then log P can be estimated as
There are a variety of approaches to predict solubilities, and so log S. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz force. This scattering typically happens with solids such as metals, semico... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Killick, D. 2004. Review Essay: "What Do We Know About African Iron Working?" Journal of African Archaeology. Vol 2 (1) pp. 135–152
* Bocoum, H. (ed.), 2004, The origins of iron metallurgy in Africa – New lights on its antiquity, H. Bocoum (ed.), UNESCO publishing
* Schmidt, P.R., Mapunda, B.B., 1996. "Ideology and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two Soviet scientists, B. R. Lazarenko and N. I. Lazarenko, were tasked in 1943 to investigate ways of preventing the erosion of tungsten electrical contacts due to sparking. They failed in this task but found that the erosion was more precisely controlled if the electrodes were immersed in a dielectric fluid. This led... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers are used extensively in experimental particle physics to measure the magnetic field of pivotal components such as the concentration or focusing beam-magnets. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili pepper, was first isolated over a century ago. In 1919 the exact chemical structure of capsaicin was determined and the complete synthesis of the compound was achieved a decade later. Capsaicin has been used as an analgesic for decades, but the therapeutic potential of capsaici... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
20 people directly from the Winter School 1 and 20 people from the Test 3 will join the Summer School 2, which is held at the same place with Summer School 1. In the school, students stay two weeks; studying theories in the morning and learning experiments in afternoon. Almost of the theories are related to Organic Che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the following molecular equation is derived from first principles
where is the absolute pressure of the gas, is the number density of the molecules (given by the ratio , in contrast to the previous formulation in which is the number of moles), is the absolute temperature, and is the Boltz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallacrown nomenclature has been developed to mimic the nomenclature of crown ethers, which are named by the total number of atoms in the ring, followed by "C" for "crown," and the number of oxygen atoms in the ring. For example, 12-crown-4 or 12-C-4 describes Figure 2a. When naming metallacrowns, a similar format ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfolipids are sulfur containing lipids. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols are the predominant sulfolipids present in plants. In leaves its content comprises up to 3 - 6% of the total sulfur present. This sulfolipid is present in plastid membranes and likely is involved in chloroplast functioning. The route of biosynthe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of residence time originated in models of chemical reactors. The first such model was an axial dispersion model by Irving Langmuir in 1908. This received little attention for 45 years; other models were developed such as the plug flow reactor model and the continuous stirred-tank reactor, and the concept of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate proteins because they contain charged functional groups. The ions of interest (in this case charged proteins) are exchanged for another ions (usually H) on a charged solid support. The solutes are most commonly in a liquid phase, which tends to be water. Take for exam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Instead of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group, a hydrogen atom can be removed to form a substituent, for example the hydrogen from the C3 hydroxyl of a glucose molecule. Then the substituent is called D-glucopyranos-3-O-yl as it appears in the name of the drug Mifamurtide.
Recent detection of the Au in living organism was p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like most of the SAT Subject Tests, the Chemistry SAT Test was relatively difficult. It tested a very wide breadth of content and expected students to formulate answers in a very short period of time. Many high school students found themselves picking up extra resource material, like prep books and online aids, to help... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1923, Debye and Hückel reported the first successful theory for the distribution of charges in ionic solutions.
The framework of linearized Debye–Hückel theory subsequently was applied to colloidal dispersions by Levine and Dube
who found that charged colloidal particles should experience a strong medium-range repul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A surrogate to BOD has been developed using a resazurin derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results from both methods.
An ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Factors which influence this include the atmospheric abundance of the two gases, the supply of the gases to the site of fixation (i.e. in land plants: whether the stomata are open or closed), the length of the liquid phase (how far these gases have to diffuse through water in order to reach the reaction site). For exam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a simple picture of an electron-nucleus two-spin system, the solid effect occurs when a transition involving an electron-nucleus mutual flip (called zero quantum or double quantum) is excited by a microwave irradiation, in the presence of relaxation. This kind of transition is in general weakly allowed, meaning that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Echoes were first detected in nuclear magnetic resonance by Erwin Hahn in 1950, and spin echoes are sometimes referred to as Hahn echoes. In nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging, radiofrequency radiation is most commonly used.
In 1972 F. Mezei introduced spin-echo neutron scattering, a technique th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Psoralens are materials that make the skin more sensitive to UV light. They are photosensitizing agents found in plants naturally and manufactured synthetically. Psoralens are taken as pills (systemically) or can be applied directly to the skin, by soaking the skin in a solution that contains the psoralens. They allow ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To allow prediction of the cell potential, tabulations of standard electrode potential are available. Such tabulations are referenced to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). The standard hydrogen electrode undergoes the reaction
:2 H + 2 e → H
which is shown as a reduction but, in fact, the SHE can act as either the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before monosaccharide units are incorporated into glycoproteins, polysaccharides, or lipids in living organisms, they are typically first "activated" by being joined via a glycosidic bond to the phosphate group of a nucleotide such as uridine diphosphate (UDP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), thymidine diphosphate (TDP), ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferromanganese is an alloy of iron and manganese, with other elements such as silicon, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The primary use of ferromanganese is as a type of processed manganese source to add to different types of steel, such as stainless steel. Global production of low-carbon ferromanganese (i.e. a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In dimensional analysis, the Strouhal number (St, or sometimes Sr to avoid the conflict with the Stanton number) is a dimensionless number describing oscillating flow mechanisms. The parameter is named after Vincenc Strouhal, a Czech physicist who experimented in 1878 with wires experiencing vortex shedding and singing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertili... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silicon carbide can be used in the production of graphene because of its chemical properties that promote the production of graphene on the surface of SiC nanostructures.
When it comes to its production, silicon is used primarily as a substrate to grow the graphene. But there are actually several methods that can be us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CBS catalyst or Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst is an asymmetric catalyst derived from proline. It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions. Proline, a naturally occurring chiral compound, is readily and cheaply available. It transfers ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regelation is the phenomenon of ice melting under pressure and refreezing when the pressure is reduced. This can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice, with a heavy weight attached to it. The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally, permitting the wire to pass through the entire block... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some pairs of minerals that are not related structurally or compositionally may also exhibit epitaxy. A common example is rutile TiO on hematite FeO. Rutile is tetragonal and hematite is trigonal, but there are directions of similar spacing between the atoms in the (100) plane of rutile (perpendicular to the a axis) an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fluid motion in a vortex creates a dynamic pressure (in addition to any hydrostatic pressure) that is lowest in the core region, closest to the axis, and increases as one moves away from it, in accordance with Bernoulli's principle. One can say that it is the gradient of this pressure that forces the fluid to foll... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another area of research within artificial photosynthesis is the selection and manipulation of photosynthetic microorganisms, namely green microalgae and cyanobacteria, for the production of solar fuels. Many strains produce hydrogen naturally. Algae biofuels such as butanol and methanol have been produced at various s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Eli Samuels: Eli is 18 years old, 6′9″ (201 centimeters) tall. Hes an A student, and is the salutatorian in high school. His mother has Huntingtons disease, which he could have too.
* Jonathan Samuels: Jonathan Samuels is Elis father, who loved his wife. He has a problem with Eli working at Wyatt Transgenics, because... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several on-line software and databases available for glycomic research. This includes:
* GlyCosmos
* GlyTouCan
* GlycomeDB
* UniCarb-DB | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The initial stage of glass disease occurs when moisture causes alkali to be leached out of the glass. This becomes apparent when hygroscopic alkali deposits on the glass give it a cloudy or hazy appearance.
This may occur within as little as five to 10 years of the glass's manufacturing.
The glass may feel slippery ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assuming that the concentration is at equilibrium and the flow velocity is zero, meaning that only the ion species moves, the Nernst–Planck equation takes the form:
Rather than a general electric field, if we assume that only the electrostatic component is significant, the equation is further simplified by removing th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is believed that thyroid hormones evolved in the Urbilaterian well before the development of the thyroid itself and molluscs, echinoderms, cephalochordates and ascidians all use such hormones. Cnidarians also respond to Thyroid hormone despite being parahoxozoans rather than bilaterians.
Insects use hormones similar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alison Sarah Tomlin is a British physical chemist and applied mathematician whose research involves building detailed mathematical models of combustion, including uncertainty quantification for those models. She is a professor in the School of Chemical and Process Engineering at the University of Leeds, where she heads... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force that forms a special type of dipole-dipole attraction. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom is around another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than normal dipole-dipole interact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the suffix ‘omics’ refers to ‘the totality of some sort’. In biology, ‘omics’ techniques are used for the high-throughput analysis of DNA sequences and epigenetic modifications (genomics), mRNA and miRNA transcripts (transcriptomics), expressed proteins (proteomics), as well ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent advances in ultraviolet nanophotonics has led to development of single molecule study on label-free protein by exciting them with deep ultraviolet light and studying the dynamic processes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Helical wheels can be drawn by a variety of software packages including [https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=helixvis helixvis] in R, [https://github.com/smsaladi/heliquest heliquest] in R, or via the HELIQUEST server. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of methods through which hypothermia is induced. These include: cooling catheters, cooling blankets, and application of ice applied around the body among others. As of 2013 it is unclear if one method is any better than the others. While cool intravenous fluid may be given to start the process, furth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book covers underground mining and surveying. When a vein below ground is to be exploited a shaft is begun and a wooden shed with a windlass is placed above it. The tunnel dug at the bottom follows the vein and is just big enough for a man. The entire vein should be removed. Sometimes the tunnel eventually connect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics these methods are used to study properties of the nucleus itself.
Methods for studies of the nucleus:
* Gamma spectroscopy
* Hypernuclear spectroscopy
Methods for condensed matter studies:
* Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
* Mössbauer spectroscopy
* Perturbed angular correlation (PAC, TDPAC, PAC spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complex ion can easily oxidize alcohol, aldehyde and amine, and capable of decarboxylating α-hydroxycarboxylic acids and phenylacetic acids to give the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Benzylic C-H bonds are oxidatively converted to carbonyl groups:
Aromatic thiols and allylaryl thioethers are oxidized to arylsulf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biology, the SECIS element (SECIS: selenocysteine insertion sequence) is an RNA element around 60 nucleotides in length that adopts a stem-loop structure. This structural motif (pattern of nucleotides) directs the cell to translate UGA codons as selenocysteines (UGA is normally a stop codon). SECIS elements are thus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A powder pattern arises in powdered samples where crystallites are randomly oriented relative to the magnetic field so that all molecular orientations are present. In presence of a chemical shift anisotropy interaction, each orientation with respect to the magnetic field gives a different resonance frequency. If enough... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanum also forms a diiodide, LaI. It is an electride and is best formulated {La,2I,e}, with the electron delocalised in a conduction band. Several other lanthanides form similar compounds, including CeI, PrI and GdI. Lanthanum diiodide adopts the same tetragonal crystal structure as PrI.
Lanthanum(III) iodide react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There has been some confusion in the literature on the use of the term “M30”. Although it should be very clear that “M30” is a monoclonal antibody (“M”) that detects the antigen “ccK18”/“K18-Asp396” people sometimes refer to the antigen as “M30”. This is incorrect.
It is clear that the use of the term “M30” in conne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reacting an aldehyde with a Grignard reagent or organolithium and treating the resulting secondary alkoxide with N-tert-butylbenzenesulfinimidoyl chloride is a convenient one-pot reaction for converting aldehydes to ketones. While Grignards can be used for this reaction, organolithium compounds give higher yields, due ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another identification mechanism is through immunoassay. Abbott Laboratories AxSYM is an immunoassay device utilizing Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) technology that can determine the presence and quantify salicylates. The introduction of a salicylate specific antigen labeled with fluorescein into the samp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier naturally occurring, non-radioactive, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, effectively doubling the mass of the deuterium isotope without changi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several techniques used to map out which phase is present during perturbations done on the lipid. These perturbations include pH changes, temperature changes, pressure changes, volume changes, etc.
The most common technique used to study phospholipid phase presence is phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flortaucipir (F), sold under the brand name Tauvid, is a radioactive diagnostic agent indicated for use with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to image the brain.
The most common adverse reactions include headache, injection site pain and increased blood pressure.
Two proteins – tau and amyloid – are recognize... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antanas Purėnas (16 February 1881 – 5 November 1962) was a famous Lithuanian organic chemist and politician. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein interactions: To screen for protein–protein interactions and protein interactions with other molecules such as metabolites, lipids, DNA and small molecules.; enzyme inhibition assay: for high throughput drug candidate screening and to discover novel enzymes for use in biotechnology; screening antibody specifici... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For emulsions, flocculation describes clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further ageing of the emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases). Flocculation is used in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidation of phosphonites gives phosphonates:
:2 P(OR)R + O → 2 OP(OR)R
Phosphonites can function as ligands in homogeneous catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid-state sintering is the most used synthesis process to produce solid-state electrolytes. Powders of LAGP precursors, including oxides like GeO and AlO, are mixed, calcinated and densified at high temperature (700 - 1200 °C) and for long times (12 hours). Sintered LAGP is characterized by high crystalline quality, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1834, Théophile-Jules Pelouze distilled tartaric acid and isolated glutaric acid and another unknown organic acid. Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this other acid the following year and named pyruvic acid because it was distilled using heat. The correct molecular structure was deduced by the 1870s.
Pyruvic acid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics and thermal physics, the Gouy-Stodola theorem is an important theorem for the quantification of irreversibilities in an open system, and aids in the exergy analysis of thermodynamic processes. It asserts that the rate at which work is lost during a process, or at which exergy is destroyed, is proporti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Complexes of the transition metals are usually generated simply by treating the appropriate metal complex with SO. The adducts are often weak. In some cases, SO displaces other ligands.
A large number of labile O-bonded SO complexes arise from the oxidation of a suspension of the metals in liquid SO, an excellent sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date—vitamin B. In a remarkable collaboration with his colleague Albert Eschenmoser in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical rotatory dispersion is the variation of the specific rotation of a medium with respect to the wavelength of light. Usually described Drude's empirical relation,
where is the specific rotation at temperature and wavelength , and and are constants that depend on the properties of the medium.
Optical rotatory ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The space occupied by a polymer molecule is generally expressed in terms of radius of gyration, which is an average distance from the center of mass of the chain to the chain itself. Alternatively, it may be expressed in terms of pervaded volume, which is the volume spanned by the polymer chain and scales with the cube... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The origin of the hydrophobic effect is not fully understood.
Some argue that the hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute. A hydrocarbon chain or a similar nonpolar region of a large mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The families lawyer, Des Collins, said: "Prior to the trial, the council maintained that a thorough investigation had led it to the conclusion that there was no link between the reclamation work and the childrens birth defects. It also maintained that had any convincing evidence been shown that the children had good cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oligosaprobes include some green and diatomaceous algae, flowering plants (for example, European white water lilies), some rotifers, Bryozoa, sponges, mollusks of the genus Dreissena, cladocerans (daphnids, bithotrephes), dragonfly and mayfly larvae, sterlets, trout, minnows, and newts.
Oligosaprobes also embrace a fe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal nitrito complexes figure prominently in the nitrogen cycle, which describes the relationships and interconversions of ammonia up to nitrate. Because nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient, this cycle is important. Nitrite itself does not readily undergo redox reactions, but its metal complexes do. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy of the third much-smaller product usually ranges between 10 and 20 MeV. In keeping with their origin, alpha particles produced by ternary fission typically have mean energies of about ~ 16 MeV (energies this great are never seen in alpha decay). Since these typically have significantly more energy than the ~... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys are characterized by the size of their galvanic microstructure and consist of particles with a mesh size of -325, which is equivalent to a diameter of around 50 microns. Since the grain size of the powders is in the nanometer scale and the particle size is tens of microns similar to c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1740s, Benjamin Huntsman found a means of melting blister steel, made by the cementation process, in crucibles. The resulting crucible steel, usually cast in ingots, was more homogeneous than blister steel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During plastic deformation the work performed is the integral of the stress and strain in the plastic deformation regime. Although the majority of this work is converted to heat, some fraction (~1–5%) is retained in the material as defects—particularly dislocations. The rearrangement or elimination of these dislocation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A riser clamp is a type of hardware used by mechanical building trades for pipe support in vertical runs of piping (risers) at each floor level. The devices are placed around the pipe, and integral fasteners are then tightened to clamp them onto the pipe. The friction between the pipe and riser clamp transfers the wei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several thermodynamic definitions are very useful in thermochemistry. A system is the specific portion of the universe that is being studied. Everything outside the system is considered the surroundings or environment. A system may be:
* a (completely) isolated system which can exchange neither energy nor matter with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSONCO, known as CSI. This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human cancellous bone possesses a stiffness ranging from 12 to 23 GPa; careful control and modification of manufacturing parameters to achieve similar strengths is imperative for practicality of integration. Correctly predicting the Youngs modulus for foams is imperative for actual biomedical integration; a mismatch of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The classic method of nonlinear absorption used by microscopists is conventional two-photon fluorescence, in which two photons from a single source interact to excite a photoelectron. The electron then emits a photon as it transitions back to its ground state. This microscopy method has been revolutionary in biological... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondrial disease is a group of disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are the organelles that generate energy for the cell and are found in every cell of the human body except red blood cells. They convert the energy of food molecules into the ATP that powers most cell functions.
Mitochondrial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These names are used to refer to the moieties themselves or to radical species, and also to form the names of halides and substituents in larger molecules.
When the parent hydrocarbon is unsaturated, the suffix ("-yl", "-ylidene", or "-ylidyne") replaces "-ane" (e.g. "ethane" becomes "ethyl"); otherwise, the suffix rep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In any real moving fluid, energy is dissipated due to friction; turbulence dissipates even more energy for high Reynolds number flows. This dissipation, called head loss, is divided into two main categories, "major losses" associated with energy loss per length of pipe, and "minor losses" associated with bends, fitting... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Christina Lampe-Önnerud was born in Sweden. Her father, Wolfgang Lampe, was a power engineer. Lampe-Önnerud had an interest in science early on, making fireworks in a basement bathtub and playing with chemistry and electrical kits as a child. She was also trained as an opera singer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hill coefficient is a measure of ultrasensitivity (i.e. how steep is the response curve).
The Hill coefficient, or , may describe cooperativity (or possibly other biochemical properties, depending on the context in which the Hill equation is being used). When appropriate, the value of the Hill coefficient describe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a spherical particle the surface area will scale as the square of the size, while the volume scales as the cube. Therefore surface contributions to the energy can become important at small sizes in nanoparticles. If the energy of the surface atoms is lower when they are closer, this can be accomplished by shrinking... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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