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The Voigt profile is normalized:
since it is a convolution of normalized profiles. The Lorentzian profile has no moments (other than the zeroth), and so the moment-generating function for the Cauchy distribution is not defined. It follows that the Voigt profile will not have a moment-generating function either, but the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MITF recognizes E-box (CAYRTG) and M-box (TCAYRTG or CAYRTGA) sequences in the promoter regions of target genes. Known target genes (confirmed by at least two independent sources) of this transcription factor include,
Additional genes identified by a microarray study (which confirmed the above targets) include the foll... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biochemical transformation of radionuclides into stable isotopes by bacterial species significantly differs from the metabolism of organic compounds coming from carbon sources. They are highly energetic radioactive forms which can be converted indirectly by the process of microbial energy transfer.
Radioisotopes ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Penning source is a low gas pressure, cold cathode ion source which utilizes crossed electric and magnetic fields. The ion source anode is at a positive potential, either dc or pulsed, with respect to the source cathode. The ion source voltage is normally between 2 and 7 kilovolts. A magnetic field, oriented parall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Urban stream syndrome (USS) is a consistent observed ecological degradation of streams caused by urbanization. This kind of stream degradation is commonly found in areas near or in urban areas. USS also considers hydrogeomorphology changes which are characterized by a deeper, wider catchment, reduced living space for b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An inexpensive, non-toxic example of a non-Newtonian fluid is a suspension of starch (e.g., cornstarch/cornflour) in water, sometimes called "oobleck", "ooze", or "magic mud" (1 part of water to 1.5–2 parts of corn starch). The name "oobleck" is derived from the Dr. Seuss book Bartholomew and the Oobleck.
Because of it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diarylethene is the general name of a class of chemical compounds that have aromatic functional groups bonded to each end of a carbon–carbon double bond. The simplest example is stilbene, which has two geometric isomers, E and Z.
Under the influence of light, these compounds can generally perform two kinds of reversibl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) commissioned three major facilities, namely a Hypersonic Wind Tunnel, a Shock Tunnel and a Plasma Tunnel at Vikram Sarabhai Space Center as part of its continuous and concerted efforts to minimize cost of access into space. This integrated facility was named as Satish Dhawa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bents rule can be used to explain trends in both molecular structure and reactivity. After determining how the hybridisation of the central atom should affect a particular property, the electronegativity of substituents can be examined to see if Bents rule holds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary. In the first schematic, a small segment of the genome is being detected by a DNA probe (thicker line). In allele A, the genome is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at three nearby sites (triangles), but only the rightmost fra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The negative charge of its phosphate backbone moves the DNA towards the positively charged anode during electrophoresis. However, the migration of DNA molecules in solution, in the absence of a gel matrix, is independent of molecular weight during electrophoresis. The gel matrix is therefore responsible for the separa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydroboration refers to the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to certain double and triple bonds involving carbon (, , , and ). This chemical reaction is useful in the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
Hydroboration produces organoborane compounds that react with a variety of reagents to pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Choi began her independent career at Purdue University as an assistant professor in 2002, and was later promoted to associate professor. She was a visiting scholar at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in 2008. In 2012, she moved to University of Wisconsin-Madison as a full professor of chemistry.
Choi has served... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arctic Apples are a suite of trademarked apples that contain a nonbrowning trait created by using gene silencing to reduce the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). It is the first approved food product to use this technique. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
THF is deprotonated by butyllithium, especially in the presence of TMEDA, by loss of one of four protons adjacent to oxygen. This process, which consumes butyllithium to generate butane, induces a ring opening to give enolate of acetaldehyde and ethylene. Therefore, reactions of BuLi in THF are typically conducted at l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In women, progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, rise after ovulation, and are elevated during the luteal phase, as shown in the diagram above. Progesterone levels tend to be less than 2 ng/mL prior to ovulation and greater than 5 ng/mL after ovulation. If pregnancy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*If is a solution to Emden–Chandrasekhar equation, then is also a solution of the equation, where is an arbitrary constant.
*The solutions of the Emden–Chandrasekhar equation which are finite at the origin have necessarily at | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Faculty of Chemistry (since 2014 The Institute of Chemistry) at Saint Petersburg State University is one of the leading chemistry faculties in Russia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AREsite is a database of AU-rich elements (ARE) in vertebrate mRNA 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). AU-rich elements are involved in the control of gene expression. They are the most common determinant of RNA stability in mammalian cells. The most recent version of AREsite is called AREsite 2. It represents an update th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, .
* Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). Physical Chemistry, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, .
* Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum Scient... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anadara trapezia, the Sydney cockle (NSW), or ark cockle (Queensland), is an estuarine filter-feeding bivalve. Its calcareous, heavily ribbed shell can grow to approximately across. Its range is along the east coast of Australia, from Queensland to Victoria. It has previously existed in Western Australia, South Aus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Production of a radiopharmaceutical involves two processes:
* The production of the radionuclide on which the pharmaceutical is based.
* The preparation and packaging of the complete radiopharmaceutical.
Radionuclides used in radiopharmaceuticals are mostly radioactive isotopes of elements with atomic numbers less than... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A wetting transition (Cassie–Wenzel transition) may occur during the process of wetting of a solid (or liquid) surface with a liquid. The transition corresponds to a certain change in contact angle, the macroscopic parameter characterizing wetting. Various contact angles can co-exist on the same solid substrate. Wettin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism is not known in detail. Supposedly, the reaction begins with a nucleophilic attack of the amino group on the carbonyl carbon of the anhydride group of the N-carboxylic acid anhydride (1). After an intramolecular proton migration, a 1,4-proton shift and the cleavage of carbon dioxide follows, resu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell signaling involves many different processes and proteins. One of the most studied cell signaling phenomena involving proline is the interactions with p53 and prolyl isomerases, specifically Pin1. The protein p53, along with p63 and p73, are responsible for ensuring that alterations to the genome are corrected and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within the inner coma of comets, many reactions are theorized to be relevant to the formation and reactivity of the NS radical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capsaicin (fig. 2) has three functional regions: an aromatic A region where a parent homovanillyl (3-methoxy 4-hydroxybenzyl) group is optimal, a B region known as the ester or amide linker and the aliphatic C region where a lipophilic octanyl moiety is associated with the highest potency. The homovanillyl motif and am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Octasulfur is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula . It is an odourless and tasteless yellow solid, and is a major industrial chemical. It is the most common allotrope of sulfur and occurs widely in nature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hellmann–Feynman theorem is actually a direct, and to some extent trivial, consequence of the variational principle (the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle) from which the Schrödinger equation may be derived. This is why the Hellmann–Feynman theorem holds for wave-functions (such as the Hartree–Fock wave-function)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The POCIS device was developed and patented by Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, and David A. Alvarez, of the Columbia Environmental Research Center. Integrative passive samplers are an effective way to monitor the concentration of organic contaminants in aquatic systems over time. Most aquatic monitoring programs rel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoroform, or trifluoromethane, is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a hydrofluorocarbon as well as being apart of the haloforms, a class of compounds with the formula (X = halogen) with C symmetry. Fluoroform is used in diverse applications in organic synthesis. It is not an ozone depleter but is a gree... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lichens often have a regular but very slow growth rate of less than a millimeter per year.
In crustose lichens, the area along the margin is where the most active growth is taking place. Most crustose lichens grow only 1–2 mm in diameter per year. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclooctatetraene is another example of a molecule which is not antiaromatic, even though it might initially appear to be so. Cyclooctatetraene assumes a tub (i.e., boat-like) conformation. As it is not planar, even though it has 4n π-electrons, these electrons are not delocalized and conjugated. The molecule is there... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rocket engine uses the same basic physical principles of thrust as a form of reaction engine, but is distinct from the jet engine in that it does not require atmospheric air to provide oxygen; the rocket carries all components of the reaction mass. However some definitions treat it as a form of jet propulsion.
Beca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second approach of bioprinting is autonomous self-assembly. This approach relies on the physical process of embryonic organ development as a model to replicate the tissues of interest. When cells are in their early development, they create their own extracellular matrix building block, the proper cell signaling, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Khlobystov started his post-doctoral career at the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford from 2002 until 2004 under Andrew Briggs, where he began exploring carbon nanotube as nanoscale containers for molecules. He applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for imaging structures of individual molecule... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most popular model to describe the electrical double layer is the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model. This model can be equally used to evaluate double layer forces. Let us discuss this model in the case of planar geometry as shown in the figure on the right. In this case, the electrical potential profile ψ(z) near a cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hypothetical schematic diagram for the transition to an H state by photo excitation is shown in the Figure (After ). An absorbed photon causes an electron from the ground state G to an excited state E (red arrow). State E rapidly relaxes via Franck-Condon relaxation to an intermediate locally reordered state I. Throu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow (, CRESU) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures.
The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a de Laval nozzle from a high-pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle coll... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A micelle is an aggregation of surfactants or block copolymer in aqueous solution or organic solution, often spherical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specific reaction to its inventor or inventors and a long list of so-called named reactions exists, conservatively estimated at 1000. A very old named reaction is the Claisen rearrangement (1912) and a recent named reaction is the Bingel reaction (1993). When the nam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gamma ray sky (see illustration at right) is dominated by the more common and longer-term production of gamma rays that emanate from pulsars within the Milky Way. Sources from the rest of the sky are mostly quasars. Pulsars are thought to be neutron stars with magnetic fields that produce focused beams of radiation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Green Infrastructure can be traced as far back as the 17th century in European society beginning in France. France used the presence of nature to provide social and spatial organization to their towns. Originally, nature in cities was used to provide social areas to interact, and plants were grown in these spaces to pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lactones readily form polyesters according to the formula, and have been shown to oligomerize without catalyst as well:
The double lactone called lactide polymerizes to polylactic acid (polylactide). The resulting materials, polylactic acid, have many attractive properties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystal twinning occurs when two or more adjacent crystals of the same mineral are oriented so that they share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner. The result is an intergrowth of two separate crystals that are tightly bonded to each other. The surface along which the lattice points are shar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The scientific branch that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level is called cytopathology. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to the pathology branch of histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate disease... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylidyne-like species are implied intermediates in the Fischer–Tropsch process, the hydrogenation of CO to produce hydrocarbons. Methylidyne entities are assumed to bond to the catalyst's surface. A hypothetical sequence is:
:MCO + H → MCOH
:MCOH + H → MCH + HO
:MCH + H → MCH
The MCH intermediate has a tridentate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Countries including India and China are electrifying and building new lines at a fast pace. Europe is following this trend but the UK ranks 21st as a percentage electrified. Germany ranks eighth. Worldwide the electrification volume market remains high. Geopolitics and the desire to reduce reliance on oil has once agai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coacervates are a type of lyophilic colloid; that is, the dense phase retains some of the original solvent – generally water – and does not collapse into solid aggregates, rather keeping a liquid property. Coacervates can be characterized as complex or simple based on the driving force for the LLPS: associative or segr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cheluviation is the process in which the metal ions in the upper layer of the soil are combined with organic ligands to form coordination complexes or chelates, moving downwards through eluviation and then depositing.
Metal ions that can participate in chelation include Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg and trace elements in soil, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M) of the whole molecule. This is known as the M+1 peak and comes from the few molecules that contain a C atom in place of a C. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Graft copolymers are a special type of branched copolymer wherein the side chains are structurally distinct from the main chain. Typically, the main chain is formed from one type of monomer (A) and branches are formed from another monomer (B), or the side-chains have constitutional or configurational features that diff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses and is a critical regulator of muscle regeneration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
;Magnesium–halogen exchange
Grignard reagents can be prepared by treating a preformed Grignard reagent with an organic halide. This method offers the advantage that the Mg transfer tolerates many functional groups. A typical reaction involves isopropylmagnesium chloride and aryl bromide or iodides:
: i-PrMgCl + ArCl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea that superfluidity exists inside neutron stars was first proposed by Arkady Migdal. By analogy with electrons inside superconductors forming Cooper pairs because of electron-lattice interaction, it is expected that nucleons in a neutron star at sufficiently high density and low temperature can also form Cooper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DMAP can be prepared in a two-step procedure from pyridine, which is first oxidized to 4-pyridylpyridinium cation. This cation then reacts with dimethylamine: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1976 Energy completed construction of a new plant on in the Monticello Industrial park. In 1985 Energy Manufacturing Company was sold to CGF Industries of Topeka, Kansas. CGF also purchased an Omaha Nebraska company called "Williams Machine and Tool". In 1997 Energy was purchased by Lincolnshire Partners and in 199... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immunomodulation and immunoregulation were a particular focus of early myokine research, as, according to Dr. Bente Klarlund Pedersen and her colleagues, "the interactions between exercise and the immune system provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the role of underlying endocrine and cytokine mechanisms."
Muscle h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Related to the Carothers equation are the following equations (for the simplest case of linear polymers formed from two monomers in equimolar quantities):
where:
:*X is the weight average degree of polymerization,
:*M is the number average molecular weight,
:*M is the weight average molecular weight,
:*M is the molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Understanding the entrance length is important for the design and analysis of flow systems. The entrance region will have different velocity, temperature, and other profiles than exist in the fully developed region of the pipe. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* CHCHDCH and CHCHCHD are a pair of structural isotopomers of propane.
* (R)- and (S)-CHCHDOH are isotopic stereoisomers of ethanol.
* (Z)- and (E)-CHCH=CHD are examples of isotopic stereoisomers of propene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoride-containing compounds, such as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate are used in topical and systemic fluoride therapy for preventing tooth decay, but the exact biochemical reason is unknown. They are used for water fluoridation and in many products associated with oral hygiene. Originally, sodium fluor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The corrosion resistance of a stainless steel is dependent on the presence of an ultra-thin protective oxide film (passive film) on its surface, but it is possible under certain conditions for this oxide film to break down, for example in halide solutions or reducing acids. Areas where the oxide film can break down can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The oxidative release of natural glycans technique was developed at the center. This process involves household bleach treatment of tissues to release glycans for glycomics. The eventual aim of this approach is to make glycomics accessible by a larger community of scientists by the development of tools which are easil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A pore in a microstructure, unless desired, is a disadvantage for the properties. In fact, in nearly all of the materials, a pore will be the starting point for the rupture of the material. It is the initiation point for the cracks. Furthermore, a pore is usually quite hard to get rid of. Those techniques described lat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spinning cone columns are used in a form of low temperature vacuum steam distillation to gently extract volatile chemicals from liquid foodstuffs while minimising the effect on the taste of the product. For instance, the columns can be used to remove some of the alcohol from wine, off smells from cream, and to capture ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electronic structure of diazo compounds is characterized by π electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized over only the terminal nitrogen atoms. Because all octet rule-satisfying resonance forms of diazo compounds have f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vertebrate neural retina composed of several layers and distinct cell types (see anatomy of the human retina). A number of these cell types are implicated in retinal diseases, including retinal ganglion cells, which degenerate in glaucoma, the rod and cone photoreceptors, which are responsive to light and degenerat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CARS spectroscopy can be used for temperature measurements; because the CARS signal is temperature dependent. The strength of the signal scales (non-linearly) with the difference in the ground state population and the vibrationally excited state population. Since the population of states follows the temperature depende... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a diathermal wall between two thermodynamic systems allows heat transfer but does not allow transfer of matter across it.
The diathermal wall is important because, in thermodynamics, it is customary to assume a priori, for a closed system, the physical existence of transfer of energy across a wall th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For isotropic materials the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient is three times the linear coefficient:
This ratio arises because volume is composed of three mutually orthogonal directions. Thus, in an isotropic material, for small differential changes, one-third of the volumetric expansion is in a single axis. As ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The isolobal analogy has applications beyond simple octahedral complexes. It can be used with a variety of ligands, charged species and non-octahedral complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells depending on the context:
Small molecule effectors
* A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein to regulate its biological activity can be called an effector. In this manner, effector molecules act as ligands that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Computational findings suggest valence p-orbitals on the metal participate in metal-ligand bonding, albeit weakly. However, Weinhold and Landis within the context of natural bond orbitals do not count the metal p-orbitals in metal-ligand bonding, although these orbitals are still included as polarization functions. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid can be used to produce hydrogen from water:
The compounds of sulfur and iodine are recovered and reused, hence the process is called the sulfur–iodine cycle. This process is endothermic and must occur at high temperatures, so energy in the form of heat has to be supplied. The sulfur–iodine cycle has been... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The function was first introduced by Wu (1952) and has acquired the widely used name rothalpy.
This quantity is commonly called rothalpy, a compound word combining the terms rotation and enthalpy. However, its construction does not conform to the established rules for formation of new words in the English language, na... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gastruloids are three dimensional aggregates of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that, when cultured in specific conditions, exhibit an organization resembling that of an embryo. They develop with three orthogonal axes and contain the primordial cells for various tissues derived from the three germ layers, without the prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow. It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed adiabatically and without friction. However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionic polymerization is a chain polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are ions or ion pairs. It can be further divided into anionic polymerization and cationic polymerization.
Ionic polymerization generates many polymers used in daily life, such as butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polyphenylene, polyoxymethy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A preprohormone is the precursor protein to one or more prohormones, which are in turn precursors to peptide hormones. In general, the protein consists of the amino acid chain that is created by the hormone-secreting cell, before any changes have been made to it. It contains a signal peptide, the hormone(s) itself (the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pulvermacher patented the chain battery in the US in 1853. This was soon followed by the wearable chain battery belt, or electric belt. Electric belts became enormously popular in the US, far more so than in Europe. This led to the company headquarters being moved to Cincinnati by the 1880s as the Pulvermacher Galva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to HPLC, scientists used benchtop column liquid chromatographic techniques. Liquid chromatographic systems were largely inefficient due to the flow rate of solvents being dependent on gravity. Separations took many hours, and sometimes days to complete. Gas chromatography (GC) at the time was more powerful than l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assuming that the concentration of fermions does not change with temperature, then the total chemical potential µ (Fermi level) of the three-dimensional ideal Fermi gas is related to the zero temperature Fermi energy E by a Sommerfeld expansion (assuming ):
where T is the temperature.
Hence, the internal chemical poten... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid-state dewetting of the metal thin films describe the transformation of a thin film into an energetically favoured set of droplets or particles at temperatures well below the melting point. The driving force for dewetting is the minimization of the total energy of the free surfaces of the film and substrate as wel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thalidomide causes birth defects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies have approved marketing of the drug only with an auditable risk evaluation and mitigation strategy that ensures that people using the drug are aware of the risks and avoid pregnancy; this applies to both men and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current research on bioremediation techniques is fairly advanced and molecular mechanisms that govern them are well known. However, there are many doubts about the effectiveness and possible adversities of these processes in combination with the addition of agrochemicals. In soils, the role of mycorrhizae on radioactiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Open channel flow describes cases where flowing liquid has a top surface open to the air; the cross-section of the flow is only determined by the shape of the channel on the lower side, and is variable depending on the depth of liquid in the channel. Techniques appropriate for a fixed cross-section of flow in a pipe ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The problem of pairwise additivity is completely avoided in the Lifshitz theory, where the molecular structure is ignored and the bodies are treated as continuous media. The forces between the bodies are now derived in terms of their bulk properties, such as dielectric constant and refractive index, which already conta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Localized spins are frustrated if there exist competing exchange interactions that can not all be satisfied at the same time, leading to a large degeneracy of the system's ground state. A triangle of Ising spins (meaning that the only possible orientation of the spins are either "up" or "down"), which interact antiferr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tonics, electrolytes and mineral preparations (including iron preparations and magnesium preparations), parenteral nutrition, vitamins, anti-obesity drugs, anabolic drugs, haematopoietic drugs, food product drugs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
F NMR chemical shifts in the literature vary strongly, commonly by over 1 ppm, even within the same solvent. Although the reference compound for F NMR spectroscopy, neat CFCl (0 ppm), has been used since the 1950s, clear instructions on how to measure and deploy it in routine measurements were not present until recentl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry a phosphine imide (sometimes abbreviated to phosphinimide) also known as a iminophosphorane is a functional group with the formula RP=NR. While structurally related to phosphine oxide its chemistry has more in common with phosphonium ylides.
Anions of this group, with the structure RP=N, are called phosphi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the chart, it is evident that the friction factor is never zero, even for smooth pipes because of some roughness at the microscopic level.
The friction factor for laminar flow of Newtonian fluids in round tubes is often taken to be:
where Re is the Reynolds number of the flow.
For a square channel the value used i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the style capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music, Ziryab changed Andalusian culture forever. Ziryab's musical contributions laid the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Thanks to his broad contributio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prior to World War II, he worked as a physicist in Berlin and as a colloid chemist in Cambridge. During World War II he joined the Chemical Defence Experimental Station at Porton Down, Wiltshire, but in 1940 was transferred to the Air Ministry's Assistant Directorate of Intelligence (Science) and spent the rest of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hyperactive mTOR pathways have been identified in certain lymphoproliferative diseases such as autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), multicentric Castleman disease, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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