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As in other areas of chemistry, electron counting is useful for organizing organometallic chemistry. The 18-electron rule is helpful in predicting the stabilities of organometallic complexes, for example metal carbonyls and metal hydrides. The 18e rule has two representative electron counting models, ionic and neutral ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionic transfer is the transfer of ions from one liquid phase to another. This is related to the phase transfer catalysts which are a special type of liquid-liquid extraction which is used in synthetic chemistry.
For instance nitrate anions can be transferred between water and nitrobenzene. One way to observe this is to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recycle reactors are PFRs with a recycle loop. Consequently, they behave like a hybrid between PFRs and CSTRs.
In all of these equations : is the consumption rate of A, a reactant. This is equal to the rate expression A is involved in. The rate expression is often related to the fractional conversion both through the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salahuddin died on 29 November 1996 at the age of 59 after a difficult illness. His passing away saddened his family and his students. Eulogies by his former students were read at the Annual meeting of the Aligarh Alumni Association Washington DC;
by others at a session at AMU Aligarh on 3 Jan 2019. At his death he wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spiro compounds (compounds with a twisted structure of two or more rings) can have inherent chirality at the spiroatom, due to the twisting of the achiral ring system.
Inherently chiral alkenes have been synthesized through the use of a "buckle" where in an achiral, linear alkene is forced into a chiral conformation. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
True vapor pressure (TVP) is a common measure of the volatility of petroleum distillate fuels. It is defined as the
equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid as a function of temperature as determined by the test method ASTM D 2879.
The true vapor pressure (TVP) at 100 °F differs slightly from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers can be classified in many ways. Polymers, strictly speaking, comprise most solid matter: minerals (i.e. most of the Earth's crust) are largely polymers, metals are 3-d polymers, organisms, living and dead, are composed largely of polymers and water. Often polymers are classified according to their origin:
* b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Positive material identification (PMI) is the analysis of a material, this can be any material but is generally used for the analysis of metallic alloy to establish composition by reading the quantities by percentage of its constituent elements. Typical methods for PMI include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen pinch analysis (HPA) is a hydrogen management method that originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. HPA is a systematic technique for reducing hydrogen consumption and hydrogen generation through integration of hydrogen-using activities or processes in the petrochemical industry, petroleum refineries... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human chorionic gonadotropin interacts with the LHCG receptor of the ovary and promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum for the maternal recognition of pregnancy at the beginning of pregnancy. This allows the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone during the first trimester. Progesterone enriches the ut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bernoulli equation is invertible, and pressure should rise when a fluid slows down. Nevertheless, if there is an expansion of the tube section, turbulence will appear, and the theorem will not hold. In all experimental Venturi tubes, the pressure in the entrance is compared to the pressure in the middle section; th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lovelock has suggested that global biological feedback mechanisms could evolve by natural selection, stating that organisms that improve their environment for their survival do better than those that damage their environment. However, in the early 1980s, W. Ford Doolittle and Richard Dawkins separately argued against t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Countercurrent chromatography and centrifugal partition chromatography are two different instrumental realization of the same liquid–liquid chromatographic theory. Countercurrent chromatography usually uses a planetary gear motion without rotary seals, while centrifugal partition chromatography uses circular rotation w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common side effects include rash, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and low blood white blood cell levels. Other serious side effects include liver problems, obliterative bronchiolitis, and myasthenia gravis. It is not recommended in people with lupus erythematosus. Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the discovery of the dual-membrane nature of mitochondria, the pioneers of mitochondrial ultrastructural research proposed different models for the organization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Three models proposed were:
*Baffle model – According to Palade (1953), the mitochondrial inner membrane is convolute... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imipenem is rapidly degraded by the renal enzyme dehydropeptidase 1 when administered alone, and is almost always coadministered with cilastatin to prevent this inactivation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
µSR requires a particle accelerator for the production of a muon beam. This is presently achieved at few large scale facilities in the world: the CMMS continuous source at TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada; the SµS continuous source at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland; the ISIS Neutron and Muon Sourc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the siphon is a single system, the constant in all four equations is the same. Setting equations 1 and 4 equal to each other gives:
Solving for v:
:Velocity of siphon:
The velocity of the siphon is thus driven solely by the height difference between the surface of the upper reservoir and the drain point. The height ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The early gunpowder formula contained too little saltpeter (about 50%) to be explosive, but the mixture was highly flammable, and contemporary weapons reflected this in their deployment as mainly shock and incendiary weapons. One of the first, if not the first of these weapons was the fire arrow. The first possible ref... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In higher eukaryotes, TTF-I binds and bends the termination site at the 3' end of the transcribed region. This will force Pol I to pause. TTF-I, with the help of transcript-release factor PTRF and a T-rich region, will induce Pol I into terminating transcription and dissociating from the DNA and the new transcript. Evi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An aldehyde differs from a ketone in that it has a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group, making aldehydes easier to oxidize. Ketones do not have a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group, and are therefore more resistant to oxidation. They are oxidized only by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enantioselective version of the Tsuji–Trost reaction is called the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation (Trost AAA) or simply, asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA). These reactions are often used in asymmetric synthesis. The reaction was originally developed with a palladium catalyst supported by the Trost ligand, al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphoryl-methylpteridine (7,8-Dihydropterin pyrophosphate, dihydropterin-CH2OH-diphosphate) is a pteridine; a precursor to dihydrofolic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (USSA1976) defines the gas constant R as:
:R = = .
Note the use of kilomoles, with the resulting factor of in the constant. The USSA1976 acknowledges that this value is not consistent with the cited values for the Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant. This disparity is not a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like almost all riffle beetles, spider water beetles are aquatic, feeding on algae and decaying wood tissue. However, they can not actively swim. They can be found crawling along or clinging with their claws on boulders or submerged wood in lotic riffles of streams and rivers.
The larvae are exclusively aquatic. They b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The A ring synthesis (Scheme 3) started with a Diels-Alder reaction of diene 3.1 with the commercially available dienophile 2-chloroacrylonitrile 3.2 to give cyclohexene 3.3 with complete regioselectivity. Hydrolysis of the cyanochloro group and simultaneous cleavage of the acetate group led to hydroxyketone 3.4. The h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vast majority of genetically modified animals are at the research stage with the number close to entering the market remaining small. As of 2018 only three genetically modified animals have been approved, all in the USA. A goat and a chicken have been engineered to produce medicines and a salmon has increased its o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equations for the perturbation read:
but when the velocity field is:
In the far field ≫ 1, the viscous stress is dominated by the last term. That is:
The inertia term is dominated by the term:
The error is then given by the ratio:
This becomes unbounded for ≫ 1, therefore the inertia cannot be ignored in the far ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (AlO), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The situation for a Lambertian surface (emitting or scattering) is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. For conceptual clarity we will think in terms of photons rather than energy or luminous energy. The wedges in the circle each represent an equal angle dΩ, of an arbitrarily chosen size, and for a Lambertian surface, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytotoxic drugs, therapeutic antibodies, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitors, somatostatin inhibitors, recombinant interleukins, G-CSF, erythropoietin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this technique it is necessary to select a suitable interlayer by considering its wettability, flow characteristics, high stability to prevent reactions with the base materials, and the ability to form a composition having a remelt temperature higher than the bonding temperature. The joining technique dates back to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of differences in their electron shells, singlet and triplet oxygen differ in their chemical properties; singlet oxygen is highly reactive. The lifetime of singlet oxygen depends on the medium and pressure. In normal organic solvents, the lifetime is only a few microseconds whereas in solvents lacking C-H bonds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electron-phonon coupling is responsible for electron generation in the pV cell. In this phenomenon, the phonon leads to ion motion which perturbs the highest occupied valence state (HOS). This state begins to overlap with the lowest unoccupied conduction state (LUS), and the electron can switch states if energy and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coordination numbers become ambiguous when dealing with polyhapto ligands.
For π-electron ligands such as the cyclopentadienide ion [CH], alkenes and the cyclooctatetraenide ion [CH], the number of adjacent atoms in the π-electron system that bind to the central atom is termed the hapticity. In ferrocene the hapticity,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Environmental bioassays are generally a broad-range survey of toxicity. A toxicity identification evaluation is conducted to determine what the relevant toxicants are. Although bioassays are beneficial in determining the biological activity within an organism, they can often be time-consuming and laborious. Organism-sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isobornyl acetate is an organic compound consisting of the acetate ester or the terpenoid isoborneol. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant pine-like scent, and it is produced on a multi-ton scale for this purpose. The compound is prepared by reaction of camphene with acetic acid in the presence of a strongly acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HITRAN compilation also provides collision-induced absorption (CIA) that was first introduced into HITRAN in the 2012 edition. CIA refers to absorption by transient electric dipoles induced by the interaction between colliding molecules. Instructions for accessing the CIA data files can be found on [https://hitran.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While travelling down river, kayaking and canoeing paddlers will often stop and playboat in standing waves and hydraulic jumps. The standing waves and shock fronts of hydraulic jumps make for popular locations for such recreation.
Similarly, kayakers and surfers have been known to ride tidal bores up rivers.
Hydraulic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before it can be tested, the essential oils are first diluted to produce solutions of varying concentrations. In this way, the minimum inhibitory concentration can be calculated to obtain the most cost-effective antimicrobial agent. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shvab–Zeldovich–Liñán formulation was introduced by Amable Liñán in 1991 for diffusion-flame problems where the chemical time scale is infinitely small (Burke–Schumann limit) so that the flame appears as a thin reaction sheet. The reactants can have Lewis number that is not necessarily equal to one.
Suppose the non-dim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
McDermott has won several awards and fellowships throughout her career including the DuPont Young Investigator Award (1992), the Cottrell Scholars Award (1994), the Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship (1995), the American Chemical Societys Award in Pure Chemistry (1996), the Eastern Analytic Symposium Award for Achiev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since uranium and plutonium are nuclear weapons materials, there have been proliferation concerns. Ordinarily (in spent nuclear fuel), plutonium is reactor-grade plutonium. In addition to plutonium-239, which is highly suitable for building nuclear weapons, it contains large amounts of undesirable contaminants: plutoni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It might appear from the above that all nuclei of the same nuclide (and hence the same γ) would resonate at exactly the same frequency. This is not the case. The most important perturbation of the NMR frequency for applications of NMR is the "shielding" effect of the surrounding shells of electrons. Electrons, similar ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pentamethylcyclopentadiene gives rise to pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) complexes. These ligands are more basic and more lipophilic. Replacing methyl groups with larger substituents results in cyclopentadienes that are so encumbered that pentaalkyl derivatives are no longer possible. Well-studied ligands of this t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid chromatography is a method of physical separation in which the components of a liquid mixture are distributed between two immiscible phases, i.e., stationary and mobile. The practice of LC can be divided into five categories, i.e., adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For infinitesimal wave height the results of cnoidal wave theory are expected to converge towards those of Airy wave theory for the limit of long waves λ ≫ h. First the surface elevation, and thereafter the phase speed, of the cnoidal waves for infinitesimal wave height will be examined. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are numerous companies that offer calibration for spectrometers, but not all are equal. It is important to find a traceable, certified laboratory to perform calibration. The calibration certificate should state the light source used (ex: Halogen, Deuterium, Xenon, LED), and the uncertainty of the calibration for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
S-Nitrosothiols, also known as thionitrites, are compounds containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol, e.g. R−S−N=O. They have received considerable attention in biochemistry because they serve as donors of the nitrosonium ion, NO, and nitric oxide, NO, which may serve as signaling molecules in l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genome mining describes the exploitation of genomic information for the discovery of biosynthetic pathways of natural products and their possible interactions. It depends on computational technology and bioinformatics tools. The mining process relies on a huge amount of data (represented by DNA sequences and annotation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transitions between rotational states can be observed in molecules with a permanent electric dipole moment. A consequence of this rule is that no microwave spectrum can be observed for centrosymmetric linear molecules such as (dinitrogen) or HCCH (ethyne), which are non-polar. Tetrahedral molecules such as (methane),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Hammett plot provides a means to assess substituent effects on a reaction equilibrium or rate using the Hammett equation (1):
Hammett developed this equation from equilibrium constants from the dissociation of benzoic acid and derivatives (Fig. 1):
Hammett defined the equation based on two par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Overshot titrations are a common phenomenon, and refer to a situation where the volume of titrant added during a chemical titration exceeds the amount required to reach the equivalence point. This excess titrant leads to an outcome where the solution becomes slightly more alkaline or over-acidified.
Overshooting the eq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered but could not explain the photoelectric effect, which was later explained in 1905 by Albert Einstein (Nobel Prize in Physics 1921). Two years after Einsteins publication, in 1907, P.D. Innes experimented with a Röntgen tube, Helmholtz coils, a magnetic field hemisphere (an elec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For polystyrene the complete mechanism of photo-oxidation is still a matter of debate, as different pathways may operate concurrently and vary according to the wavelength of the incident light.
Regardless, there is agreement on the major steps.
Pure polystyrene should not be able to absorb light with a wavelength belo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of a fluid. For this reason, units are expressed as force per unit volume (e.g., N/m or lbf/ft). Specific weight can be used as a characteristic property of a fluid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effect is named after the German physicist Johannes Stark, who discovered it in 1913. It was independently discovered in the same year by the Italian physicist Antonino Lo Surdo, and in Italy it is thus sometimes called the Stark–Lo Surdo effect. The discovery of this effect contributed importantly to the developme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stacking is the stabilizing interaction between the flat surfaces of adjacent bases. Stacking can happen with any face of the base, that is 5-5, 3-3, and vice versa.
Stacking in "free" nucleic acid molecules is mainly contributed by intermolecular force, specifically electrostatic attraction among aromatic rings, a pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aquatic toxicology, the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach has been used as an assessment tool to evaluate the extent of sediment degradation resulting from contaminants released due to human activity present in aquatic environments (Chapman, 1990). This evaluation focuses on three main components: 1.) sediment c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3,4,5,14,15,16-hexamethoxy-9,10-dimethyltricyclo[10.4.0.02,7]hexadeca-1(16),2,4,6,12,14-hexaen-9-ol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.05.07) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through studies using mammalian model organisms, there are two main hypotheses for the location of oxygen sensing in chemoreceptor cells: the membrane hypothesis and the mitochondrial hypothesis. The membrane hypothesis was proposed for the carotid body in mice, and it predicts that oxygen sensing is an ion balance in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices. Space groups are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Cr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, a binucleating ligand binds two metals. Much attention has been directed toward such ligands that hold metals side-by-side, such that the pair of metals can bind substrates cooperatively.
A variety of metalloenzymes feature bimetallic active sites. Examples include superoxide dismutase, ure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboranes have been prepared by many routes, the most common being addition of alkynyl reagents to boron hydride clusters to form dicarbon carboranes. For this reason, the great majority of carborane have two carbon vertices. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An orbifold can be viewed as a polygon with face, edges, and vertices which can be unfolded to form a possibly infinite set of polygons which tile either the sphere, the plane or the hyperbolic plane. When it tiles the plane it will give a wallpaper group and when it tiles the sphere or hyperbolic plane it gives either... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A tetrose diphosphate molecule, D-threose 2,4-diphosphate, was discovered to be an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the sixth enzyme used in the glycolysis pathway, and its function is to convert glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pervious concrete is widely available, can bear frequent traffic, and is universally accessible. Pervious concrete quality depends on the installer's knowledge and experience. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bacterial photosynthetic reaction center has been an important model to understand the structure and chemistry of the biological process of capturing light energy. In the 1960s, Roderick Clayton was the first to purify the reaction center complex from purple bacteria. However, the first crystal structure (upper ima... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism for the industrial Wacker process (olefin oxidation via palladium(II) chloride) has received significant attention for several decades. Aspects of the mechanism are still debated. A modern formulation is described below:
The initial stoichiometric reaction was first reported by Phillips. The ne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Murai reaction is an organic reaction that uses C-H activation to create a new C-C bond between a terminal or strained internal alkene and an aromatic compound using a ruthenium catalyst. The reaction, named after Shinji Murai, was first reported in 1993. While not the first example of C-H ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To identify the putative functions and annotations of the genes, MG-RAST follows a multi-step process. Initially, it builds clusters of proteins at a 90% identity level using the UCLUST implementation in QIIME. The longest sequence within each cluster is then selected for further analysis.
For the similarity analysis, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.
β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metastasis is a major cause of cancer deaths, and strategies to prevent or halt invasion are lacking. One study showed that autocrine PDGFR signaling plays an essential role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) maintenance in vitro, which is known to correlate well with metastasis in vivo. The authors showed that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomarkers validated by genetic and molecular biology methods can be classified into three types.
* Type 0 — Natural history markers
* Type 1 — Drug activity markers
* Type 2 — Surrogate markers | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee is responsible for providing human gene naming guidelines and approving new, unique human gene names and symbols (short identifiers typically created by abbreviating). All human gene names and symbols can be searched online at the HGNC website, and the guidelines for their formation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme () involved in light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Advantages cited for the IsaKidd technology include:
* long life – the operational life of the permanent cathodes without repair is said to be over seven years under correct operating conditions for electrowinning applications and over 15 years for electrorefining applications
* reduced labour costs – due to the elimi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-Catenin has a central role in directing several developmental processes, as it can directly bind transcription factors and be regulated by a diffusible extracellular substance: Wnt. It acts upon early embryos to induce entire body regions, as well as individual cells in later stages of development. It also regulates ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classical types of quantum systems, superconductors and superfluid helium, were discovered in the beginning of the 20th century. Near the end of the 20th century, scientists discovered how to create very dilute atomic or molecular gases, cooled first by laser cooling and then by evaporative cooling. They are trappe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Derived structure parameters that describe constant properties of the overall feedback control system may add useful information for special purposes, e.g. in diagnosis of nonthyroidal illness syndrome or central hypothyroidism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In astronomy, hyperspectral imaging is used to determine a spatially-resolved spectral image. Since a spectrum is an important diagnostic, having a spectrum for each pixel allows more science cases to be addressed. In astronomy, this technique is commonly referred to as integral field spectroscopy, and examples of this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Just as relative entropy of "actual from ambient" measures thermodynamic availability, relative entropy of "reality from a model" is also useful even if the only clues we have about reality are some experimental measurements. In the former case relative entropy describes distance to equilibrium or (when multiplied by a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One major use of genomic libraries is hierarchichal shotgun sequencing, which is also called top-down, map-based or clone-by-clone sequencing. This strategy was developed in the 1980s for sequencing whole genomes before high throughput techniques for sequencing were available. Individual clones from genomic libraries c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This compound is commercially available. It is prepared by exhaustive free radical chlorination of dimethyl carbonate:
:CHOCOCH + 6 Cl → CClOCOCCl + 6 HCl
Triphosgene can be easily recrystallized from hot hexanes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical rain garden plants are herbaceous perennials and grasses, which are chosen for their porous root structure and high growth rate. Trees and shrubs can also be planted to cover larger areas on the bioretention site. Although specific plants are selected and designed for respective soils and climates, plants that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some types of separation require complete purification of a certain component. An example is the production of aluminum metal from bauxite ore through electrolysis refining. In contrast, an incomplete separation process may specify an output to consist of a mixture instead of a single pure component. A good example of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK) (6 May 2015).
* Superior Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (DKSA) (18 May 2007)
* Member First Class of the Azlanii Royal Family Order (DKA) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the discovery of merrilactone A, many methods of total synthesis have been proposed, of which four produce racemic material, and two produce the natural enantiomer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mosander married Hulda Philippina Forsström on 20 December 1832. They had four children, two sets of twins.
Mosander suffered from cataracts in later life. He died in 1858, at his summer house on the island of Lovön, Stockholm County. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylotrophy refers to the ability of an organism to use C1-compounds as energy sources. These compounds include methanol, methyl amines, formaldehyde, and formate. Several other less common substrates may also be used for metabolism, all of which lack carbon-carbon bonds. Examples of methylotrophs include the bacter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ductile iron pipe is highly resistant to internal corrosion in potable water and less aggressive forms of sewage because of the linings applied during manufacturing. Tuberculation, or the deposition of corrosion products on the internal pipe wall has largely been eliminated by the cement mortar lining which provides a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
aOFM (Figure 4) allows continuous on-line monitoring of metabolic processes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, e.g. glucose and lactate, as well as larger analytes such as insulin (5.9 kDa). The role of polypeptides for metabolic signaling (leptin, cytokine IL-6, TNFα) has also been studied with aOFM. aOFM allows the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sample surface must be extremely clean for effective RHEED experiments. Contaminants on the sample surface interfere with the electron beam and degrade the quality of the RHEED pattern. RHEED users employ two main techniques to create clean sample surfaces. Small samples can be cleaved in the vacuum chamber prior t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manfred Schidlowski (13 November 1933 – 3 October 2012) was a German Professor of Geochemistry at the Max-Planck-Institut for Chemistry (Otto-Hahn-Institut) in Mainz. His research was concerned with the biochemistry of the Early Earth with a focus on isotope-biogeochemistry and the evidence of the earliest life process... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tumor angiogenesis rely on interactions between endothelial vascular growth factors which can all activate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR in endothelial cells, pericytes, or cancer cells. Example of these growth factors are angiopoietin 1 (ANG1), ANG 2, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), ephrin-B2, vascular endothelial growth f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When two carbonyl groups are coupled and undergo a McMurry reaction, there is a possibility of the formation of cycloalkenes under specific conditions. When both carbonyls are within the same molecule and not sufficiently separated from each other, a cycloalkene can be formed through an intramolecular McMurry reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The signal of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes, known as MIF-S, correlates with the end of Xe isotope fractionation. During the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), the ozone layer formed when O rose, accounting for the end of the MIF-S signature. The disappearance of the MIF-S signal has been regarded as chan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a selone (also known as a selenoketone) is the structural analog of a ketone where selenium replaces oxygen. Selenium-77 is one of the isotopes of selenium that is stable and naturally occurring, so selenoketone-containing chemicals can be analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Selones... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Earlier converters, with a false bottom that can be detached and repaired, are still in use. Modern converters have a fixed bottom with plugs for argon purging. The energy optimization furnace (EOF) is a BOF variant associated with a scrap preheater where the sensible heat in the off-gas is used for preheating scrap, l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Distonic ions are chemical species that contain ionic charges and radical sites in different locations (on separate atoms), unlike regular radicals where the formal charge and unpaired electron are in the same location. These molecular species are created by ionization of either zwitterions or diradicals; ultimately, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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