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Plasma temperature, commonly measured in kelvin or electronvolts, is a measure of the thermal kinetic energy per particle. High temperatures are usually needed to sustain ionization, which is a defining feature of a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ioniza... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Take the simple example of a barotropic, inviscid vorticity-free fluid.
Then, the conjugate fields are the mass density field ρ and the velocity potential φ. The Poisson bracket is given by
and the Hamiltonian by:
where e is the internal energy density, as a function of ρ.
For this barotropic flow, the int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Instead of light, this method employs ultrasound for collecting information on the particles that are dispersed in fluid. Dispersed particles absorb and scatter ultrasound similarly to light. This has been known since Lord Rayleigh developed the first theory of ultrasound scattering and published a book "The Theory of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genomes can be analyzed systematically to identify regulatory regions. Conserved non-coding sequences often contain regulatory regions, and so they are often the subject of these analyses.
* CAAT box
* CCAAT box
* Operator (biology)
* Pribnow box
* TATA box
* SECIS element, mRNA
* Polyadenylation signal, mRNA
* A-box
*... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochemistry aside, the rate of metabolism and an amount of energy expenditures can be mistakenly interchanged, for example, when describing RMR and REE. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silicone-based defoamers are polymers with silicon backbones. These might be delivered as an oil or a water-based emulsion. The silicone compound consists of a hydrophobic silica dispersed in a silicone oil. Emulsifiers are added to ensure that the silicone spreads fast and well in the foaming medium. The silicone comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory proposed to design and develop the AVIRIS in 1983. AVIRIS first measured spectral images in 1987 and measured the solar reflected spectrum from 400 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. AVIRIS measures upwelling radiance through 224 contiguous spectral channels at 10 nanometer intervals across th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TiAl has the lowest density of 3.4 g/cm, the highest micro hardness of 465–670 kg/mm and the best oxidation resistance even at 1 000 °C. However, the applications of TiAl in the engineering and aerospace fields are limited by its poor ductility. In addition, the loss of ductility at ambient temperature is usually accom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most cancer cells cause mutation in the bodies' metabolic activities to increase glucose metabolism in order to rapidly proliferate. Mutations that increase the cells metabolic activity and turn a normal cell into a tumor cell are called oncogenes. Cancer cells are unlike many other cells. They have very little vulnera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apoaequorin is an ingredient in "Prevagen", which is marketed by Quincy Bioscience as a memory supplement. In 2017, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) charged the maker with falsely advertising that the product improves memory, provides cognitive benefits, and is "clinically shown" to work. According to the FTC, "th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1968 – Ralph E. Grim<br />
1969 – C. S. Ross<br />
1970 – Paul F. Kerr<br />
1971 – Walter D. Keller<br />
1972 – G. W. Brindley<br />
1975 – William F. Bradley<br />
1975 – Sturges W. Bailey<br />
1975 – Jose J. Fripiat<br />
1977 – M. L. Jackson<br />
1979 – Toshio Sudo<br />
1980 – Haydn H. Murray<br />
1984 – C. Ed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a line of atoms A-O-B, separated by distance a. Rotate the entire row by θ = +2π/n and θ = −2π/n, with point O kept fixed. After the rotation by +2π/n, A is moved to the lattice point C and after the rotation by -2π/n, B is moved to the lattice point D. Due to the assumed periodicity of the lattice, the two la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acoustic black holes were first theorized to be useful by William Unruh in 1981. However, the first black hole analogue was not created in a laboratory until 2009. It was created in a rubidium Bose–Einstein condensate using a technique called density inversion. This technique creates a flow by repelling the condensate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Histidine phosphotransfer domains and histidine phosphotransferases (both often abbreviated HPt) are protein domains involved in the "phosphorelay" form of two-component regulatory systems. These proteins possess a phosphorylatable histidine residue and are responsible for transferring a phosphoryl group from an aspart... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viability PCR, also named v-PCR or vPCR, is an evolution of PCR. Through the use of a simple pre-treatment of the sample by the means of specific intercalating photo-reactive reagents it's possible to neutralize the DNA of dead cells. As a result, only DNA from live cells will be detected by PCR. This approach expands ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Colored regions on Jupiters satellite Europa are thought to be tholins. The morphology of Europas impact craters and ridges is suggestive of fluidized material welling up from the fractures where pyrolysis and radiolysis take place. In order to generate colored tholins on Europa there must be a source of materials (car... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stokes approximation is developed from the Navier-Stokes equations by omission of the convective term. For small Reynolds numbers in the incompressible flow, this approximation is more useful. Then incompressible Navier Stokes equation can be written as-
Here linear diffusion term dominates the convection term.
In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some insight into the evolution of mimetic color mimicry in Lepidoptera in particular can be seen through the study of the Optix gene. The Optix gene is responsible for the Heliconius butterflies signature red wing patterns that help it signal to predators that it is toxic. By sharing this coloration with other poison... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adding to the transition metal-bismuth carbonyl clusters, the dibismuth clusters with transition metals have also been explored by synthetic chemists. The core of such compounds is represented in the form of dibismuthene or dibismithyne unit, in which the Bi atoms contain the inert 6s lone pair and through π-bond-donat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following convection diffusion equation is considered here
In the above equation, four terms represents transience, convection, diffusion and a source term respectively, where
* is the temperature in particular case of heat transfer otherwise it is the variable of interest
* is time
* is the specific heat
* is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants in the genus Humulus and Cannabis produce terpenophenolic metabolites, compounds that are meroterpenes. Phenolic lipids are long aliphatic chains bonded to a phenolic moiety. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cold climates may present special challenges. Road salt contains chlorides that could migrate through the porous pavement into groundwater. Snow plow blades could catch block edges of concrete pavers or other block installations, damaging surfaces and creating potholes. Sand cannot be used for snow and ice control on p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The latent image captured in the glass is made visible by heating. This heat treatment is done by raising the temperature to about 500 °C to allow the oxidation-reduction reaction to form silver nanoclusters. Following this, the temperature is raised to 550–560 °C and lithium metasilicate (LiSiO) forms on the silver na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Computer Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins (CASTp) aims to provide comprehensive and detailed quantitative characterization of topographic features of protein, is now updated to version 3.0. Since its release in 2006, the CASTp server has ≈45000 visits and fulfills ≈33000 calculation requests annually. CASTp has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since 1 January 2010, it has been illegal to use newly manufactured HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; only reclaimed and recycled HCFCs may be used. In practice this means that the gas has to be removed from the equipment before servicing and replaced afterwards, rather than refilling with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1957, Marks married sculptor and artist Averil Sherrard and had two children. Marks was known to have been an atheist and a humanist who was opposed to religion. Along with his wife, he campaigned for various causes including saving a park in Guildford, Surrey, where they lived, from developers. His brother John Mar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The breakdown of DNA and RNA is occurring continuously in the cell. Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides can either be degraded to waste products and excreted or can be salvaged as nucleotide components. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "quantitative analysis" is often used in comparison (or contrast) with "qualitative analysis", which seeks information about the identity or form of substance present. For instance, a chemist might be given an unknown solid sample. They will use "qualitative" techniques (perhaps NMR or IR spectroscopy) to iden... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When H and OH ions are not involved in the reaction, the boundary line is horizontal and independent of pH. <br />The reaction equation is thus written:
As, the standard Gibbs free energy :
Using the definition of the electrode potential ∆G = -zFE, where F is the Faraday constant, this may be rewritten as a Nernst equa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-B DB is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non-B DNA-forming sequence motifs. The database provides alternative DNA structure predictions including Z-DNA motifs, quadruplex-forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and sli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sala wrote his works in French and Italian, but most appeared translated in German, French and Latin editions. In them, he relied on practical-experimental foundations. In his late work, he distanced himself from Paracelsus.
* Medico-chemical works
** [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11219458?page=3 Joh.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
WaterGuard manufactured by Aquatain advertises a polymer based material that reduces water evaporation.
Other products include Solarpill and Water$aver. The efficacy of these products has not been shown. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A test is done by taking a small scraping from a pill and placing it in the reagent testing liquid or dropping the reagent onto the scraping. The liquid will change colour when reacting with different chemicals to indicate the presence of certain substances.
Testing with a reagent kit does not indicate the pill is safe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrophobicity scales are values that define the relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acid residues. The more positive the value, the more hydrophobic are the amino acids located in that region of the protein. These scales are commonly used to predict the transmembrane alpha-helices of membrane proteins. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theory and instrumentation of Raman/AFM and IR/AFM combine the theory of SPR (AFM and NSOM) and Raman scattering, and this combination is based on TERS. In TERS, the electric field of excitation source induces an SPR in the tip of the probe. If the electric field vector of the incidence light is perpendicular (s-polari... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kortüm was a physical chemist who had a broad range of interests, and published prolifically. His research covered many aspects of light scattering. He began to pull together what was known in various fields into an understanding of how “reflectance spectroscopy” worked. In 1969, the English translation of his book ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phred quality scores are logarithmically related to the base-calling error probabilities and defined as
This relation can also be written as
For example, if Phred assigns a quality score of 30 to a base, the chances that this base is called incorrectly are 1 in 1000.
The phred quality score is the negative ratio of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Media filters are used in drinking water treatment, where multimedia filters are used as a primary or secondary filtration step to remove a wider range of particle sizes and types than sand filters, including organic matter and smaller particles.
Municipal drinking water systems often use a rapid sand filter and/or a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catabolism () is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This compound may be prepared by reacting the corresponding sulfonic acid with excess phosphorus oxychloride (POCl) at room temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been shown in previous studies that the only types of RNA editing seen in the plants mitochondria and plastids are conversion of C-to-U and U-to-C (very rare). RNA-editing sites are found mainly in the coding regions of mRNA, introns, and other non-translated regions. In fact, RNA editing can restore the functio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any of the image correlation spectroscopy methods can also be performed on a spinning disk confocal microscope, which in practice can obtain faster imaging speeds compared to a laser scanning confocal microscope. This approach has recently been applied to diffusion in a spatially varying complex environment, producing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzymes that contain a catalytic triad use it for one of two reaction types: either to split a substrate (hydrolases) or to transfer one portion of a substrate over to a second substrate (transferases). Triads are an inter-dependent set of residues in the active site of an enzyme and act in concert with other residues ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human trace amine-associated receptors are a group of six G protein-coupled receptors (i.e., TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) that – with exception for TAAR1 – are expressed in the human olfactory epithelium. In humans and other animals, TAARs in the olfactory epithelium function as olfactory receptors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The raw materials are different paper pulps. The pulp may be from softwood, hardwood, fiber crops, mineral fibers. For high quality filters, dissolving pulp and mercerised pulp are used. Most filter papers are made using small paper machines. For laboratory filters, the machines may be as small as 50 cm in width. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleosome core particle (shown in the figure) consists of about 146 base pair of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around the histone octamer, consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Adjacent nucleosomes are joined by a stretch of free DNA termed linker DNA (which va... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "remineralization" is used in several contexts across different disciplines. The term is most commonly used in the medicinal and physiological fields, where it describes the development or redevelopment of mineralized structures in organisms such as teeth or bone. In the field of biogeochemistry, however, remi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kröhnke methodology has also been utilized to generate a number of interesting metal-binding ligands since polypyridyl complexes such as bipyridine (bipy) have been used extensively as ligands. The Kröhnke synthesis was used to prepare a family of tetrahydroquinoline-based N, S-type ligands. 2-thiophenylacetophenon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene, rIIB, were isolated. Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases, typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair.
Through the use of proflavin, the experimenters were able to insert or delete base pairs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In October 2016, astronomers reported that the methylidyne radical ⫶CH, the carbon-hydrogen positive ion :CH, and the carbon ion ⫶C are the result of ultraviolet light from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to supernovas and young stars, as thought earlier. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to confirm the effectiveness and quality of the qPCR process that was performed, there are several actions and subsequent data that must be presented. This includes explaining the specific method of checking that the process functioned, such as using a gel, direct sequencing of the genetic material, showing a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In statistical physics, a system is said to present quenched disorder when some parameters defining its behavior are random variables which do not evolve with time. These parameters are said to be quenched or frozen. Spin glasses are a typical example. Quenched disorder is contrasted with annealed disorder in which the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-bioprinting is the process of creating a model that the printer will later create and choosing the materials that will be used. One of the first steps is to obtain a biopsy of the organ, to sample cells. Common technologies used for bioprinting are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Hadamard–Rybczynski equation gives the terminal velocity of slowly moving spherical bubble through an ambient fluid. It is named after Jacques Hadamard and Witold Rybczynski:
where
* is the radius of the bubble.
* the gravitational acceleration.
* the density of the bubble.
* the density of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Feedwater pumps range in size up to many kilowatts and the electric motor is usually separated from the pump body by some form of mechanical coupling. Large industrial condensate pumps may also serve as the feedwater pump. In either case, to force the water into the boiler, the pump must generate sufficient pressure to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was born on 23 December 1722 on the estate of Ströpsta, in Sudermania.
His father, Gabriel Olderman Cronstedt (1670–1757), was a military engineer.
His mother, Maria Elizabeth Adlersberg, was Gabriel Cronstedt's second wife.
Beginning in 1738, Axel Cronstedt was an unregistered student at the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Closely tied with the field of biotechnology, this subject of cell engineering employs recombinant DNA methods to induce cells to construct a desired product such as a protein, antibody, or enzyme. One of the most notable examples of this subset of cellular engineering is the transformation of E. Coli to transcript and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When operating, the Mount Polley mine moves 80,000–90,000 tonnes of material per day from the mine. This contains 20,000 tonnes of ore.
Mount Polley does not require high-skilled labour for operations and hires and trains from the local communities of Big Lake, Horsefly and as far away as Quesnel and Williams Lake. Mos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rapid economic growth, industrialization and urbanization are associated with a strong increase in energy demand and emissions of air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (see also acid rain) and hydrogen sulfide, which may affect plant metabolism. Sulfur gases are potentially phytotoxic, however, they may also be m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benzene is considered a light aromatic hydrocarbon with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.
Using the octanol-wat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Purely decorative work is rare among Minoan bronzes, and is comparatively poor in quality. There are several statuettes, very completely modelled but roughly cast; they are solid and unchased, with blurred details. Well known are a figure of a praying or dancing woman from the Troad, now at Berlin, and another from Hag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-expendable mold casting differs from expendable processes in that the mold need not be reformed after each production cycle. This technique includes at least four different methods: permanent, die, centrifugal, and continuous casting. This form of casting also results in improved repeatability in parts produced and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A spectroradiometer is a light measurement tool that is able to measure both the wavelength and amplitude of the light emitted from a light source. Spectrometers discriminate the wavelength based on the position the light hits at the detector array allowing the full spectrum to be obtained with a single acquisition. Mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the reaction proceeds with the passage of time, the species' activities, and hence the reaction quotient, change in a way that reduces the free energy of the chemical system. The direction of the change is governed by the Gibbs free energy of reaction by the relation
where K is a constant independent of initial com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When absorption was measured against wavelength at various pH values, the changes at wavelength 408 nm and 470 nm yielded a sigmoidal line with a midpoint at 5.1. This indicated that the absorbance at these two wavelengths depends upon the ionization of the chromophoric portion of TNP-ATP and is unaffected by ionizatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transposons vary in their structure and manner of proliferation, both of which help to define their classification. Each class contains autonomous elements, a sub-variety distinguished by the ability to self-proliferate, and also non-autonomous elements, which lack that ability. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PPARGC1A has been shown to interact with:
* CREB-binding protein
* Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), estrogen-related receptor beta (ERR-β), estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR-γ).
* Farnesoid X receptor
* FBXW7
* MED1, MED12, MED14, MED17,
* NRF1
* Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
* Retinoid X r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab Muslim polymath active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".
Al-Kindi was born in Kufa and educated in Baghdad. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Andreas Lüttge is Professor of Earth Science and Professor of Chemistry at Rice University in Houston, Texas (USA). He was also director of the National Corrosion Center (NCC) until 2010. The primary concerns of his research are surface chemical processes at minerals and rocks from low-temperature conditions up to the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was born in 1616 at Broughton, near Banbury, Oxfordshire. He obtained a B.A. degree from Oxford University in 1637 and an M.A. in 1640, qualifying as a physician with an MD in 1648. He died in 1657 near Boulogne while serving as a physician to the English army. He left a widow, Mary, and a son, John.
He lived at a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On long timescales, atmospheric concentration is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock weathering, and volcanic degassing. The net effect of slight imbalances in the carbon cycle over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2002, Israel agreed to buy 1.75 billion cubic feet of water from Turkey every year for a period of 20 years. The method of transport involved the use of large plastic bubbles that would bring the water to the storage facility. In regards to the talks, the foreign minister of Turkey declared that this agreement will... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ractopamine has not been allowed in the European Union, based on the 2009 EUs Food Safety Authoritys opinion on its safety evaluation, which concluded that available data were insufficient to derive a maximum residue limit as a safe residue level for human consumption. The uncertainty was particularly great for people ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The free-living bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, uses another signaling molecule in addition to an acylated homoserine lactone. This molecule, termed Autoinducer-2 (or AI-2), is a furanosyl borate diester. AI-2, which is also produced and used by a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PHLPP is a member of the PPM family of phosphatases, which requires magnesium or manganese for their activity and are insensitive to most common phosphatase inhibitors, including [okadaic acid]. PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 have a similar domain structure, which includes a putative Ras association domain, a pleckstrin homology d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gradient echo is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence that has wide variety of applications, from magnetic resonance angiography to perfusion MRI and diffusion MRI. Rapid imaging acquisition allows it to be applied to 2D and 3D MRI imaging. Gradient echo uses magnetic gradients to generate a signal, instead of u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fields that make up the WOA dataset consist of objectively-analysed global grids at 1° spatial resolution. The fields are three-dimensional, and data are typically interpolated onto 33 standardised vertical intervals from the surface (0 m) to the abyssal seafloor (5500 m). In terms of temporal resolution, average... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primer dimers may be visible after gel electrophoresis of the PCR product. PDs in ethidium bromide-stained gels are typically seen as a 30-50 base-pair (bp) band or smear of moderate to high intensity and distinguishable from the band of the target sequence, which is typically longer than 50 bp.
In quantitative PCR, PD... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The artificial vacuum was first produced in 1643 by Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli and further developed by German scientist Otto von Guericke with his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guerikes demonstration was documented by Gaspar Schott, in a book that was read by Robert Boyle. Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peptoid nanosheets have a very high surface area, which can be readily functionalized to serve as a platform for sensing and templating. Also, their hydrophobic interiors can accommodate hydrophobic small molecule cargos, which have been demonstrated by the sequestration of Nile red when this dye was injected into an a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Pleiner, R. (2000) Iron in Archaeology. The European Bloomery Smelters, Praha, Archeologický Ústav Av Cr.
*Veldhuijzen, H.A. (2005) Technical Ceramics in Early Iron Smelting. The Role of Ceramics in the Early First Millennium Bc Iron Production at Tell Hammeh (Az-Zarqa), Jordan. In: Prudêncio, I.Dias, I. and Waerenbo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The son of the radical Protestant theologian Gustav Wislicenus, Johannes was born on 24 June 1835 in Kleineichstedt (now part of Querfurt, Saxony-Anhalt) in Prussian Saxony, and entered University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1853. In October 1853 he immigrated to the United States with his family. For a brief time he acted ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fast fission is fission that occurs when a heavy atom absorbs a high-energy neutron, called a fast neutron, and splits. Most fissionable materials need thermal neutrons, which move more slowly. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the Earth bulges at the equator and mountains and deep oceanic trenches allow for deviations of several kilometers relative to a uniformly smooth spheroid, cosmic rays bombard the Earth's surface unevenly based on the latitude and altitude. Thus, many geographic and geologic considerations must be understood in o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turning now to quantum mechanics an atom or a molecule can be thought of as a collection of point charges (electrons and nuclei), so that the second definition of the dipole applies. The interaction of atom or molecule with a uniform external field is described by the operator
This operator is used as a perturbation in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first accumulators for William Armstrongs hydraulic dock machinery were simple raised water towers. Water was pumped to a tank at the top of these towers by steam pumps. When dock machinery required hydraulic power, the hydrostatic head of the waters height above ground provided the necessary pressure.
These simple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of creating fish emulsion begins with whole fish, or with carcass products of fish, such as bones, scales, and skin, which are left after a fish has been processed. The fish and carcass products are then ground into a slurry. After the oils and fish meal are removed from the slurry, the slurry is officially... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Endogenous sources of specific DNA damage include pathways like hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, mismatch of DNA bases, depurination, depyrimidination, double-strand breaks (DSS), and cytosine deamination. DNA lesions can also naturally occur from the release of specific compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prismane or H. It is an isomer of benzene, specifically a valence isomer. Prismane is far less stable than benzene. The carbon (and hydrogen) atoms of the prismane molecule are arranged in the shape of a six-atom triangular prism—this compound is the parent and simplest member of the prismanes class of molecules. Alber... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
G protein - G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion protein - galanin - gamete - gamma-chain immunoglobulin - gamma-delta T-cell antigen receptor - gastrin - gastrointestinal hormone receptor - gastrula - gel electrophoresis - gene - gene expression - gene pool - gene ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases, laboratory mix-ups (misidentified gametes, transfer of wrong embryos) have occurred, leading to legal action against the IVF provider and complex paternity suits. An example is the case of a woman in California who received the embryo of another couple and was notified of this mistake after the birth of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Order of Polonia Restituta (2018)
* [https://ptchem.pl/pl/honors/distinctions-and-medals-ptchem Medal Jana Zawidzkiego] (1997)
* Golden Cross of Merit (Poland) (1990) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 3-dimensional structure of micrococcal nuclease (then called Staphyloccal nuclease) was solved very early in the history of protein crystallography, in 1969, deposited as now-obsolete Protein Data Bank file 1SNS. Higher-resolution, more recent crystal structures are available for the apo form as Protein Data Bank f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Chen-Kao reaction (named after Ko Kuei Chen and Chung-Hsi Kao, Madison, Wisconsin 1926) is a chemical method for determining the presence of pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and similar phenylalkylamines.
The reaction is used in spot tests and is also known as Chen-Kao test (or simply as Chen, Test T in UN Precursor Tes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymerization-induced phase separation can be initiated either through thermally induced polymerization or photopolymerization. The process general occurs through spinodal decomposition, commonly resulting in the formation of co-continuous phases. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Damköhler numbers (Da) are dimensionless numbers used in chemical engineering to relate the chemical reaction timescale (reaction rate) to the transport phenomena rate occurring in a system. It is named after German chemist Gerhard Damköhler, who worked in the fields of chemical engineering, thermodynamics, and flu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste
is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates, this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. Excretion is an essential process in all forms of life. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An object's deflective efficiency can never equal or surpass 100%, for example:
*a mirror will never reflect exactly the same amount of light cast upon it, though it may concentrate the light which is reflected into a narrower beam.
*on hitting the ground, a ball previously in free-fall (meaning no force other than gra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conduction through a spherical shell with internal radius, , and external radius, , can be calculated in a similar manner as for a cylindrical shell.
The surface area of the sphere is:
Solving in a similar manner as for a cylindrical shell (see above) produces: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There has been call to move away from race and ethnicity in medicine and instead use genetic ancestry as a way to categorize patients. Some alleles that vary in frequency between specific populations have been shown to be associated with differential responses to specific drugs. As a result, some disease-specific guide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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