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Entropy-vorticity waves (or sometimes entropy-vortex waves) refer to small-amplitude waves carried by the gas within which entropy, vorticity, density but not pressure perturbations are propagated. Entropy-vortivity waves are essentially isobaric, incompressible, rotational perturbations along with entropy perturbation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Explosive boiling can be best described by a p-T phase diagram. Figure on right shows a typical p-T phase diagram of a substance. The binodal line or the coexistence curve is a thermodynamic state where at that specific temperature and pressure, liquid and vapor can coexist. The spinodal line on right is the boundary o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type N (Nicrosil–Nisil) thermocouples are suitable for use between −270 °C and +1300 °C, owing to its stability and oxidation resistance. Sensitivity is about 39 μV/°C at 900 °C, slightly lower compared to type K.
Designed at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia, by Noel A. Burley, type-N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other perfluorocarbon emulsions have been tested as oxygen therapeutics. When perfluorocarbons are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen, large amounts of oxygen dissolve into the perfluorocarbons. If the perfluorocarbon/oxygen solution is then exposed to a low oxygen environment, then oxygen diffuses out of the sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ellipsometric porosimetry measures the change of the optical properties and thickness of the materials during adsorption and desorption of a volatile species at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure depending on the application. The EP technique is unique in its ability to measure porosity of very thin films d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Werner Rolfinck (15 November 1599 – 6 May 1673) was a German physician, scientist and botanist. He was a medical student in Leiden, Oxford, Paris, and Padua. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA Pol II-mediated gene transcription induces a local opening of chromatin state through the recruitment of histone acetyltransferases and other histone modifiers that promote euchromatin formation. It was proposed that the presence of these enzymes could also induce an opening of chromatin at enhancer regions, which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When either the laser intensity is further increased or a longer wavelength is applied as compared with the regime in which multi-photon ionization takes place, a quasi-stationary approach can be used and results in the distortion of the atomic potential in such a way that only a relatively low and narrow barrier betwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As DNA printing and DNA assembly methods have allowed commercial gene synthesis to become progressively and exponentially cheaper over the past years, artificial gene synthesis represents a powerful and flexible engineering tool for creating and designing new DNA sequences and protein functions. Besides synthetic biolo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Functional selectivity has been proposed to broaden conventional definitions of pharmacology.
Traditional pharmacology posits that a ligand can be either classified as an agonist (full or partial), antagonist or more recently an inverse agonist through a specific receptor subtype, and that this characteristic will be c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hevesy György was born in Budapest, Hungary, to a wealthy and ennobled family of Hungarian-Jewish descent, the fifth of eight children to his parents Lajos Bischitz and Baroness Eugénia (Jenny) Schossberger (ennobled as "De Tornya"). Grandparents from both sides of the family had provided the presidents of the Jewish c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To separate nucleic acids by TGGE, the following steps must be performed: preparing and pouring the gels, electrophoresis, staining, and elution of DNA. Because a buffered system must be chosen, it is important that the system remain stable within the context of increasing temperature. Thus, urea is typically utilized ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A microfibril is a very fine fibril, or fiber-like strand, consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose. It is usually, but not always, used as a general term in describing the structure of protein fiber, e.g. hair and sperm tail. Its most frequently observed structural pattern is the 9+2 pattern in which two central prot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite.
The mechanism of action of oxyntomodulin is not well understood. It is known to bind both the G... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two common measures of photosynthetically active radiation: photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and yield photon flux (YPF). PPF values all photons from 400 to 700 nm equally, while YPF weights photons in the range from 360 to 760 nm based on a plant's photosynthetic response.
PAR as described with PPF does not ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The potential value of pincer ligands in catalysis has been investigated, although no process has been commercialized. Aspirational applications are motivated by the high thermal stability and rigidity. Disadvantages include the cost of the ligands. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basic principle of LID to use nature as a model and manage rainfall at the source is accomplished through sequenced implementation of runoff prevention strategies, runoff mitigation strategies, and finally, treatment controls to remove pollutants. Although Integrated Management Practices (IMPs) — decentralized, mic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biology, actinic light denotes light from solar or other sources that can cause photochemical reactions such as photosynthesis in a species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An action potential pulse is a mathematically and experimentally correct Synchronized Oscillating Lipid Pulse coupled with an Action Potential. This is a continuation of Hodgkin Huxley's work in 1952 with the inclusion of accurately modelling ion channel proteins, including their dynamics and speed of activation.
The a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particularly when two-photon absorption is utilized, high-powered lasers may be required that can be bulky, difficult to cool, and pose safety concerns. Existing optical drives utilize continuous wave diode lasers operating at 780 nm, 658 nm, or 405 nm. 3D optical storage drives may require solid-state lasers or pulsed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Georg Jacob Tysland (13 February 1890 – 14 February 1932) was a Norwegian engineer and metallurgist. Tysland is known as the originator of a successful electric smelting furnace for the production of pig iron, a semi-finished product for the production of steel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physical organic chemistry, the Grunwald–Winstein equation is a linear free energy relationship between relative rate constants and the ionizing power of various solvent systems, describing the effect of solvent as nucleophile on different substrates. The equation, which was developed by Ernest Grunwald and Saul Win... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules and molecular dynamics. The field overlaps significantly with physical chemistry, chemical physics, and quantum chemistry. It is often considered as a sub-field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Research groups studying molecular physics ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CAF-1 is required for the spatial organization and epigenetic marking of heterochromatin domains in pluripotent embryonic cells, creating a cellular memory of somatic cell identity during cellular differentiation.
Cells resembling 2-cell-stage mouse embryos (totipotent cells) can be induced in vitro through downregulat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starfish is a set of software tools developed in 2019 by a consortium of scientists to analyze data from nine different variations of FISH, since all variations produce the same set of data—gene expression values mapped to x and y coordinates in a cell. The software, created for all scientists, not just bioinformaticia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dextroamphetamine is the active metabolite of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine (L-lysine-dextroamphetamine), available by the brand name Vyvanse (Elvanse in the European market) (Venvanse in the Brazil market) (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate). Dextroamphetamine is liberated from lisdexamfetamine enzymatically following contac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is now well known and most of the enzymes are characterised. In the formation of blue pigments a few enzymes have particularly important roles, in particular flavonoid 35-hydroxylase (F35H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR).
The flavonoid 35H-hydroxylase is responsible for the i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition state theory requires a value of the transmission coefficient, called in that theory. This value is often taken to be unity (i.e., the species passing through the transition state always proceed directly to products and never revert to reactants and ). To avoid specifying a value of , the rate constant c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various biomaterials, whether they are biological, synthetic, or a combination of both, can be used to create scaffolds, which when implanted in a human body can promote host tissue regeneration. First, cells from the patient in which the scaffold will be implanted in are harvested. These cells are expanded and seeded... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amalgamation with mercury can be used to recover very small gold particles, and mercury is still widely used in small-scale artisanal mining across the world. Mercury forms a mercury-gold amalgam with smaller gold particles, and then the gold is concentrated by boiling away the mercury from the amalgam. This is effecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regions in contact are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverse transcription is the transfer of information from RNA to DNA (the reverse of normal transcription). This is known to occur in the case of retroviruses, such as HIV, as well as in eukaryotes, in the case of retrotransposons and telomere synthesis.
It is the process by which genetic information from RNA gets tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At first his work appeared as that of his master and patron Fourcroy, then in their joint names; in 1790 he began to publish on his own, and between that year and 1833 his name is associated with 376 papers. Most of these were simple records of patient and laborious analytical operations, and it is perhaps surprising t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Choosing to run a chemical reaction using flow chemistry, either in a microreactor or other mixing device offers a variety of pros and cons. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A quantity of sample is weighed, placed in a crucible, and subjected to destructive distillation. During a fixed period of severe heating, the residue undergoes cracking and coking reactions . At the termination of the heating period, the crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a desiccator and weighe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord. One study using the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant mouse, an ALS model which devel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A clathrate is a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps or contains molecules. The word clathrate is derived from the Latin (), meaning with bars, latticed. Most clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates also include host–guest complexes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Barium azide is an inorganic azide with the formula . It is a barium salt of hydrazoic acid. Like most azides, it is explosive. It is less sensitive to mechanical shock than lead azide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selenium has a protective effect towards mercury toxicity. Mercury binds to selenium with high affinity, so this metal can inhibit selenium-dependent enzymes. However, increased selenium intake can preserve the enzyme activities, reducing the adverse effects caused by mercury exposure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mach tuck is usually caused by two things: a rearward movement of the centre of pressure of the wing, and a decrease in wing downwash velocity at the tailplane, both of which cause a nose down pitching moment. For a particular aircraft design only one of these may be significant in causing a tendency to for example, a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic equilibrium is characterized by the free energy for the whole (closed) system being a minimum. For systems at constant temperature and pressure the Gibbs free energy is minimum. The slope of the reaction free energy with respect to the extent of reaction, ξ, is zero when the free energy is at its minimum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many environmental protection agencies have issued regulations that limit the concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions and define the reference conditions applicable to those concentration limits. For example, such a regulation might limit the concentration of Nitrogen oxide| to 55 ppmv in a dry combustion exha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Passing–Bablok regression is a method from robust statistics for nonparametric regression analysis suitable for method comparison studies introduced by Wolfgang Bablok and Heinrich Passing in 1983. The procedure is adapted to fit linear errors-in-variables models. It is symmetrical and is robust in the presence of one ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double-helical three-dimensional structure. In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most models of the CD V-700 are constructed using a two-piece case made of die-cast and stamped aluminum with a distinctive yellow paint (John Deere Yellow), a Civil Defense “CD” decal and check source. The upper, die-cast part of the case contains a groove around the outer edge for a rubber gasket that renders the cas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During G2 phase of the cell cycle, Cdk1 and cyclin B1 makes a complex and forms maturation promoting factor (MPF). The complex accumulates in the nucleus due to phosphorylation of the cyclin B1 at multiple sites, which inhibits nuclear export of the complex. Phosphorylation of Thr19 and Tyr15 residues of Cdk1 by Wee1 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As their natural analogues, synthetic biopolymers find applications in numerous fields, including materials for commodities, drug delivery, tissue engineering, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects on the ozone layer; fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. However, HFCs and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are greenhouse gases, which cause global warming. Two groups of haloalkanes, hydrofluo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mairanovsky was born to a Jewish family in Batumi in 1899.
Mairanovsky was the head of several secret laboratories in the Bach Institute of Biochemistry in Moscow (1928–1935). As the head of Laboratory No. 1 (1938–1946), he initiated the secret poison program conducted by the NKVD. He used political prisoners for exp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of electroreflectence was first written of in a review letter from 1965 by B. O. Seraphin and R. B. Hess from Michelson Laboratory, China Lake, California where they were studying the Franz-Keldysh effect above the fundamental edge in germanium. They found that it was not only possible for the material to ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The measurement of heat changes is performed using calorimetry, usually an enclosed chamber within which the change to be examined occurs. The temperature of the chamber is monitored either using a thermometer or thermocouple, and the temperature plotted against time to give a graph from which fundamental quantities ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
inflammation induced by cholesterol loading into immune cells causes heart disease. A class of drugs called statins blocks cholesterol synthesis and is used extensively in treating heart disease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat is thermal energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles including electrons, atomic nuclei, in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosgene oxime is classified as a vesicant even though it does not produce blisters. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. The effects of the poisoning occur almost immediately. No antidote for phosgene oxime poisoning is known. Generally, any treatment is supportive. Typical physical symptoms of CX ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A promising strategy for the construction of DNA-encoded libraries is represented by the use of multifunctional building blocks covalently conjugated to an oligonucleotide serving as a “core structure” for library synthesis. In a ‘pool-and-split’ fashion a set of multifunctional scaffolds undergo orthogonal reactions w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The substituent parameter is now defined by field and resonance effects, F and R, which are dependent on the individual substituent. Constants r and f account for the importance of each of the two effects. These constants do not depend on the substituent but instead depend on the set of Hammett substituent parameters... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imidoyl chlorides react readily with water, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and hydrogen halides. Treating imidoyl chlorides with water forms the corresponding amide:
:RC(NR’)Cl + HO → RCONHR’ + HCl
Aliphatic imidoyl chlorides are more sensitive toward hydrolysis than aryl derivatives. Electron-withdrawing substituents decre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Newly synthesized DNA, otherwise known as Okazaki fragments, are bound by DNA ligase, which forms a new strand of DNA. There are two strands that are created when DNA is synthesized. The leading strand is continuously synthesized and is elongated during this process to expose the template that is used for the lagging s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effective volume of a cluster is considered much larger than the volume of the particles due to the lower packing fraction of the cluster. Since, heat can be transferred rapidly within the such clusters, the volume fraction of the highly conductive phase is larger than the volume of solid, thus increasing its therm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There has been some controversy about AstraZenecas behaviour in creating, patenting, and marketing the drug. Esomeprazoles successful predecessor, omeprazole, is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules (esomeprazole which is the S-enantiomer, and R-omeprazole); critics said the company was trying to "evergreen" its om... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A ketone or aldehyde can be attached to a protein through the oxidation of N-terminal serine residues or transamination with PLP. Additionally, they can be introduced by incorporating unnatural amino acids via the Tirrell method or Schultz method. They will then selectively condense with an alkoxyamine and a hydrazine,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using mesophilic bacteria requires the fermentation process to occur below 40 °C, which can cause bacterial contamination due to the low temperature. On the industrial scale, this requires sterilization steps which means a special facility must be built, more employees are needed to run this extra step, and more energy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In two-dimensional plane flow, the vorticity vector, defined as , reduces to , where
or
These are forms of Poisson's equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality state that as an indicator organism Escherichia coli provides conclusive evidence of recent fecal pollution and should not be present in water meant for human consumption. In the U.S., the EPA Total Coliform Rule states that a public water system is out of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The working principle of molography is illustrated in Figure 1. Molography is based on diffraction of laser light at a special 2D nanopattern of molecular binding sites on the surface of a sensor chip, termed mologram. A mologram is a coherent assembly of binding sites on a chip that form the blueprint of molecular ho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is used as a pre- or postharvest scald inhibitor for apples applied as an indoor drench treatment. Its anti-scald activity is the result of its antioxidant properties, which protect the apple skin from the oxidation products of α-farnesene during storage. Apple scald is physical injury that manifests in b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AEP was founded in the State of California in 1974 and held its first organization wide meeting of members in Palo Alto, California, on the Stanford University campus. At that meeting the first directors and officers were elected and by-laws adopted. From then on the board of directors has met quarterly to establish ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In genetics, a transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription. This sequence mediates transcriptional termination by providing signals in the newly synthesized transcript RNA that trigger processes which release the transcript R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Block copolymers comprise two or more homopolymer subunits linked by covalent bonds. The union of the homopolymer subunits may require an intermediate non-repeating subunit, known as a junction block. Diblock copolymers have two distinct blocks; triblock copolymers have three. Technically, a block is a portion of a mac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NBS is commercially available. It can also be synthesized in the laboratory. To do so, sodium hydroxide and bromine are added to an ice-water solution of succinimide. The NBS product precipitates and can be collected by filtration.
Crude NBS gives better yield in the Wohl–Ziegler reaction. In other cases, impure NBS (s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the first DREADDs was based on the human M muscarinic receptor (hM). Only two point mutations of hM were required to achieve a mutant receptor with nanomolar potency for CNO, insensitivity to acetylcholine and low constitutive activity and this DREADD receptor was named hM3Dq. M and M muscarinic receptors have b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ro-vibrational spectroscopy concerns molecules in the gas phase. There are sequences of quantized rotational levels associated with both the ground and excited vibrational states. The spectra are often resolved into lines due to transitions from one rotational level in the ground vibrational state to one rotational lev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ion is the conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identically bonded oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of −1. This charge results from a combination formal charge in which each of the three oxygens carries a − c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Does not require extra computation to produce and optimize a set of loops.
* Can easily be adapted for optimization tasks. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloys deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations, are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Lotka–Volterra equations describe dynamics of the predator-prey systems. The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this rate is evaluated as xy, where x is the number of prey, y is the number of predator. This is a typical example of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific weight can be used in civil engineering and mechanical engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In conventional DLTS the capacitance transients are investigated by using a lock-in amplifier or double box-car averaging technique when the sample temperature is slowly varied (usually in a range from liquid nitrogen temperature to room temperature 300 K or above). The equipment reference frequency is the voltage puls... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel is the generic name of the drug and its , , , , , and , while lévonorgestrel is its . It is also known as d-norgestrel, d(–)-norgestrel, or -norgestrel, as well as by its developmental code names WY-5104 (Wyeth) and SH-90999 (Schering AG). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Positive and negative controls should be run after preparation of each lot of medium.
Positive control: Klebsiella
Negative control: Escherichia coli | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chloroform reacts photochemically with oxygen to form chlorine, phosgene and hydrogen chloride. To slow this process and reduce the acidity of the solvent, chloroform-d is stored in brown-tinted bottles, often over copper chips or silver foil as stabilizer. Instead of metals, a small amount of a neutralizing base like ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AllBusiness.com defines a limiting (constraining) factor as an "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product". The examples provided include: "limited machine hours and labor-hours and shortage of materials and skilled labor. Other limiting factors may be cubic feet of display or warehouse space,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Complexometric titration (sometimes chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which the formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of a titration. Complexometric titrations are particularly useful for the determination of a mixture of different metal ions in solution. An indicator capabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Liebermann reagent named after Hungarian chemist Leo Liebermann (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of potassium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid. 1 g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mL of sulfuric acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HIV-1 integration occurs through a multistep process that includes two catalytic reactions: 3´endonucleolytic processing of proviral DNA ends (termed 3´processing) and integration of 3´-processed viral DNA into cellular DNA (referred to as strand transfer). In 3´processing IN binds to a short sequence located at either... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a conjugated pi-system, electrons are able to capture certain photons as the electrons resonate along a certain distance of p-orbitals - similar to how a radio antenna detects photons along its length. Typically, the more conjugated (longer) the pi-system is, the longer the wavelength of photon can be captured. Comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disturbing potential acid sulfate soils can have a destructive effect on plant and fish life, and on aquatic ecosystems. Flushing of acidic leachate to groundwater and surface waters can cause a number of impacts, including:
* Ecological damage to aquatic and riparian ecosystems through fish kills, increased fish disea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
What is claimed to be the world's first green roof botanical garden was set up in Augustenborg, Malmö in May 1999. The International Green Roof Institute (IGRI) opened to the public in April 2001 as a research station and educational facility. (It has since been renamed the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute (SGRI), i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkoxyaluminium and closely related hydride reagents reduce a wide variety of functional groups, often with good selectivity. This section, organized by functional group, covers the most common or synthetically useful methods for alkoxyaluminium hydride reduction of organic compounds.
Many selective reductions of carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ACE inhibitors inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby lowering the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the breakdown of bradykinin. The decrease in angiotensin II results in relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle leading to a decrease in total peripheral resistance, reducing blood pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A DNA-binding dye binds to all double-stranded (ds) DNA in PCR, increasing the fluorescence quantum yield of the dye. An increase in DNA product during PCR therefore leads to an increase in fluorescence intensity measured at each cycle. However, dsDNA dyes such as SYBR Green will bind to all dsDNA PCR products, includi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the interface as a curve for where is a free parameter. The free energy to be minimized is
with the constraints which we can write as and fixed volume .
The modified Lagrangian, taking into account the constraints is therefore
where are Lagrange multipliers. By definition, the momentum and the Hamilt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Green algae have been taken up by the euglenids, chlorarachniophytes, a lineage of dinoflagellates, and possibly the ancestor of the CASH lineage (cryptomonads, alveolates, stramenopiles and haptophytes) in three or four separate engulfments. Many green algal derived chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, but unlike chloropla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For planar vessel, there is an exact solution. Here , then
If the transformations and , where is the maximum temperature which occurs at due to symmetry, are introduced
Integrating once and using the second boundary condition, the equation becomes
and integrating again
The above equation is the exact solution, but ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
OVERFLOW - the OVERset grid FLOW solver - is a software package for simulating fluid flow around solid bodies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is a compressible 3-D flow solver that solves the time-dependent, Reynolds-averaged, Navier–Stokes equations using multiple overset structured grids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once a nucleic acid sequence has been obtained from an organism, it is stored in silico in digital format. Digital genetic sequences may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis below), be digitally altered and be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using artificial gene synthesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It can be seen in some studies that biodegradation accounts for the absence of creosote preservatives on the initial surface of the sediment. In a study from Pensacola, Florida, PAHs were not detected on the surface on the aquatic sediment, but the highest concentrations were detected at a depth of 8-13 centimeters. A ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kernel
* Component based architecture
* Dynamic loading of external plugins
* Interpolation and integration on arbitrary elements
* Transparent MPI parallelization
* Parallel writing and reading from solution files
* Support for XML case files
* Unstructured 2D/3D hybrid meshes in many formats
Numerical Methods
* Cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphoric acid, in the general sense, is a phosphorus oxoacid in which each phosphorus (P) atom is in the oxidation state +5, and is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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