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Peter Rona, born as Peter Rosenfeld (* 13. May 1871 in Budapest; † February or March 1945) was a Hungarian German Jewish physician and physiologist. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electron diffraction in a TEM exploits controlled electron beams using electron optics. Different types of diffraction experiments, for instance Figure 9, provide information such as lattice constants, symmetries, and sometimes to solve an unknown crystal structure.
It is common to combine it with other methods, for in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy is awarded annually by the American Chemical Society to recognize outstanding accomplishments in fundamental or applied spectroscopy in chemistry. It was first awarded in 1997 and was named in honor of the American Physical Chemist and Spectroscopy pioneer, E. Bright Wilson. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1 g/cm is equivalent to:
: = 1000 g/L (exactly)
: = 1000 kg/m (exactly)
: ≈ (approximately)
: ≈ (approximately)
1 kg/m = 0.001 g/cm(exactly)
1 lb/cu ft ≈ (approximately)
1 oz/US gal ≈ (approximately) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A repeat polymorphism of cytosines and adenines (CA) was found to be near BCYRN1 and was used as a reference for mapping the gene. Linkage mapping and radiation hybrid mapping localized the BCYRN1 gene to chromosome 2p16.
As a long non-coding cytoplasmic RNA, BC200 RNA is a part of the largest group of non-coding trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Position-specific isotope analysis, also called site-specific isotope analysis, is a branch of isotope analysis aimed at determining the isotopic composition of a particular atom position in a molecule. Isotopes are elemental variants with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, thereby having different atomic m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An RNA sequence that is complementary to an endogenous mRNA transcript is sometimes called "antisense RNA". In other words, it is a non-coding strand complementary to the coding sequence of RNA; this is similar to negative-sense viral RNA. When mRNA forms a duplex with a complementary antisense RNA sequence, translatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As in most PCR reactions, two primers—one for each end—are used per sequence. To splice two DNA molecules, special primers are used at the ends that are to be joined. For each molecule, the primer at the end to be joined is constructed such that it has a 5' overhang complementary to the end of the other molecule. Follo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment of the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (, abbreviated ICBM)
is one of the marine science institutes at the German coast and the only university-based marine research institute in Lower Saxony, Germany.
The ICBM is located on the campus Wechloy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, die sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a metal
fabrication process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks). Material is removed from the work piece by a series of rapidly recurring current disc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The discovery that certain toxic chemicals administered in combination can cure certain cancers ranks as one of the greatest in modern medicine. Childhood ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia), testicular cancer, and Hodgkins disease, previously universally fatal, are now generally curable diseases. They have also proved ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
p90 Rsk-1 is located at 1p.
p90 Rsk-2 is located at Xp22.2 and contains 22 exons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Coffin–Lowry syndrome, a disease characterised by severe psychomotor retardation and other developmental abnormalities.
p90 Rsk-3 is located at 6q27. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is also possible to switch the charge state of the NV center (i.e. between NV, NV and NV) by applying a gate voltage. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasmids are autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA. They are the standard cloning vectors and the ones most commonly used. Most general plasmids may be used to clone DNA inserts of up to 15 kb in size. One of the earliest commonly used cloning vectors is the pBR322 plasmid. Other cloning vectors in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The NOE developed from the theoretical work of American physicist Albert Overhauser who in 1953 proposed that nuclear spin polarization could be enhanced by the microwave irradiation of the conduction electrons in certain metals. The electron-nuclear enhancement predicted by Overhauser was experimentally demonstrated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Increase in the melting point, boiling point, solubility, and viscosity of many compounds can be explained by the concept of hydrogen bonding.
* Negative azeotropy of mixtures of HF and water.
* The fact that ice is less dense than liquid water is due to a crystal structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
* Dramaticall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
R-410A cannot be used in R-22 service equipment because of higher operating pressures (approximately 40 to 70% higher).
While R-410A has negligible fractionation potential, it cannot be ignored when charging. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A water sampler is a device for field collection of one or more samples of water for testing. There are many different designs of water samplers. Selection or a particular sampler type depends on the type of analysis to be performed (e.g. ambient water quality or wastewater), the type of water source (e.g. a lake or po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While iron oxide used to make nanoparticles is biodegradable, the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles is still under investigation. Some research has found no signs of damage to cells, while others claim that small (< 2 nm) nanoparticles can diffuse across cell membranes and disrupt organelles.
In addition, very high co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MAPs have been divided into several different categories and sub-categories. There are "structural" MAPs which bind along the microtubules and "+TIP" MAPs which bind to the growing end of the microtubules. Structural MAPs have been divided into MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, and Tau families. +TIP MAPs are motor proteins such as ki... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Allyl- and vinylsilanes react with a variety of electrophiles under conditions of nucleophilic catalysis or Lewis acid promotion (often stoichiometric). The primary advantage of using Lewis acids versus fluoride catalysis is site selectivity—fluoride activation tends to generate allyl anions, which can then react at ei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began conducting a joint program with the industry and State agencies to demonstrate clean coal technologies large enough for commercial use. The program, called the Clean Coal Technology & Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI), has had a number of suc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bond angles in the table below are ideal angles from the simple VSEPR theory (pronounced "Vesper Theory"), followed by the actual angle for the example given in the following column where this differs. For many cases, such as trigonal pyramidal and bent, the actual angle for the example differs from the ideal angle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pretreatment is important when working nanofiltration membranes due to their spiral-wound design. The material is engineered to allow one-way flow. The design does not allow for backpulsing with water or air agitation to scour its surface and remove accumulated solids. Since material cannot be removed from the membrane... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, bon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Location of M receptors is not well known.
Like the M and M muscarinic receptor, M receptors are coupled with G proteins of class G that upregulate phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signaling pathway. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quoted values sunlight-to-biomass efficiency
The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao:
Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf,
* 47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As illustrated in Retrosynthetic Scheme I, Taxol was derived from diol 7.2 by an ester bond formation, according to the Ojima-Holton method. This diol comes from carbonate 6.3 by the addition of phenyllithium. The oxetane ring in compound 6.3 was obtained via an S2 reaction involving a mesylate derived from acetal 4.9.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atropisomers are stereoisomers arising because of hindered rotation about a single bond, where energy differences due to steric strain or other contributors create a barrier to rotation that is high enough to allow for isolation of individual conformers.
They occur naturally and are important in pharmaceutical design. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the carbon cycle as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) is volcanic activity, while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of carbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some ligands can bond to a metal center through the same atom but with a different number of lone pairs. The bond order of the metal ligand bond can be in part distinguished through the metal ligand bond angle (M−X−R). This bond angle is often referred to as being linear or bent with further discussion concerning the d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycinamide is a organic compound with the molecular formula HNCHC(O)NH. It is the amide derivative of the amino acid glycine. It is a water-soluble, white solid. Amino acid amides, such as glycinamide are prepared by treating the amino acid ester with ammonia.
It is a ligand for transition metals.
The hydrochloride ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is found principally with soft metals. Two soft ligands in mutual trans position will have a destabilizing effect on each other. The effect is also found with borderline metals in the presence of high trans effect ligands. For example the selenocyanate ion trans to the soft carbon dioxide in trans-Rh(PPh)(CO)(N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The post-mortem interval is the time that has elapsed since death. There are several different methods that can be used to estimate the post-mortem interval. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On this track, students are introduced to the fundamental reaction mechanisms in the field of chemical and biochemical engineering. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Ionic counting assumes unequal sharing of electrons in the bond. The more electronegative atom in the bond gains electron lost from the less electronegative atom.
* This method begins by calculating the number of electrons of the element, assuming an oxidation state.
:E.g. for a Fe has 6 electrons
:S has 8 electrons
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to retrotransposons, retroposons never encode reverse transcriptase (RT) (but see below). Therefore, they are non-autonomous elements with regard to transposition activity (as opposed to transposons).
Non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons such as the human LINE1 elements are sometimes falsely refe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Grotthuss–Draper law (also called the principle of photochemical activation) states that only that light which is absorbed by a system can bring about a photochemical change. Materials such as dyes and phosphors must be able to absorb "light" at optical frequencies. This law provides a basis for fluorescence and ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azeotropes consisting of two constituents are called binary azeotropes such as diethyl ether (33%) / halothane (66%) a mixture once commonly used in anesthesia. Azeotropes consisting of three constituents are called ternary azeotropes, e.g. acetone / methanol / chloroform. Azeotropes of more than three constituents are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many transition-metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions, a scenario not part of the equilibria that are involved in simple precipitation of salts from ionic solution. For example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added, such as when hydroch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the control of all growth conditions such as temperature, bond strength, diffusion, and saturation level, desired morphology could be formed by choosing the right parameters. Following is the demonstration how to obtain some interesting surface features: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oil analysis (OA) is the laboratory analysis of a lubricants properties, suspended contaminants, and wear debris. OA' is performed during routine predictive maintenance to provide meaningful and accurate information on lubricant and machine condition. By tracking oil analysis sample results over the life of a particula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many enzymes and proteins play a role in degrading mRNA. For example, in Escherichia coli there are three enzymes: RNase II, PNPase, and RNase R. RNase R is a 3’-5’ exoribonuclease that is recruited to degrade a defective mRNA. RNase R has two structural domains, an N-terminal putative helix-turn-helix (HTH) and a C-te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alzheimers disease involves the progressive degeneration of the brain, severely impacting mental faculties. Since the Ca hypothesis of Alzheimers was proposed in 1994, several studies have shown that disruptions in Ca signaling are the primary cause of Alzheimers disease. Familial Alzheimers disease has been strongly l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous compounds that bind selectively to neuroreceptors of interest in biological psychiatry have been radiolabeled with C-11 or F-18. Radioligands that bind to dopamine receptors (D, D, reuptake transporter), serotonin receptors (5HT, 5HT, reuptake transporter), opioid receptors (mu and kappa), cholinergic receptor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India. While the document does not differentiate between VOCs and other air pollutants, the CPCB monitors "oxides of nitrogen (NO), sulphur dioxide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NASBA was developed by J Compton in 1991, who defined it as "a primer-dependent technology that can be used for the continuous amplification of nucleic acids in a single mixture at one temperature". Immediately after the invention of NASBA it was used for the rapid diagnosis and quantification of HIV-1 in patient sera.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disulfide chain allows the mono-BOC-cystamine to be easily cleaved, allowing removal of the tagging residue when desired.
Mono-BOC-cystamine is used as a crosslinker for the synthesis of cleavable photo-cross-linking reagent.
Mono-BOC-cystamine is used as a crosslinker for the synthesis of a biodegradable cystamine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silica gel is a chemically inert, non-toxic, polar and dimensionally stable (. It is prepared by the reaction between sodium silicate and acetic acid, which is followed by a series of after-treatment processes such as aging, pickling, etc. These after-treatment methods results in various pore size distributions.
Silica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proposed by Gottfried Leibniz over the period 1676–1689, the theory was controversial as it seemed to oppose the theory of conservation of quantity of motion advocated by René Descartes. Descartes quantity of motion was different from momentum, but Newton defined the quantity of motion as the conjunction of the quantit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One year following the Woodward–Hoffmann and Longuet-Higgins–Abrahmson publications, it was noted by Zimmerman that both transition states and stable molecules sometimes involved a Möbius array of basis orbitals. The Möbius–Hückel treatment provides an alternative to the Woodward–Hoffmann one. In contrast to the Woodwa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatiles are the group of chemical elements and chemical compounds that can be readily vaporized. In contrast with volatiles, elements and compounds that are not readily vaporized are known as refractory substances.
On planet Earth, the term volatiles often refers to the volatile components of magma. In astrogeology v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene function can be investigated by systematically "knocking out" genes one by one. This is done by either deletion or disruption of function (such as by insertional mutagenesis) and the resulting organisms are screened for phenotypes that provide clues to the function of the disrupted gene. Knock-outs have been produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rhyolitic magma is felsic and the most abundant in silica, potassium, and sodium but the lowest in iron, magnesium, and calcium. The silica composition of rhyolitic magma ranges from 65-75 wt.%. It forms in the lowest temperature range, from about 1200 °F to 1470 °F. Rhyolitic magma has the highest viscosity and gas c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cucurbit[n]urils have similar size of γ-CD, which also behave similarly (e.g., 1 cucurbit[n]uril can thread onto 2 PEG chains). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HPLC detectors fall into two main categories: universal or selective. Universal detectors typically measure a bulk property (e.g., refractive index) by measuring a difference of a physical property between the mobile phase and mobile phase with solute while selective detectors measure a solute property (e.g., UV-Vis ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) is the organosulfur compound with the formula EtNSF. This liquid is a fluorinating reagent used for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. The compound is colourless; older samples assume an orange colour. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:The symmetry of a crystalline material has profound impacts on its emergent properties, including electronic band structure, electromagnetic behavior, and mechanical properties . Crystal symmetry is described and categorized by the crystal system, lattice, and space group of the material. Determination of these attrib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2016, John Zhang and a mixed team of scientists from Mexico and New York used the spindle transfer technique to help a Jordanian woman to give birth to a baby boy. The mother had Leigh disease and already had four miscarriages and two children who had died of the disease. Valery Zukin, director of the Nadiya clinic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Obukhov length is used to describe the effects of buoyancy on turbulent flows, particularly in the lower tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer. It was first defined by Alexander Obukhov in 1946. It is also known as the Monin–Obukhov length because of its important role in the similarity theory developed by Monin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dorothy Martin was born on 18 September 1919 in Bacon Township, Vernon County, Missouri to Laudell M (née Flynn) (1892–1978) and Robert W. Martin.
She received her AB degree from Southwest Missouri State University where her father was head of the science department. There, she was the first graduate to achieve a perfe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, when the solution is at equilibrium. Due to the many o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The barcoded DNA fragments are amplified using PCR to create a library of DNA fragments with identical barcodes. All the fragments derived from a given DNA molecule are tagged with the same barcode. This step increases the quantity of DNA for sequencing and reduces the chances of losing unique DNA fragments during sequ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lateral expansion joint absorbs transverse and lateral movements. It consists of
* One or two metal bellows with an intermediate pipe
* Connectors on both sides and a hinged anchoring of these connectors for lateral movement in a single plane or for lateral movement in all planes
Normally, the anchoring consists of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic light scattering provides insight into the dynamic properties of soft materials by measuring single scattering events, meaning that each detected photon has been scattered by the sample exactly once. In principle, the DLS measurements can be performed with the detector positioned at any angle. The choice of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The agricultural industry is constantly striving to produce plant propagules or seedlings that are free of pathogens in order to prevent economic losses and safeguard health. Systems have been developed that allow detection of small amounts of the DNA of Phytophthora ramorum, an oomycete that kills oaks and other speci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proof of the scallop theorem can be represented in a mathematically elegant way. To do this, we must first understand the mathematical consequences of the linearity of Stokes equations. To summarize, the linearity of Stokes equations allows us to use the reciprocal theorem to relate the swimming velocity of the swi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The deformation gradient for a simple shear deformation has the form
where are reference orthonormal basis vectors in the plane of deformation and the shear deformation is given by
In matrix form, the deformation gradient and the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor may then be expressed as
Therefore,
and the Cauchy s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For mutually soluble compounds, Raoult's law states that the partial pressure of a compound is equal to its vapor pressure times its mole fraction. This means that mutually soluble contaminants will volatilize slower than if there was only one compound present. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactions best for temperature (geothermometers) are ones that have a large enthalpy of reaction, which means they release or consume a lot of heat. Higher temperatures allow the reaction to consume that heat while lower temperatures cause the reaction to release heat. Similarly to geobarometers, the proportion of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
m6A-LAIC-seq (m6A-level and isoform-characterization sequencing) is a high-throughput approach to quantify methylation status on a whole-transcriptome scale. Full-length RNA samples are used in this method. RNAs are first subjected to immunoprecipitation with an anti-m6A antibody. Excess antibody is added to the mixtur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 1958–1959 "Quartz Fibre Dosimeter Chargers, No. 1 and 2" were retained until the early 1990s, as they incorporate a simple, handle-driven generator and do not require batteries at all. A later British civil defence dosimeter charger was developed by R. A. Stephen Ltd and manufactured from 1967 to 1988, and uses a s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol via the classic pathway, catalyzing the formation of 7α-hydroxycholesterol. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients.
Bile ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) includes events related to the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, uses, concerns, litigation, regulation, and legislation, involving the human-made PFASs. The timeline focuses on some perfluorinated compounds, particularly perfl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If suitably designed, general ventilation can also be used as a control of airborne dust. General ventilation can often help reduce skin and clothing contamination, and dust deposition on surfaces. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some molecular tweezers bind aromatic guests. These molecular tweezers consist of a pair of anthracene arms held at a distance that allows aromatic guests to gain π–π interactions from both (see Figure). Other molecular tweezers feature a pair of tethered porphyrins.
Yet another type of molecular tweezers bind fullere... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Acids and bases
**Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
**Acid dissociation constants
**Lewis acids and bases
* Chemoselectivity
* Molecular structure
** Aromaticity
** Chemical bonding
*** Covalent bonding
*** Lewis model
*** Molecule shapes
*** Bond angles
*** Resonance structures
** Conjugated systems
**Functional groups... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Over the decades huge number of precipitation reactions have been used to study the phenomenon, and it seems quite general. Chromates, metal hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides, formed with lead, copper, silver, mercury and cobalt salts are sometimes favored by investigators, perhaps because of the pretty, colored pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Scuderi cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that is constructed out of the following series of thermodynamic processes:
* A-B and C-D (TOP and BOTTOM of the loop): a pair of quasi-parallel adiabatic processes
* D-A (LEFT side of the loop): a positively sloped, increasing pressure, increasing volume process
* B-C (RIGHT si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the presence of two phases ( and ), the surface (surface phase) is located in between the phase and phase . Experimentally, it is difficult to determine the exact structure of an inhomogeneous surface phase that is in contact with a bulk liquid phase containing more than one solute. Inhomogeneity of the surface p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The CIPW Norm was developed in the early 1900s and named after its creators, the petrologists Charles Cross, Joseph Iddings, Louis Pirsson, and the geochemist Henry Washington. The CIPW normative mineralogy calculation is based on the typical minerals that may be precipitated from an anhydrous melt at low pressure, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrolysis of water in a supercritical state, reduces the overpotentials found in other electrolysers, thereby improving the electrical efficiency of the production of oxygen and hydrogen.
Increased temperature reduces thermodynamic barriers and increases kinetics. No bubbles of oxygen or hydrogen are formed on the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a heat ray arrives at a body they may interact in three different ways:
# The body may absorb the heat
# The body may reflect the heat
# The heat may transmit through the body
Absorption and reflection are typically modeled as surface phenomena that occur within a fraction of a micrometer of the surface. For examp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
We can use the above equations to derive some differential definitions of some thermodynamic parameters. If we define to stand for any of the thermodynamic potentials, then the above equations are of the form:
where and are conjugate pairs, and the are the natural variables of the potential . From the chain rule it... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM-IR has been used to characterise spectroscopically in detail chromosomes, bacteria and cells with nanoscale resolution. For example, in the case of infection of bacteria by viruses (Bacteriophages), and also the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) vesicles inside Rhodobacter capsulatus cells and triglycerides i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Daly detector is a gas-phase ion detector that consists of a metal "doorknob", a scintillator (phosphor screen) and a photomultiplier. It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This process is not 100% efficient. At the Lautenthal, Altenau, and Sankt Andreasberg smelting-works in the Upper Harz between 1857 and 1860 25% of the silver, 25.1% of the lead and 9.3% of the copper was lost. Some of this is lost in slag that is not worth reusing, some is lost by what is termed ‘burning’, and some of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at atmospheric pressure), whereas its melting into liquid CO can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) at pressures and temperatures above the tr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. It is used in the Duff reaction (formylation of arenes), the Sommelet reaction (converting benzyl halides to aldehydes), and in the Delepine reaction (synthesis of amines from alkyl halides). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 1,3BPG) is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis. 1,3BPG is a transitional stage between glycerate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early panel codes were developed in the late 1960s to early 1970s. Advanced panel codes, such as Panair (developed by Boeing), were first introduced in the late 1970s, and gained popularity as computing speed increased. Over time, panel codes were replaced with higher order panel methods and subsequently CFD (Computa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Smirnov, Alex Sergeevich (b. 9 June 1963) – Russian businessman. Since 2005 – Vice president of JSC "Lukoil".
* Filatov, Anatoly Vasilievich (b. 28 May 1935) – the Russian metallurgist, the first general manager of the concern "Norilsk Nickel" (1989–1996). Federation Council member of I convocation (1993–1996). Hero ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applying line voltage across a pickled cucumber causes it to glow. A moist pickle contains salt as a result of the pickling process, which allows it to conduct electricity. Sodium (or other) ions within the pickle emit light as a result of atomic electron transitions, although it is not clear why the luminescence occu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacterial initiation factor 1 is a bacterial initiation factor.
IF1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to the ribosome by increasing its affinity. It may also prevent the 50S subunit from binding, stopping the formation of the 7... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via mutlistep processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, reagents, and solvents. Similarly, virtually all pesticides - insecticides, herbicides, etc. - are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brownrigg also produced a major treatise on salt manufacture. He hoped that improved domestic production could make Britain self-sufficient in this valuable resource thereby improving the fishing industry and economy both in Britain and America. Much of the best quality salt was bay salt produced in France and Spain; t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Energy Manufacturing Co., Inc. is an American manufacturing company based in Monticello, Iowa. Established in 1944, the company produces a variety of hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic pumps, valves, and power systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BIND has grown significantly since its conception; in fact, the database saw a 10 fold increase in entries between 2003 and 2004. By September 2004, there were over 100,000 interaction records by 2004 (including 58,266 protein-protein, 4,225 genetic, 874 protein-small molecule, 25,857 protein-DNA, and 19,348 biopolymer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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