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* An exergonic reaction is a spontaneous chemical reaction that releases energy. It is thermodynamically favored, indexed by a negative value of ΔG (Gibbs free energy). Over the course of a reaction, energy needs to be put in, and this activation energy drives the reactants from a stable state to a highly energetically... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence polarization was first observed by F. Weigert in 1920. He experimented with solutions of fluorescein, eosin, and other dyes at various temperatures and viscosities. Observing that polarization increased with viscosity of the solvent and the size of the dye molecule, but decreased with an increase in temper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Size of sea salt aerosols ranges widely from ~0.05 to 10 μm in diameter, with most of masses concentrated in super-micron range (coarse mode), and highest number concentration in sub-micron range. Correspondingly, sea salt aerosols have a wide range of atmospheric lifetimes. As the sea salt aerosols are hygroscopic, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
pHydrion is the trademarked name for a popular line of chemical test products, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory, Inc., the original manufacturer of Hydrion and pHydrion products. The trademarked pHydrion product line comprises chemical test papers, chemical indicators, chemical test kits, chemical indicator kits,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The model is based on seasonal input data and returns seasonal outputs. The number of seasons per year can be chosen between a minimum of one and a maximum of four. One can distinguish for example dry, wet, cold, hot, irrigation or fallow seasons. Reasons of not using smaller input/output periods are:
#short-term (e.g.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA methylation is the process in which a methyl group is added to either a cytosine or adenine. This process causes the activation or inactivation of gene expression, thereby resulting in gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. DNA methylation process is also known to be involved in certain types of cancer formation. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Technically, ceramics are composed of raw materials such as powders and natural or synthetic chemical additives, favouring either compaction (hot, cold or isostatic), setting (hydraulic or chemical), or accelerating sintering processes. According to the formulation and shaping process used, bioceramics can vary in dens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In freshwater or marine systems apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) is the difference between oxygen gas solubility (i.e. the concentration at saturation) and the measured oxygen concentration in water with the same physical and chemical properties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to microbial fuel cells, biological photovoltaic systems which employ whole organisms have the advantage over non-biological fuel cells and photovoltaic systems of being able to self-assemble and self-repair (i.e. the photosynthetic organism is able to reproduce itself). The ability of the organism to store en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a publication using live IGSNs can be found here:
This paper contains several samples identified by IGSN. One of them is IGSN: 10.58052/SSH000SUA. Information about this sample can be obtained by resolving the IGSN by adding the URL of the resolver before the IGSN: https://doi.org/10.58052/SSH000SUA.
IGSN... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Meitner was born Elise Meitner on 7 November 1878 into a Jewish upper-middle-class family at the family home in 27 Kaiser Josefstraße in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, the third of eight children of chess master Philipp Meitner and his wife Hedwig. The birth register of Vienna's Jewish community lists her as bein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver ions form alkene complexes. The binding is reversible, but sufficient to impede the elution of the alkene-containing analytes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1992, the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology named after M. V. Lomonosov has received a new, higher educational status – status of the academy. With the name change has changed the status and range of activities of the institute along with old technology, new specialty Humanitarian – Management Profile: "E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemithioacetals ordinarily readily dissociate into thiol and aldehyde, however, some have been isolated. In general, these isolable hemithioacetals are cyclic, which disfavors dissociation, and can often be further stabilized by the presence of acid. An important class are S-glycosides, such as octylthioglucoside, whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although anthocyanins have been shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro, there is no evidence for antioxidant effects in humans after consuming foods rich in anthocyanins. Unlike controlled test-tube conditions, the fate of anthocyanins in vivo shows they are poorly conserved (less than 5%), with most of what is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) was established in 1916, as the Department of Chemical Hygiene. That same year, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded, as it was named then. Today, the school is named the Bloomberg School of Pu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research has shown that applying 5 to 15 volts of electricity for 50 ms to the segmental nerve that innervates the light organ leads to a glow 1.5 seconds after that lasts for five to ten seconds. Stimulation of the segmental nerve has been found to lead to several different nerve impulses, and frequency of nervous imp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a scientist with the American Red Cross, Fahy was the originator of the first practical method of cryopreservation by vitrification and the inventor of computer-based systems to apply this technology to whole organs. Before joining Twenty-First Century Medicine, he was the chief scientist for Organ, Inc and of LRT, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy is one of the two branches of extractive metallurgy which pertains to the processes of reducing valuable, non-iron metals from ores or raw material. Metals like zinc, copper, lead, aluminium as well as rare and noble metals are of particular interest in this field, while the more commo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nanofountain probe (NFP) is a device for drawing micropatterns of liquid chemicals at extremely small resolution. An NFP contains a cantilevered micro-fluidic device terminated in a nanofountain. The embedded microfluidics facilitates rapid and continuous delivery of molecules from the on-chip reservoirs to the fount... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A B2 intermetallic compound has equal numbers of atoms of two metals such as aluminium and iron, arranged as two interpenetrating simple cubic lattices of the component metals. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In larger urban centres, studies have noted that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+) populations are among the fastest-growing users of fertility care. IVF is increasingly being used to allow lesbian and other LGBT couples to share in the reproductive process through a technique called reciprocal IVF... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Integral skin foam, also known as self-skin foam, is a type of foam with a high-density skin and a low-density core. It can be formed in an open-mold process or a closed-mold process. In the open-mold process, two reactive components are mixed and poured into an open mold. The mold is then closed and the mixture is all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As in any power cycle, the most important indicator of its performance is the thermal efficiency. The thermal efficiency of a transcritical cycle is computed as:
where is the thermal input of the cycle, provided by either combustion or with a heat exchanger, and is the power produced by the cycle.
The power produced... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the process that underpins the activity of most architectural materials, such as glass, ceramic tiles, roof tiles, concrete, paint, and fabrics which are promoted as being self-cleaning (or air-purifying). These photocatalytic materials facilitate the oxidative mineralisation of organic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GC–MS is composed of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph utilizes a capillary column whose properties regarding molecule separation depend on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polys... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) or methanesulphonic acid (in British English) is an organosulfuric, colorless liquid with the molecular formula and structure . It is the simplest of the alkylsulfonic acids (). Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast with jawed vertebrates whose immunity is based on variable, diverse, and joining gene segments (VDJs) of immunoglobulins, the jawless invertebrates, such as lamprey and hagfish, create a receptor diversity by somatic DNA rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules that are incorporate in *vlr* genes ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned in the previous section, early repolarization is known as appearing as elevated wave segments on ECGs. Recent studies have shown a connection between early repolarization and sudden cardiac death, which is identified as early repolarization syndrome. The condition is shown in both ventricular fibrillation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photon upconversion is the process of using two low-energy (e.g., infrared) photons to produce one higher energy photon; downconversion is the process of using one high energy photon (e.g., ultraviolet) to produce two lower energy photons. Either of these techniques could be used to produce higher efficiency solar cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century, but switched to LHT in 2009, making it the first territory in almost 30 years to change sides. The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand, or Japan, and to harmonise with other South P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. This happens in presence of a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the first one. The degree of wetting (wettability) is determined by a force bal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing compound whose hydrogen can be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Lie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Porphyrin complexes consist of a square planar MN core. The periphery of the porphyrins, consisting of sp-hybridized carbons, generally display only small deviations from planarity. Additionally, the metal is often not centered in the N plane.
Large metals such as zirconium, tantalum, and molybdenum tend to bind tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A small scale study of 289 Japanese patients suggested a minor increased predisposition from an amino acid substitution of the 196 allele at exon 6. Genomic testing of 81 SLE patients and 207 healthy patients in a Japanese study showed 37% of SLE patients had a polymorphism on position 196 of exon 6 compared to 18.8% o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary antibody can be very useful for the detection of biomarkers for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease and they are used for the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and multi-drug resistance (MDR) of therapeutic agents. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pratyakṣa (perception) occupies the foremost position in the Nyāya epistemology. Perception can be of two types, laukika (ordinary) and alaukika (extraordinary). Ordinary perception is defined by Akṣapāda Gautama in his Nyāya Sutra (I, i.4) as a non-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pharmaceutical industry constitutes the most important customer base for the fine chemical industry (see Table 4). The largest companies are Pfizer, USA; Roche, Switzerland, GlaxoSmithKline, UK; Sanofi Aventis, France, and Novartis, Switzerland. All are active in R&D, manufacturing and marketing. Pharmaceuticals co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adding more mirrors does not add more possibilities (in the plane), because they can always be rearranged to cause cancellation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* At Lokoja, Nigeria, the Benue River flows into the Niger.
* At Kazungula in Zambia, the Chobe River flows into the Zambezi. The confluence defines the tripoint of Zambia (north of the rivers), Botswana (south of the rivers) and Namibia (west of the rivers). The land border between Botswana and Zimbabwe to the east al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, volatility tends to decrease with increasing molecular mass because larger molecules can participate in more intermolecular bonding, although other factors such as structure and polarity play a significant role. The effect of molecular mass can be partially isolated by comparing chemicals of similar structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dyes used in early experimental cells (circa 1995) were sensitive only in the high-frequency end of the solar spectrum, in the UV and blue. Newer versions were quickly introduced (circa 1999) that had much wider frequency response, notably "triscarboxy-ruthenium terpyridine" [Ru(4,4',4"-(COOH)-terpy)(NCS)], which i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NNRTIs inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of HIV. RT is one of the most popular targets in the field of antiretr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms. It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by micro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a reaction occurs through these steps:
: A + S ⇌ AS → Products
where A is the reactant and S is an adsorption site on the surface and the respective rate constants for the adsorption, desorption and reaction are k, k and k, then the global reaction rate is:
where:
* r is the rate, mol·m·s
*is the concentration of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Symmetry elements are denoted by i for centers of inversion, C for proper rotation axes, σ for mirror planes, and S for improper rotation axes (rotation-reflection axes). C and S are usually followed by a subscript number (abstractly denoted n) denoting the order of rotation possible.
By convention, the axis of proper ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A daily challenge in attosecond science is to characterize the temporal proprieties of the attosecond pulses used in any pump-probe experiments with atoms, molecules or solids.
The most used technique is based on the frequency-resolved optical gating for a complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB).
The m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal complexes, also known as coordination compounds, include virtually all metal compounds. The study of "coordination chemistry" is the study of "inorganic chemistry" of all alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanides, actinides, and metalloids. Thus, coordination chemistry is the chemistry of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative method used to create ATP is through oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place during cellular respiration. This process utilizes the oxidation of NADH to NAD, yielding 3 ATP, and of FADH to FAD, yielding 2 ATP. The potential energy stored as an electrochemical gradient of protons (H) across the inner... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An important piece of early evidence in support of the homotropylium cation structure that did not rely on the magnetic properties of the molecule involved the acquisition of its UV spectrum. Winstein et al. determined that the absorption maxima for the homotropylium cation exhibited a considerably shorter wavelength t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The U.S.-based NGO Climate Foundation, in collaboration with Stanford University, has built several pilot-scale reactors to treat human waste and turn it into biochar, which can be used as an agricultural soil amendment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Together with the benzyltriethylammonium salt, benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide is a popular phase-transfer catalyst.
It is used in aldol condensation reactions and base-catalyzed dehydration reactions. It is also used as a base in Ando's Z-selective variant of Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination reactions.
Relative t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterofermentative bacteria produce less lactate and less ATP, but produce several other end products:
:Glucose + ADP + P → Lactate + Ethanol + CO + ATP
Examples include Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus bifermentous, and Leuconostoc lactis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientists observed the thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue, which eventually led to the discovery of UCP1, initially known as "Uncoupling Protein". The brown tissue revealed elevated levels of mitochondria respiration and another respiration not coupled to ATP synthesis, which symbolized strong thermogenic ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fajans was born May 27, 1887, in Warsaw, Congress Poland, to a family of Jewish background. After he had completed secondary school in Warsaw (1904), he studied chemistry in Germany, first at the University in Leipzig, and then in Heidelberg and Zürich. In 1909 he was awarded his PhD for research into the stereoselecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zanamivir analogues are designed to improve the therapeutic use. Replacing the carboxylate group at the C1 to phosphonate group led the drug to be more potent with high affinity to form ionic interaction with the active site. Additionally, the click-chemistry reaction was used to synthesize the C4-triazole-modified zan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of friction, between the air and the land, breaks the geostrophic balance. Friction slows the flow, lessening the effect of the Coriolis force. As a result, the pressure gradient force has a greater effect and the air still moves from high pressure to low pressure, though with great deflection. This explains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deoxyguanosine is composed of the purine nucleobase guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose. It is similar to guanosine, but with one hydroxyl group removed from the 2 position of the ribose sugar (making it deoxyribose). If a phosphate group is attached at the 5 position, it becomes deoxyguan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The increase of ocean acidity decelerates the rate of calcification in salt water, leading to smaller and slower growing coral reefs which supports approximately 25% of marine life. Impacts are far-reaching from fisheries and coastal environments down to the deepest depths of the ocean. The increase in ocean acidity in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UV light (specifically, UV‑B) causes the body to produce vitamin D, which is essential for life. Humans need some UV radiation to maintain adequate vitamin D levels. According to the World Health Organization:
Vitamin D can also be obtained from food and supplementation. Excess sun exposure produces harmful effects, ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When it is time for a cell to enter S phase, complexes of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and cyclins phosphorylate pRb, allowing E2F-DP to dissociate from pRb and become active. When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. cyclin E and cyclin A), which push the cell through the cell cycle by activating cycl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3-Methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol is a primary alcohol that is hexan-1-ol which is substituted by a methyl group and a thiol group at position 3. It is the odor component of human axilla sweat and the major species at pH 7.3. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The in vivo functionality and longevity of any implantable medical device is affected by the body's response to the foreign material. The body undergoes a cascade of processes defined under the foreign body response (FBR) in order to protect the host from the foreign material. The interactions between the device upon t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This model suggests that enzymes exist in a variety of conformations, only some of which are capable of binding to a substrate. When a substrate is bound to the protein, the equilibrium in the conformational ensemble shifts towards those able to bind ligands (as enzymes with bound substrates are removed from the equili... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polythiophene (PTh) and its derivatives-based polymers are also one kind of conjugated polymers for PTT. Polythiophene-based polymers usually exhibit excellent photostability, large light-harvesting ability, easy synthesis, and facile functionalization with different substituents.
Conjugated copolymer (C3) with promisi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In reality, the Couette solution is not reached instantaneously. The "startup problem" describing the approach to steady state is given by
subject to the initial condition
and with the same boundary conditions as the steady flow:
The problem can be made homogeneous by subtracting the steady solution. Then, applying sep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viral vectors are genetically engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious, but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene, thus allowing for translation of the transgene through a viral promoter. However, because viral vectors frequently are lacking infectious se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was born in Kraljske Bare, near Andrijevica, on 1 January 1896, to father Milonja and mother Ružica, nee Novović. He finished primary school in his native village (1903-1907), and three grades of the lower grammar school in Podgorica (1907-1910), where he sat on a bench with Risto Stijović. He continued his educatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene targeting is a biotechnological tool used to change the DNA sequence of an organism (hence it is a form of Genome Editing). It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. Gene targeting can be used to make a range of sizes of DNA edits, from l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million ba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The severity of injuries to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is commonly rated using the Zargar criteria. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Hoffmann kiln consists of a main fire passage surrounded on each side by several small rooms. Each room contains a pallet of bricks. In the main fire passage there is a fire wagon, that holds a fire that burns continuously. Each room is fired for a specific time, until the bricks are vitrified properly, and therea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common side effects are fine tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps, dry mouth, and palpitation. Other symptoms may include tachycardia, arrhythmia, flushing of the skin, myocardial ischemia (rare), and disturbances of sleep and behaviour. Rarely occurring, but of importance, are allergic reactions of parado... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For most crystalline solid solutions, there is a variation of lattice parameters with the composition. If the lattice of such a solution is to remain coherent in the presence of a composition modulation, mechanical work has to be done to strain the rigid lattice structure. The maintenance of coherency thus affects the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A metaborate is a borate anion consisting of boron and oxygen, with empirical formula . Metaborate also refers to any salt or ester of such anion (e.g. salts such as sodium metaborate or calcium metaborate , and esters such as methyl metaborate ). Metaborate is one of the boron's oxyanions. Metaborates can be monomeri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A study on molecular markers in human aortic endothelial cells published that aglycone stopped cell migration but not monocyte adhesion, which is the initial step of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Another study exploring the benefits of extra virgin olive oil consumption in preventing age-related neurodegenerative d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both the term and concept of hypervalency still fall under criticism. In 1984, in response to this general controversy, Paul von Ragué Schleyer proposed the replacement of hypervalency with use of the term hypercoordination because this term does not imply any mode of chemical bonding and the question could thus be avo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate, this salt appears only as an (unstable) i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some carboxylases, particularly RuBisCO, preferentially bind the lighter carbon stable isotope carbon-12 over the heavier carbon-13. This is known as carbon isotope discrimination and results in carbon-12 to carbon-13 ratios in the plant that are higher than in the free air. Measurement of this ratio is important in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water can be classified by the level of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water:
*Fresh water: TDS is less than 1,000 ppm
*Brackish water: TDS = 1,000 to 10,000 ppm
*Saline water: TDS = 10,000 to 35,000 ppm
*Hypersaline: TDS greater than 35,000 ppm
Drinking water generally has a TDS below 500 ppm. Higher TDS Fresh W... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The citrate test detects the ability of an organism to use citrate as the sole source of carbon and energy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
G proteins are important signal transducing molecules in cells. "Malfunction of GPCR [G Protein-Coupled Receptor] signaling pathways are involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, blindness, allergies, depression, cardiovascular defects, and certain forms of cancer. It is estimated that about 30% of the modern drugs'... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stainless steel contains additives which are highly oxidizable, such as chromium and molybdenum. Such steels can only be decarburized by reacting with dry hydrogen, which has no water content, unlike wet hydrogen, which is produced in a way that includes some water and can otherwise be used for decarburization. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the nuclear shell model, there exists a class of isomers, for which, in a first approximation, it is sufficient to consider one single nucleon, called the "optical" nucleon, to get an estimate of the difference between the charge distributions of the two isomer states, the rest of the nucleons being filter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most commonly used and commercially available fluorescent base analogue, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), has a high-fluorescence quantum yield free in solution (0.68) that is considerably reduced (appr. 100 times but highly dependent on base sequence) when incorporated into nucleic acids. The emission sensitivity of 2-AP to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This derivation
based on statistical mechanics was originally provided by Volmer and Mahnert in 1925. The partition function of the finite number of adsorbents adsorbed on a surface, in a canonical ensemble, is given by
where is the partition function of a single adsorbed molecule, is the number of adsorption sites (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the post-synaptic cell is a sensory neuron, then an increased firing rate in that neuron will transmit the signal to the central nervous system for integration. Whereas, if the post-synaptic cell is a connective pillar cell or a vascular smooth muscle cell, then the serotonin will cause vasoconstriction and previou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some common analytes that clinical chemistry tests analyze include:
;Electrolytes
*Sodium
*Potassium
*Chloride
*Bicarbonate
;Renal (kidney) function tests
*Creatinine
*Blood urea nitrogen
;Liver function tests
*Total protein (serum)
**Albumin
**Globulins
**A/G ratio (albumin-globulin)
**Protein electrophoresis
**Urine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inland acid sulfate soil systems across Australia: CRC LEME Open File Report 249 (Fitzpatrick and Shand, 2008) provides a comprehensive introduction to the subject as well as more detailed discussion on select aspects such as the mineralogy of and toxic gas emissions from acid sulfate soils. The report also contains a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the idealized model, the chemical components of the and bulk phases remain unchanged except when approaching the dividing surface. The total moles of any component (Examples include: water, ethylene glycol etc.) remains constant in the bulk phases but varies in the surface phase for the real system model as shown... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bisulfite sequencing applies routine sequencing methods on bisulfite-treated genomic DNA to determine methylation status at CpG dinucleotides. Other non-sequencing strategies are also employed to interrogate the methylation at specific loci or at a genome-wide level. All strategies assume that bisulfite-induced conve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CK1δ and CK1ε were thought to be generally redundant in circadian cycle length and protein stability. Recent research, however, has shown that CK1δ deficiency lengthens circadian period while CK1ε deficiency does not. Also, CK1α has recently been suggested to play a role redundant to CK1δ in phosphorylating PER1 althou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, synthetic schemes that begin with ketones () involve conversion of the ketone with the desired substituents to diaziridines (). These diaziridenes are then subsequently oxidized to form the desired diazirines.
Diaziridines can be prepared from ketones by oximation, followed by tosylation (or mesylation), and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an electrochemical cell. Compared to ordinary redox reactions, electrosynthesis sometimes offers improved selectivity and yields. Electrosynthesis is actively studied as a science and also has industrial applications. Electrooxidation has p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hormonal imprinting (HI) is a phenomenon which takes place at the first encounter between a hormone and its developing receptor in the critical periods of life (in unicellulars during the whole life) and determines the later signal transduction capacity of the cell. The most important period in mammals is the perinata... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many different fusion proteins have been created using EosFP and its engineered variants. These fusion proteins allow for the tracking of proteins within living cells while retaining complex biological functions like protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Eos fusion constructs include those with r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While there are myriad sites that have been analyzed to date within the United States, the following list will serve as examples of the subject matter:
*Auke Bay U.S. Postal Facility, Juneau, Alaska
*Esso Canada Ltd. Former Bulk Fuels Facility, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
*Dakin Building, Brisbane, California
*East Elk... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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