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There are five types of air pollution dispersion models, as well as some hybrids of the five types:
* Box model – The box model is the simplest of the model types. It assumes the airshed (i.e., a given volume of atmospheric air in a geographical region) is in the shape of a box. It also assumes that the air pollutants ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The turbulent Prandtl number (Pr) is a non-dimensional term defined as the ratio between the momentum eddy diffusivity and the heat transfer eddy diffusivity. It is useful for solving the heat transfer problem of turbulent boundary layer flows. The simplest model for Pr is the Reynolds analogy, which yields a turbule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The water balances are calculated for each reservoir separately as shown in the article Hydrology (agriculture). The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir.<br>
The three soil reservoirs can be assigned a different thickness and storage coefficients, to be given as in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* RRS effect (Resonance Raman Scaterring)
The Raman resonance effect produces an increase in Raman intensity up to 10 times. In this phenomenon, the monochromatic light interaction with the sample produces the transition of the molecules from the fundamental state to an excited electronic state, instead of a virtual st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Williams commenced lecturing at McGill University in 1960, and was selected to be the Chairman of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy in 1966. As Chairman, he was instrumental in expanding the department at a time when only six degree programs in Metallurgical Engineering were being offered in Canadian universities... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genome-wide SNP data can be used for homozygosity mapping. Homozygosity mapping is a method used to identify homozygous autosomal recessive loci, which can be a powerful tool to map genomic regions or genes that are involved in disease pathogenesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The broadest definition of natural product is anything that is produced by life, and includes the likes of biotic materials (e.g. wood, silk), bio-based materials (e.g. bioplastics, cornstarch), bodily fluids (e.g. milk, plant exudates), and other natural materials (e.g. soil, coal).
Natural products may be classified ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serotonin syndrome may result from the combined use of dextromethorphan and serotonergic antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). Further research is needed to determine whether doses of dextromethorphan beyond those normally used therapeutically are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc finger nucleases are genetically engineered enzymes that combine fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain on a DNA-cleavage domain. These are also combined with CRISPR-CAS9 or TALENs to gain a sequence-specific addition, or deletion, within the genome of more complex cells and organisms. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphate groups can exist in three different forms depending on a solution's pH. Phosphorus atoms can bind three oxygen atoms with single bonds and a fourth oxygen atom using a double/dative bond. The pH of the solution, and thus the form of the phosphate group determines its ability to bind to other molecules. The bi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interest in elixirs of immortality increased during the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). Emperor Wu (156–87 BCE) employed many fangshi alchemists who claimed they could produce the legendary substance. The Book of Han says that around 133 BCE the fangshi Li Shaojun said to Emperor Wu, "Sacrifice to the stove [zao 竈] and yo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of the work behind production of monoclonal antibodies is rooted in the production of hybridomas, which involves identifying antigen-specific plasma/plasmablast cells that produce antibodies specific to an antigen of interest and fusing these cells with myeloma cells. Rabbit B-cells can be used to form a rabbit hy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solution containing the analyte, A, in the presence of some conductive buffer. If an electrolytic potential is applied to the solution through a working electrode, then the measured current depends (in part) on the concentration of the analyte. Measurement of this current can be used to determine the concentration ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In terms of flowering time in long day conditions, all mutants made the observed flowering late, with PRR7 significantly more late in comparison to the other mutants. All double mutants with PRR7 saw much later flowering time than the PRR5/PRR9 mutant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Industrial product applications include, sealants, adhesives, extenders for putties used for sealing roofs and windows, coatings, polymer modification, tackified polyethylene films, personal care, polybutene emulsions. Hydrogenated polybutenes are used in a wide variety of cosmetic preparations, such as lipstick and l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equilibrium constant for the protonation of a base, B,
: + H
is an association constant, K, which is simply related to the dissociation constant of the conjugate acid, BH.
The value of is ca. 14 at 25°C. This approximation can be used when the correct value is not known. Thus, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though it is convention to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use absolute pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Greenhouse gas monitoring involves the direct measurement of atmospheric concentrations and direct and indirect measurement of greenhouse gas emissions. Indirect methods calculate emissions of greenhouse gases based on related metrics such as fossil fuel extraction.
There are several different methods of measuring carb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The calculation of the pressure drop along the individual pipes of a gas network requires use of the flow equations. Many gas flow equations have been developed and a number have been used by the gas industry. Most are based on
the result of gas flow experiments. The result of the particular formula normally varies be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are a group of gases containing fluorine. They are divided into several types, the main of those are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). They are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, heat pumps, fire suppression, electronics, aerospace, magnesi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides setups in multi-purpose facilities, the first dedicated end-station has been built at the PETRA-III storage ring, where this technique is routinely applied. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Albert Hofmann, born in Switzerland, joined the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories, located in Basel, as a co-worker with professor Arthur Stoll, founder and director of the pharmaceutical department. He began studying the medicinal plant squill and the fungus ergot as part of a program to purify... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Complexes with three bidentate ligands or two cis bidentate ligands can exist as enantiomeric pairs. Examples are shown below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect sections of pipe (designated by nominal size, with greater tolerances of variance) or tube (designated by actual size, with lower tolerance for variance), adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A set of structure utilities has been included for various applications such as: the transformation of unit cells ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/celltran.html CELLTRAN]) or complete structures ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/transtru.html TRANSTRU]); strain tensor calculation ([http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/strain.ht... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many universities offer environmental engineering programs through either the department of civil engineering or chemical engineering and also including electronic projects to develop and balance the environmental
conditions. Environmental engineers in a civil engineering program often focus on hydrology, water resou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organolithium reagents are sensitive to moisture and thus should be handled under inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions. Tetrahydrofuran is the most common solvent employed for lateral lithiation reactions. Measurement of the concentration of commercial or prepared alkyllithium solutions may be accomplished using we... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in biochemistry and molecular biology t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epoxides can be deoxygenated using oxophilic reagents. This reaction can proceed with loss or retention of configuration. The combination of tungsten hexachloride and n-butyllithium gives the alkene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conventional dielectrometry is carried out typically in a parallel plate configuration of the dielectric sensor (capacitance probe) and has the capability of monitoring the resin cure throughout the entire cycle, from the liquid to the rubber to the solid state. It is capable of monitoring phase separation in complex r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The series above are often truncated at in the study of far field flow, . Within that approximation, , with squirmer parameter . The first mode characterizes a hydrodynamic source dipole with decay (and with that the swimming speed ). The second mode corresponds to a hydrodynamic stresslet or force dipole with deca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The C metabolic pathway is a valuable recent evolutionary innovation in plants, involving a complex set of adaptive changes to physiology and gene expression patterns. About 7600 species of plants use carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. All these 7600 species are angiosper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Womersley number ( or ) is a dimensionless number in biofluid mechanics and biofluid dynamics. It is a dimensionless expression of the pulsatile flow frequency in relation to viscous effects. It is named after John R. Womersley (1907–1958) for his work with blood flow in arteries. The Womersley number is important ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this article, the following conventions and definitions are to be understood:
* The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluids Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluids density.
* The p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A general second messenger system mechanism can be broken down into four steps. First, the agonist activates a membrane-bound receptor. Second, the activated G-protein produces a primary effector. Third, the primary effect stimulates the second messenger synthesis. Fourth, the second messenger activates a certain cellu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Sir Joseph Swan: 1903–1904
* Lord Kelvin: 1905–1907
* Sir William Henry Perkin: 1907
* Sir Oliver Lodge: 1908–1909
* Sir James Swinburne: 1909–1911
* Sir Richard T. Glazebrook: 1911–1913
* Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield: 1913–1920
* Professor Alfred W Porter: 1920–1922
* Sir Robert Robertson: 1922–1924
* Sir Frederick Ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A colloidal gel consists of a percolated network of particles in a fluid medium, providing mechanical properties in particular the rise of elastic behaviour. The particles can show attractive interactions through osmotic depletion or through polymeric links.
Colloidal gels have three phases in their lifespan: gelation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The material was described in NACA-TN-259 of August 1927, as "a new corrosion resistant aluminium product which is markedly superior to the present strong alloys. Its use should result in greatly increased life of a structural part. Alclad is a heat-treated aluminium, copper, manganese, magnesium alloy that has the cor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In size-exclusion chromatography, such as gel permeation chromatography, the intrinsic viscosity of a polymer is directly related to the elution volume of the polymer. Therefore, by running several monodisperse samples of polymer in a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), the values of and can be determined graphically... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A well studied complex is tris(glycinato)cobalt(III). It is produced by the reaction of glycine with sodium tris(carbonato)cobalt(III). Similar synthetic methods apply to the preparation of tris(chelates) of other amino acids.
Commonly amino acid complexes are prepared by ligand displacement reactions of metal aquo ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical oxidative polymerization is a traditional and commonly used method for the polymerization of aniline in large quantities. When aniline is mixed with an oxidant in an acidic solution, polymerization will occur. The most important parameter to be controlled in this method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liver of sulfur is mainly used in metalworking to form a brown or black patina on copper and silver as well as many (though not all) copper alloys and silver alloys (brass, for example— a copper alloy— does not react with sulfur compounds). It is sold as a yellow brittle solid (a "lump" which must be mixed with water ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In E for Ecstasy (a book examining the uses of the street drug ecstasy in the UK) the writer, activist and ecstasy advocate Nicholas Saunders highlighted test results showing that certain consignments of the drug also contained selegiline. Consignments of ecstasy known as "Strawberry" contained what Saunders described ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://www.piercenet.com/method/desalting-gel-filtration#gelfiltration Animation of desalting using gel filtration chromatography] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity, heavy ion radioactivity or heavy cluster decay, is a rare type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, but less than a typical binary fission fragment. Ternary fission into three ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wikipedia page Metabolic pathway defines a pathway as "a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell". This means that any sequence of reactions can be labeled a metabolic pathway. However, as metabolism was being uncovered, groups of reactions were assigned specific labels, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immunogold labeling can be used to visualize more than one target simultaneously. This can be achieved in electron microscopy by using two different-sized gold particles. An extension of this method used three different sized gold particles to track the localisation of regulatory peptides. A more complex method of mult... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a spheroid with equatorial semi-major axis and polar semi-minor axis , the angular velocity about is given by Maclaurin's formula
where is the eccentricity of meridional cross-sections of the spheroid, is the density and is the gravitational constant. The formula predicts two possible equilibrium figures, one... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The SPC file format is a file format for storing spectroscopic data.
The SPC file format is a file format in which all kinds of spectroscopic data, including among others infrared spectra, Raman spectra and UV/VIS spectra. The format can be regarded as a database with records of variable length and each record stores a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many phenols of commercial interest are prepared by elaboration of phenol or cresols. They are typically produced by the alkylation of benzene/toluene with propylene to form cumene then is added with to form phenol (Hock process). In addition to the reactions above, many other more specialized reactions produce pheno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Though microorganisms are often responsible for corrosion, they can also protect surfaces from corrosion. For example, oxidization is a common cause of corrosion. If a susceptible surface has a biofilm covering it that takes in and uses oxygen, then that surface will be protected from corrosion due to oxidization. Biof... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyprotic acids are acids that can lose more than one proton. The constant for dissociation of the first proton may be denoted as K, and the constants for dissociation of successive protons as K, etc. Citric acid is an example of a polyprotic acid HA, as it can lose three protons.
When the difference between successiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As described above, contact angle is used to characterize surface wettability. A droplet of solvent, typically water for hydrophobic surfaces, is placed perpendicular to the surface. The droplet is imaged and the angle between the solid/liquid and liquid/vapor interfaces is measured. Samples are considered to be superh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
R. D. Richtmyer provided a theoretical prediction, and E. E. Meshkov (Евгений Евграфович Мешков) provided experimental verification. Materials in the cores of stars, like Cobalt-56 from Supernova 1987A were observed earlier than expected. This was evidence of mixing due to Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to get a meaningful sulfur signal from the analysis, the buffer should not contain sulfur (i.e. no BES, DDT, HEPES, MES, MOPSO or PIPES compounds). Excessive amounts of chlorine in the buffer should also be avoided, since this will overlap with the sulfur peak; KBr and NaBr are suitable alternatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As further discussed, orlistat is a pancreatic and gastric lipase inhibitor. Orlistat is also a potent thioesterase inhibitor and therefore inhibits fatty acid synthase (FAS). Since FAS is essential for tumor cells, for its growth and survival, and is upregulated and overexpressed in variety of tumors, scientists have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although Hügelkultur beds can safely retain water in light-duty applications (for example, conserving the moisture of rain that falls on the bed), creating heavy-duty rainwater retention areas behind Hügelkultur beds on contour, to catch surface runoff from surrounding areas, can be dangerous. Some designers conflate t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phytoplankton supports all life in the ocean as it converts inorganic compounds into organic constituents. This autotrophically produced biomass presents the foundation of the marine food web. In the diagram immediately below, the arrows indicate the various production (arrowhead pointing toward DOM pool) and removal p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nests are used as nurseries, resting areas, and as protection against weather. They are constructed of woven grass; they are usually subterranean or are constructed under boards, rocks, logs, brush piles, hay bales, fenceposts, or in grassy tussocks. Eastern meadow voles dig shallow burrows, and in burrows, nests are c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formula for vorticity can give another explanation of the Stokes Paradox. The functions belong to the kernel of and generate the stationary solutions of the vorticity equation with Robin-type boundary condition. From the arguments above any Stokes vorticity flow with no-slip boundary condition must be orthogonal to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cobalt chloride is a common visual moisture indicator due to its distinct colour change when hydrated. The colour change is from some shade of blue when dry, to a pink when hydrated, although the shade of colour depends on the substrate and concentration. It is impregnated into paper to make test strips for detecting m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The merger of microfluidics and optics is typical known as optofluidics. Examples of optofluidic devices are tunable microlens arrays and optofluidic microscopes.
Microfluidic flow enables fast sample throughput, automated imaging of large sample populations, as well as 3D capabilities. or superresolution. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1954 and 1958 Krishna Bahadur and co-workers published the successful synthesis of amino acids from a mixture of paraformaldehyde, colloidal molybdenum oxide or potassium nitrate and ferric chloride under sunlight. It appears that this experimental approach was seminal for the assays to produce Jeewanu, which he fir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially these were described as ternary RE-B-Si compounds, but later carbon was included to improve the structure description that resulted in a quaternary RE-B-C-Si composition. REBCSi (RE=Y and Gd–Lu) have a unique crystal structure with two units – a cluster of B icosahedra and a Si ethane-like complex – and one b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet rays are usually invisible to most humans. The lens of the human eye blocks most radiation in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea. Humans also lack color receptor adaptations for ultraviolet rays. Nevertheless, the photoreceptors of the retina are sensitive to n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naming alkanes per standards listed in the IUPAC Gold Book is done according to the Klyne–Prelog system for specifying angles (called either torsional or dihedral angles) between substituents around a single bond:
* a torsion angle between 0° and ±90° is called syn (s)
* a torsion angle between ±90° and 180° is called... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The representation of reaction mechanisms using curved arrows to indicate electron flow was developed by Sir Robert Robinson in 1922. Organic chemists use two types of arrows within molecular structures to describe electron movements. Single electrons trajectories are designated with single barbed arrows, whereas doub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In October 1955 Geoffrey Wilkinson appointed him as a lecturer in inorganic chemistry at Imperial College London. He was subsequently promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1963, Reader in 1964 and Professor in 1981. He was awarded an FRS in 1981.
His research interests ranged widely over a number of topics in inorganic, organ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another measure of human faecal contamination is the proportion of the two 3β-ol isomers of the saturated sterol form. 5α-cholestanol is formed naturally in the environment by bacteria and generally does not have a faecal origin. Samples with ratios greater than 0.7 may be contaminated with human faecal matter; samples... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ability to control the electrode potential for electro-switchable biosurfaces facilitates several different applications. One example is the field of molecular electronics, for instance the investigation of DNA-mediated charge transfer.
Another application is the analysis of molecular interactions. To that end, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During his lifetime Hahn was awarded orders, medals, scientific prizes, and fellowships of Academies, Societies, and Institutions from all over the world. At the end of 1999, the German news magazine Focus published an inquiry of 500 leading natural scientists, engineers, and physicians about the most important scienti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Automated mineralogy analytical solutions are characterised by integrating largely automated measurement techniques based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Commercially available lab-based solutions include QEMSCAN and Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) from FEI Compan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
T1 rho (T1ρ) is an experimental MRI sequence that may be used in musculoskeletal imaging. It does not yet have widespread use.
Molecules have a kinetic energy that is a function of the temperature and is expressed as translational and rotational motions, and by collisions between molecules. The moving dipoles disturb t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benzyne complexes react with a variety of electrophiles, resulting in insertion into one M-C bond. With trifluoroacetic acid, benzene is lost to give the trifluoroacetate Ni(OCF)(dcpe). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the more popular terms used in discussing the compensation effect are specific to their field or phenomena. In these contexts, the unambiguous terms are preferred. The misapplication of and frequent crosstalk between fields on this matter has, however, often led to the use of inappropriate terms and a confusing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Environmental analysis is the use of examination and statistical methods to study the chemical and biological factors that determine the quality of an environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings. Also, to monitor amounts of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commercially available laboratory-based chemical imaging systems emerged in the early 1990s (ref. 1-5). In addition to economic factors, such as the need for sophisticated electronics and extremely high-end computers, a significant barrier to commercialization of infrared imaging was that the focal plane array (FPA) ne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactive decay results in a reduction of summed rest mass, once the released energy (the disintegration energy) has escaped in some way. Although decay energy is sometimes defined as associated with the difference between the mass of the parent nuclide products and the mass of the decay products, this is true only o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polysialic acid (polySia) is polymer of linearly repeating monomer units of α2,8- and α2,9-glycosidic linked sialic acid residues. Sialic acid refers to carboxylated 9-carbon sugars, 2-keto-3-dexoxy-D-glycero-nononic acids. An unusual property of this sugar is that it often polymerizes into polySia. This is accomplishe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first evidence of presence of a neutralizing substance in the blood that could counter infections came when Emil von Behring along with Kitasato Shibasaburō in 1890 developed effective serum against diphtheria. This they did by transferring serum produced from animals immunized against diphtheria to animals sufferi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reducing the surface tension of a body of liquid makes possible to reduce or prevent noise due to droplets falling into it. This would involve adding soap, detergent or a similar substance to water. The reduced surface tension reduces the noise from dripping. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volumetric water content, θ, is defined mathematically as:
where is the volume of water and is equal to the total volume of the wet material, i.e. of the sum of the volume of solid host material (e.g., soil particles, vegetation tissue) , of water , and of air .
Gravimetric water content is expressed by mass (weight)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Meier, S. M.; Novak, M. S.; Kandioller, W.; Jakupec, M. A.; Roller, A.; Keppler, B. K.; Hartinger, C. G., Aqueous chemistry and antiproliferative activity of a pyrone-based phosphoramidate Ru(arene) anticancer agent. Dalton Trans, 2014, 43 (26), 9851–9855
* Meier, S. M.; Babak, M. V.; Keppler, B. K.; Hartinger, C. G.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, as a plume moves away from its source, it widens because of entrainment of the surrounding fluid at its edges. Plume shapes can be influenced by flow in the ambient fluid (for example, if local wind blowing in the same direction as the plume results in a co-flowing jet). This usually causes a plume which has i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a magnetic field is oriented along the defect axis it leads to Zeeman splitting separating the m = +1 from the m = -1 states. This technique is used to lift the degeneracy and use only two of the spin states (usually the ground states with m = -1 and m = 0) as a qubit. Population can then be transferred between them... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of the blue bottle experiment requires an understanding of rates and mechanisms of complex interacting chemical reactions. In complex chemical reactions, individual sub-reactions can occur simultaneously but at significantly different rates. These, in turn, can be affected by reagent concentration and tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies of retroviruses led to the first demonstrated synthesis of DNA from RNA templates, a fundamental mode for transferring genetic material that occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It has been speculated that the RNA to DNA transcription processes used by retroviruses may have first caused DNA to be used as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Weissenberg number (Wi) is a dimensionless number used in the study of viscoelastic flows. It is named after Karl Weissenberg. The dimensionless number compares the elastic forces to the viscous forces. It can be variously defined, but it is usually given by the relation of stress relaxation time of the fluid and a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new bio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jiao et al. enabled the formation of a C–N bond via cross-coupling using air as an oxidant and a copper catalyst. No conditions are known for a C–N cross-coupling that breaks a sp or sp C–COOH bond. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, hemithioacetals (or thiohemiacetals) are organosulfur compounds with the general formula . They are the sulfur analogues of the acetals, , with an oxygen atom replaced by sulfur (as implied by the thio- prefix). Because they consist of four differing substituents on a single carbon, hemithioacetal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ZMPSTE24 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a metallopeptidase. It is involved in the processing of lamin A. Defects in the ZMPSTE24 gene lead to similar laminopathies as defects in lamin A, because the latter is a substrate for the former. In humans, a mutation abolishing the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radioactive contamination is a potential danger for living organisms and results in external hazards, concerning radiation sources outside the body, and internal dangers, as a result of the incorporation of radionuclides inside the body (often by inhalation of particles or ingestion of contaminated food).
In humans, si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ben Feringa has served as an editorial board member for several journals published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, including Chemical Communications (until 2012), the Faraday Transactions of the Royal Society, and as Chair of the Editorial Board of Chemistry World. He is the founding Scientific Editor (2002–2006) of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dangerous goods definition of an oxidizing agent is a substance that can cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. By this definition some materials that are classified as oxidizing agents by analytical chemists are not classified as oxidizing agents in a dangerous materials sense. An example is pota... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CrysTBox (Crystallographic Tool Box) is a suite of computer tools designed to accelerate material research based on transmission electron microscope images via highly accurate automated analysis and interactive visualization. Relying on artificial intelligence and computer vision, CrysTBox makes routine crystallographi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In late 2013, new results were published by a research team at Durham University which suggested progress. The scientists tried a new method for multiplying, cloning the original cells not in a 2D but in a 3D system.
A team took healthy dermal papillae from hair transplants and dissected them, then cultured them in a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Frederick Mason Brewer CBE FRIC (1903 – 11 February 1963) was an English chemist. He was Head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford and Mayor of Oxford during 1959–60.
Frederick Brewer was born in Kensal Rise (aka Kensal Green), Middlesex, England. He was the son of Frederick Charles Brewer ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid. The principle that three sequential bases of DNA code for each amino acid was demonstrated in 1961 using frameshift mutat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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