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He died on 23 July 2007 in Munich. At the time of his death, Fischer was the oldest living German Nobel laureate. He was succeeded by Manfred Eigen, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 and is nine years younger than Fischer was. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apricitabine is a deoxycytidine analogue. It is structurally related to lamivudine where the positions of the oxygen and the sulfur are essentially reversed. Even though apricitabine is a little less potent in vitro compared to some other NRTIs, it maintains its activity against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Symptoms of nitrate poisoning in domestic animals include increased heart rate and respiration; in advanced cases blood and tissue may turn a blue or brown color. Feed can be tested for nitrate; treatment consists of supplementing or substituting existing supplies with lower nitrate material. Safe levels of nitrate for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ramipril is marketed as Prilace by Arrow Pharmaceuticals in Australia, Ramipro by Westfield Pharma in the Philippines, Triatec by Sanofi-Aventis in Italy and United States and Altace by King Pharmaceuticals in the United States, Novapril by Pharmanova in Ghana, Ramitens by PharmaSwiss, Ampril by Krka in Slovenia, Corpr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several examples of molecules that present amphiphilic properties:
Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are an example group of amphiphilic compounds. Their polar region can be either ionic, or non-ionic. Some typical members of this group are: sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic), benzalkonium chloride (cationic), coca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grev Brook; Bill Bowyer; David Davies; Mike Dewey; Bill Flavell; Philipp Gross; Eddie Sugars; GI Williams | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human TRiC complex is formed by two rings containing 8 similar but non-identical subunits, each with molecular weights of ~60 kDa. The two rings are stacked in an asymmetrical fashion, forming a barrel-like structure with a molecular weight of ~1 MDa.
Molecular weight of human subunits.
Counterclockwise from the ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs. The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Boom method (Boom nucleic acid extraction method)
is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acids (NA)
from biological samples. Silica beads are a key element to this method, which are capable of binding the nucleic acids in the presence of a chaotropic substance according to the chaotropic effect.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The choice of working fluids is known to have a significant impact on the thermodynamic as well as economic performance of the cycle. A suitable fluid must exhibit favorable physical, chemical, environmental, safety and economic properties such as low specific volume (high density), viscosity, toxicity, flammability, o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter (9 February 1907 – 31 March 2003) was a British-Canadian geometer and mathematician. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.
Both sexes used cosmetics throughout the pre-Islamic Near East, going back to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Martell was born in Spencer, Massachusetts. He attended the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant after graduating in 1942 and served in the Okinawa campaign of World War II, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He received a Ph.D. in radiochemistry from the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Class I PTPs constitute the largest family. They contain the well-known classical receptor (a) and non-receptor PTPs (b), which are strictly tyrosine-specific, and the DSPs (c) which target Ser/Thr as well as Tyr and are the most diverse in terms of substrate specificity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source:
If a static membrane is modeled by a constant field and the structure of the field is such that it has a penetrable core and vanishes when , then
We see that in this case the sign and value depend on the potential and temperature only. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in regulating gene expression. Majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs. These primary miRNAs are further processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally into mature miRNAs. The miRNAs in most cases interact with the 3’ UTR region of target to induc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although a plain metallic cathode will exhibit photoelectric properties, the specialized coating greatly increases the effect. A photocathode usually consists of alkali metals with very low work functions.
The coating releases electrons much more readily than the underlying metal, allowing it to detect the low-energy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bohr, Heisenberg, and others tried to explain what these experimental results and mathematical models really mean. The term Copenhagen interpretation has been applied to their views in retrospect, glossing over differences among them. While no definitive statement of "the" Copenhagen interpretation exists, the followin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
M. acetivorans has been noted for its ability to metabolize carbon monoxide to form acetate and formate. It can also oxidize carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can then be converted into methane in a process which M. acetivorans uses to conserve energy. It has been suggested that this pathway may b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been suggestions that leaf shedding may be a response that provides protection against diseases and certain kinds of pests such as leaf miners and gall forming insects. Other responses such as the change of leaf colors prior to fall have also been suggested as adaptations that may help undermine the camoufla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Physiological agonism describes the action of a substance which ultimately produces the same effects in the body as another substance—as if they were both agonists at the same receptor—without actually binding to the same receptor. Physiological antagonism describes the behavior of a substance that produces effects cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fungi are amongst the primary saprotrophic organisms in an ecosystem, as they are efficient in the decomposition of matter. Wood-decay fungi, especially white rot, secretes extracellular enzymes and acids that break down lignin and cellulose, the two main building blocks of plant fiber. These are long-chain organic (ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ventilation guidelines are based on the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of effluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:
Q = G/(C − C)
*Q = ventilation rate (L/s)
*G ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Settling basins and clarifiers are designed to retain water so that suspended solids can settle. By sedimentation principles, the suitable treatment technologies should be chosen depending on the specific gravity, size and shear resistance of particles. Depending on the size and density of particles, and physical prope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) is both the qualifying body in Australia for professional chemists and a learned society promoting the science and practice of chemistry in all its branches. The RACI hosts conferences, seminars and workshops. It is the professional body for chemistry in Australia, with th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lupeol is a pharmacologically active pentacyclic triterpenoid. It has several potential medicinal properties, like anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene. Often put together with and studied alongside TGFB1I1 is the mouse homologue HIC-5 ( Hydrogen Peroxide-Inducible Clone-5). As the name suggests, TGFB1I1 is an induced form of the larger family of T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A contaminant is a substance present in nature at a level higher than fixed levels or that would not otherwise be there. This may be due to human activity and bioactivity. The term contaminant is often used interchangeably with pollutant, which is a substance that has a detrimental impact on the surrounding environme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two mole of is split into 1 mole and 2 mole using light in the process shown below.
A photon with an energy greater than 1.23 eV is needed to generate an electron–hole pairs, which react with water on the surface of the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst must have a bandgap large enough to split water; in practice, lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, axial chirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule contains two pairs of chemical groups in a non-planar arrangement about an axis of chirality so that the molecule is not superposable on its mirror image. The axis of chirality (or chiral axis) is usually determined by a chemical bond that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pectins are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1,4-linked α--galactosyl uronic acid residues. They are present in most primary cell walls and in the nonwoody parts of terrestrial plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc is the second most abundant transition metal present in living organisms second only to iron. It is critical for the growth and survival of cells. In humans, zinc is primarily found in various organs and tissues such as the brain, intestines, pancreas and mammary glands. In prokaryotes, zinc can function as an ant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vulcanization of rubber results in crosslinking groups which consist of disulfide (and polysulfide) bonds; in analogy to the role of disulfides in proteins, the S−S linkages in rubber strongly affect the stability and rheology of the material. Although the exact mechanism underlying the vulcanization process is not... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unusual waves have been studied scientifically for many years (for example, John Scott Russells wave of translation, an 1834 study of a soliton wave). Still, these were not linked conceptually to sailors stories of encounters with giant rogue ocean waves, as the latter were believed to be scientifically implausible.
Si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorophores are essential to our measurement of the metal binding event, and indirectly, metal concentration. There are many types, all with different properties that make them advantageous for different applications. Some work as small metal sensors completely on their own while others must be complexed with a subuni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids. One of the uses is to determine the iso-electric point when surface charge becomes zero, achieved by changing the pH or add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pits that penetrate the bore are usually covered in a hard pale green nodule of copper sulfate and copper hydroxide salts. If the nodule is removed a hemispherical pit is revealed filled with coarse crystals of red cuprous oxide and green cuprous chloride. The pits are often referred to as Type 1 pits and the form ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A metallacarboxylic acid is a metal complex with the ligand COH. These compounds are intermediates in reactions that involve carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, these species are intermediates in the water gas shift reaction. Metallacarboxylic acids are also called hydroxycarbonyls. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Note: These lists are illustrative, not exhaustive, and identification of noise sources is an active and expanding area of research.
;Intrinsic noise
* Low copy-number effects (including discrete birth and death events): the random (stochastic) nature of production and degradation of cellular components means that nois... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous sAC splice variants are present in osteoclast and osteoblasts, and mutation in the human sAC gene is associated with low spinal density. Calcification by osteoblasts is intrinsically related with bicarbonate and calcium. Bone density experiments in mouse calvaria cultured indicates that HCO-sensing sAC is a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The etymology stems from Latin ligare, which means to bind. In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The General Meeting of the Association is the ultimate authority in the Association. A delegate of each ECCA member company is appointed to participate in and vote at the General Meeting of the Association.
The Executive Committee comprises the President, the immediate Past-President, the Vice-President, the Marketing ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Index inducer or just inducer predictably induce metabolism via a given pathway and are commonly used in prospective clinical drug-drug interaction studies.
Strong, moderate, and weak inducers are drugs that decreases the AUC of sensitive index substrates of a given metabolic pathway by ≥80%, ≥50% to <80%, and ≥20% to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basic tool required for the derivation of the RANS equations from the instantaneous Navier–Stokes equations is the Reynolds decomposition. Reynolds decomposition refers to separation of the flow variable (like velocity ) into the mean (time-averaged) component () and the fluctuating component (). Because the mean o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Milk is presently the most mature system to produce recombinant proteins from transgenic organisms. Blood, egg white, seminal plasma, and urine are other theoretically possible systems, but all have drawbacks. Blood, for instance, as of 2012 cannot store high levels of stable recombinant proteins, and biologically acti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term photoprotein was first used to describe the unusual chemistry of the luminescent system of Chaetopterus (a marine Polychaete worm). This was meant to distinguish them from other light-producing proteins because these do not exhibit the usual luciferin-luciferase reaction. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through hot-isostatically pressing (HIP) a ZrWO-Cu composite (system) can be realized. Work done by C. Verdon and D.C. Dunand in 1997 used similarly sized zirconium tungstate and copper powder in a low carbon steel can coated with Cu, and they were HIPed under 103MPa pressure for 3 hours at 600 °C. A control experimen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Legal regulations usually require that sales to end customers be compensated to the legally defined base conditions. Where regulations do not require the use of a specific set of base conditions, contractual partners may be free to choose their own base conditions.
Base conditions are often defined jurisdictionally. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be stated succinctly as a single sentence: A ground-state pericyclic process is brought about by addition of thermal energy (i.e., heating the system, symbolized by Δ). In contrast, an excited-state pericyclic process takes place if a reactant is promoted to an electronically excited sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hüttenwerke Kayser smelter at Lünen in Germany installed an ISASMELT plant in 2002 to replace three blast furnaces and one Peirce-Smith converter used for smelting scrap copper. The company was subsequently bought by Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, which in turn became Aurubis.
The process used at the Lünen smelter invo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flora on Pandora are of a tropical type several times taller than that existing on Earth. Many, if not all, plant and animal species have bioluminescent properties. The flora specimens seen in the film were all designed by Jodie Holt, a professor of botany at the University of California, Riverside. According to Holt, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 4 shows the orbital array involved in the butadiene to cyclobutene interconversion. It is seen that there are four orbitals in this cyclic array. Thus in the interconversion reactions orbitals 1 and 4 overlap either in a conrotatory or a disrotatory fashion. Also, it is seen that the conrotation involves one plu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early approximations for smooth pipes by Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius in terms of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor are given in one article of 1913:
Johann Nikuradse in 1932 proposed that this corresponds to a power law correlation for the fluid velocity profile.
Mishra and Gupta in 1979 proposed a correction for cu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.
The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Active flow control by MHD force fields on the contrary involves a direct and imperious action of forces to locally accelerate or slow down the airflow, modifying its velocity, direction, pressure, friction, heat flux parameters, in order to preserve materials and engines from stress, allowing hypersonic flight. It is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A core set of energy-producing catabolic pathways occur within all living organisms in some form. These pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of nutrients into ATP and other small molecules used for energy (e.g. GTP, NADPH, FADH). All cells can perform anaerobic respiration by glycolysis. Additionally, mos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Block copolymers are interesting because they can "microphase separate" to form periodic nanostructures,[13][14][15] Microphase separation is a situation similar to that of oil and water. Oil and water are immiscible - they phase separate. Due to incompatibility between the blocks, block copolymers undergo a similar ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The steam digester or bone digester (also known as Papin’s digester) is a high-pressure cooker invented by French physicist Denis Papin in 1679. It is a device for extracting fats from bones in a high-pressure steam environment, which also renders them brittle enough to be easily ground into bone meal. It is the foreru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The definition of ecosan is focusing on the health, environment and resource aspect of sustainable sanitation. Thus ecosan is not, per se, sustainable sanitation, but ecosan systems can be implemented in a sustainable way and have a strong potential for sustainable sanitation, if technical, institutional, social and ec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He is a related ion bonded by a half covalent bond. It can be formed in a helium electrical discharge. It recombines with electrons to form an electronically excited He(aΣ) excimer molecule. Both of these molecules are much smaller with more normally sized interatomic distances. He reacts with N, Ar, Xe, O, and CO to f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The calculation of Ki using arterial input function, time-activity curve, and Hawkins model was limited to a small skeletal region covered by the narrow field-of-view of the PET scanner while acquiring a dynamic scan. However, Siddique et al. showed in 2012 that it is possible to measure K values in bones using static ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Massively parallel reporter assays is a technology to test the cis-regulatory activity of DNA sequences. MPRAs use a plasmid with a synthetic cis-regulatory element upstream of a promoter driving a synthetic gene such as Green Fluorescent Protein. A library of cis-regulatory elements is usually tested using MPRAs, a li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The detector (5) of AFM measures the deflection (displacement with respect to the equilibrium position) of the cantilever and converts it into an electrical signal. The intensity of this signal will be proportional to the displacement of the cantilever.
Various methods of detection can be used, e.g. interferometry, opt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Referring back to the derivation for Darken's first equation, is written as
Inserting this value for in gives
As stated before, , which gives
Rewriting this equation in terms of atom fraction and yields
By using and solving to the form , it is found that
Integrating the above gives the final equation:
This equati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For surfaces which are not black bodies, one has to consider the (generally frequency dependent) emissivity factor . This factor has to be multiplied with the radiation spectrum formula before integration. If it is taken as a constant, the resulting formula for the power output can be written in a way that contains as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other options besides traditional NMR spectroscopy for sequence analysis are listed here; these include Kerr-effect for characterization of polymer microstructures, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, depolymerization (controlled chemical degradation of macromolecules) via chain-end depolymerization (i.e., unzipping) and nano... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1997 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship
* 1999 National Laboratory Visiting Fellow (NSERC)
* 2004 Fred Beamish Award (CSC)
* 2008 JSPS Invitation Fellow
* 2011 W. Lash Miller Award (ECS Canadian Section)
* 2012 Tajima Prize (ISE)
* 2015 W.A.E. McBryde Medal (CSC)
* 2021 Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paint has four major components: pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Pigments serve to give paint its color, texture, toughness, as well as determining if a paint is opaque or not. Common white pigments include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Binders are the film forming component of a paint as it dries and af... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From a study of lithium abundances in 53 T Tauri stars, it has been found that lithium depletion varies strongly with size, suggesting that lithium burning by the P-P chain, during the last highly convective and unstable stages during the pre–main sequence later phase of the Hayashi contraction may be one of the main s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory is a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities, sometimes referred to as laterality. The inventory can be used by an observer assessing the person, or by a person self-reporting hand use. The latter method tends to be less r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleosome core particle is the most basic form of DNA compaction in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of a histone octamer surrounded by 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped in a superhelical manner. In addition to compacting the DNA, the histone octamer plays a key role in the transcription of the DNA surrounding it. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sapropelic deposits from global ocean anoxic events form important oil source rocks. Detailed process studies of sapropel formation have concentrated on the fairly recent eastern Mediterranean deposits, the last of which occurred between 9.5 and 5.5 thousand years ago.
The Mediterranean sapropels of the Pleistocene ref... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry an eclipsed conformation is a conformation in which two substituents X and Y on adjacent atoms A, B are in closest proximity, implying that the torsion angle X–A–B–Y is 0°. Such a conformation can exist in any open chain, single chemical bond connecting two sp-hybridised atoms, and it is normally a conform... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Matthaeus Silvaticus, Avicenna, Galen, Dioscorides, Platearius and Serapio inspired the appearance of three main works printed in Mainz: In 1484 the Herbarius, the following year the Gart der Gesundheit, and in 1491 the Ortus Sanitatis. The works contain 16, 242 and 570 references to Dioscorides, respectively.
The firs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It reacts with tertiary amines to trisubstituted hydrazinium salts and with pyridine to the 1-amino pyridinium salt.
From 1-aminopyridinium salts the photochemically active 1-N-iminopyridinium ylides are accessible by acylation. The photochemical rearrangement of the obtained 1-N-iminipyridinium ylides leads in high yi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When producers, importers or authorities test a sample for the unintended presence of GMOs, they usually do not know which GMO to expect. While EU authorities prefer an event-specific approach to this problem, US authorities rely on construct-specific test schemes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the determination of the first structure of the complex between a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and a G-protein trimer (Gαβγ) in 2011 a new chapter of GPCR research was opened for structural investigations of global switches with more than one protein being investigated. The previous breakthroughs involved det... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This friction factor is one-fourth of the Darcy friction factor, so attention must be paid to note which one of these is meant in the "friction factor" chart or equation consulted. Of the two, the Fanning friction factor is the more commonly used by chemical engineers and those following the British convention.
The fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A single antigen can be thought of as a sequence of multiple overlapping epitopes. Many unique B cell clones may be able to bind to the individual epitopes. This imparts even greater multiplicity to the overall response. All of these B cells can become activated and produce large colonies of plasma cell clones, each of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An advantage of the microscope spectrometer is its ability to use microscope apertures to precisely control the area of sample analysis. Flat capillaries can be used for analyzing small liquid samples, up to about 10 micro-liters in volume. Quartz or mirror-based optics can be used for studying samples from the ultravi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combining the laws of Charles, Boyle and Gay-Lussac gives the combined gas law, which takes the same functional form as the ideal gas law says that the number of moles is unspecified, and the ratio of to is simply taken as a constant:
where is the pressure of the gas, is the volume of the gas, is the absolute temp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
T4 bacteriophage uses anti-sigma factor to ruin the Escherichia coli polymerase in order that direct exclusive transcription of its own genes.
AsiA is an anti-sigma factor gene that is required for bacteriophage T4 to be developed). Which means that AsiA is an essential anti-sigma factor in bacteriophage. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, a repulsive state is an electronic state of a molecule for which there is no minimum in the potential energy. This means that the state is unstable and unbound since the potential energy smoothly decreases with the interatomic distance and the atoms repel one another. In such a state there are no ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epitheli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1970s, male musicians began to use makeup onstage. This included famous rock stars such as David Bowie, Alice Cooper, and the band Kiss. The use of cosmetics allowed them to create an alter ego, and were part of the visual entertainment of their shows. Currently, the popularity of TikTok has created a rise in me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle size and surface area influence the drug absorption and subsequently the therapeutic action. The higher the dissolution, the faster the absorption and hence the quicker and greater the drug action. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ractopamine () is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in farmed animals in several countries, but banned in others. Pharmacologically, it is a phenol-based TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β and β adrenergic receptors.
It is most commonly ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
White adipose tissue, also known as white fat, is one two types of adipose tissue in mammals. White adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides, which can be broken down to free fatty acids on demand. Its normal function is to store free fatty acids as triglycerides within the tissue. When glucose is defi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers. It is considered safe for this use. In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage. It has also been studied as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the carcinogenicity of its beta radiation in the thyroid in small doses, I-131 is rarely used primarily or solely for diagnosis (although in the past this was more common due to this isotope's relative ease of production and low expense). Instead the more purely gamma-emitting radioiodine iodine-123 is used ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
P. rubens has four chromosomes. The genome of the Wisconsin strain has been most studied. The nuclear genome of 54-1255 strain, regarded as low-penicillin producer, has a size of 32.19 Mb. There are 13,653 open reading frames (ORFs), including 592 probable pseudogenes and 116 truncated ORFs. Three genes, namely pcbAB, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The solution for the flow forming the bottom Ekman spiral was a result of the shear stress exerted on the flow by the bottom. Logically, wherever shear stress can be exerted on a flow, Ekman spirals will form. This is the case at the air–water interface, because of wind. A situation is considered where a wind stress i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemiaminal formation is a key step in an asymmetric total synthesis of saxitoxin:
In this reaction step the alkene group is first oxidized to an intermediate acyloin by action of osmium(III) chloride, oxone (sacrificial catalyst) and sodium carbonate (base). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The different stages of the method are lyse, bind, wash, and elute. More specifically, this entails the lysis of target cells to release nucleic acids, selective binding of nucleic acid to a silica membrane, washing away particulates and inhibitors that are not bound to the silica membrane, and elution of the nucleic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In premixed turbulent combustion, the Klimov–Williams criterion or Klimov–Williams limit, named after A.M. Klimov and Forman A. Williams, is the condition where (assuming a Schmidt number of unity). When , the flame thickness is smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, thus the flame burning velocity is not affected by the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anfinsens dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the proteins amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main types of ultrasonic flowmeters: Doppler and transit time. While they both utilize ultrasound to make measurements and can be non-invasive (measure flow from outside the tube, pipe or vessel, also called clamp-on device), they measure flow by very different methods.
Ultrasonic transit time flowmeters ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Characterization and quantification of the transcriptome in a given "dead" tissue can identify genetic assets, which can be used to determine the regulatory mechanisms and set networks of gene expression.
The techniques commonly used for simultaneously measuring the concentration of a large number of different types of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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