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Triethyl phosphonoacetate is a reagent for organic synthesis used in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction (HWE) or the Horner-Emmons modification.
Triethyl phosphonoacetate can be added dropwise to sodium methoxide solution to prepare a phosphonate anion. It has an acidic proton that can easily be abstracted by a weak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A development of transition state theory in which the position of the dividing surface is varied so as to minimize the rate constant at a given temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Extensive tailings dumps of Kalgoorlie / Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably in the 1990s by KalTails Min... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are currently three methods in use that involve precisely targeting a DNA sequence in order to introduce a double-stranded break. Once this occurs, the cell's repair mechanisms will attempt to repair this double stranded break, often through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which involves directly ligating the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rather than being immobilized within a gel matrix, DNA molecules were held in place by electrostatic interactions on a positively charged surface. Resolution improved such that fragments from ~30 kb to as small as 800 bp could sized. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ampicillin is one of the most used drugs in pregnancy, and has been found to be generally harmless both by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. (which classified it as category B) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia (which classified it as category A). It is the drug of choice for treating Lis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Endogenous retroviruses are not formally included in this classification system, and are broadly classified into three classes, on the basis of relatedness to exogenous genera:
* Class I are most similar to the gammaretroviruses
* Class II are most similar to the betaretroviruses and alpharetroviruses
* Class III are m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper (occasionally unthreaded copper), which connects two other fittings. A nipple with continuous uninterrupted threading is known as a close nipple. Nipples are commonly used with plumbing and hoses. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest surviving bimetallic strip was made by the eighteenth-century clockmaker John Harrison who is generally credited with its invention. He made it for his third marine chronometer (H3) of 1759 to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the balance spring. It should not be confused with the bimetallic m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adatoms, due to having fewer bonds than the other atoms in the crystal, have unbound electrons. These electrons have spin and therefore a magnetic moment. This magnetic moment has no preference for orientation until an external influence, like a magnetic field, is present. The structure of the adatoms on a surface can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The apparatus consists of a gas chromatograph equipped with an odour port (ODP), in place of or in addition to conventional detectors, from with human assessors sniff the eluates. The odour port is characterised by its nose-cone design connected to the GC instrument by a transfer line. The odour port is commonly glass ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The physical presence of introns promotes cellular resistance to starvation via intron enhanced repression of ribosomal protein genes of nutrient-sensing pathways. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some [NiFe]-containing proteins are known to sense H and thus regulate transcription.
Copper-containing proteins are known to sense ethylene, which is known to be a hormone relevant to the ripening of fruit. This example illustrates the essential role of organometallic chemistry in nature, as few molecules outside of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodobenzene dichloride (PhICl) is a complex of iodobenzene with chlorine. As a reagent for organic chemistry, it is used as an oxidant and chlorinating agent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin D supplementation has been tentatively found to lead to a reduced risk of death in the elderly, but the effect has not been deemed pronounced, or certain enough, to make taking supplements recommendable. Other forms (vitamin D, alfacalcidol, and calcitriol) do not appear to have any beneficial effects with rega... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aluminium, like its congener boron, is less electronegative than carbon (Al, 1.61; C, 2.55); thus, aluminium-bound carbons in organoalanes possess partial negative charge and are nucleophilic as a result. Generally, however, organoalanes are not nucleophilic enough to transfer an organic group on their own (the excepti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV) is a velocimetry method used in humid air flows. The
method is often used in high-speed combusting flows because the high velocity and temperature
accentuate its advantages over similar methods. HTV uses a laser (often an argon-fluoride
excimer laser operating at ~193 nm) to dissocia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Filiform corrosion may be considered as a type of crevice corrosion and is sometimes seen on metals coated with an organic coating (paint). Filiform corrosion is unusual in that it does not weaken or destroy the integrity of the metal but only affects the surface appearance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We can recognize which of these isometries we have according to whether it preserves hands or swaps them, and whether it has at least one fixed point or not, as shown in the following table (omitting the identity). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A drop from each solution (A and B) is dripped onto the substance being tested, causing the two solutions to mix together. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The family also contains L-lactate dehydrogenases that catalyse the conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate, the last step in anaerobic glycolysis. Malate dehydrogenases that catalyse the interconversion of malate to oxaloacetate and participate in the citric acid cycle, and L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases are also m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using matrix matched calibration standards can compensate for ion suppression. Using this technique, calibration standards are prepared in identical sample matrix to that used for analysis (e.g. plasma) by spiking a normal sample with known concentrations of analyte. This is not always possible for biological samples, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ste5 is a MAPK scaffold protein involved in the mating of yeast. The active complex is formed by interactions with the MAPK Fus3, the MAPK kinase (MAPKK) Ste7, and the MAPKK kinase Ste11. After the induction of mating by an appropriate mating pheromone (either a-factor or α –factor) Ste5 and its associated proteins are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://bascoe.oma.be/index.php/bascoe BASCOE] - A data assimilation system based on a chemical transport model and created by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)
* [https://tropo.aeronomie.be/index.php/12-boream Boream] - Model for the degradation of alpha-pinene
* [https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/model... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High-frequency vibrating screening equipment is a shaker whose frame is fixed and the drive vibrates only the screen cloth. High frequency vibration equipment is for particles that are in this particle size range of an 1/8 in (3 mm) down to a +150 mesh. Traditional shaker screeners have a difficult time making separat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Emilio Gino Segrè was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Tivoli, near Rome, on 1 February 1905, the son of Giuseppe Segrè, a businessman who owned a paper mill, and Amelia Susanna Treves. He had two older brothers, Angelo and Marco. His uncle, Gino Segrè, was a law professor. He was educated at the ginnasio in Tivo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, transamidification is the process of exchanging the subunits of a peptide, amide or ester compound with another amine or fatty acid to produce a new amide or peptide. The process has been used for the production of emulsifiers and dispersing agents and oil drilling fluids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tribocorrosion occurs in many engineering fields. It reduces the life-time of pipes, valves and pumps, of waste incinerators, of mining equipment or of medical implants, and it can affect the safety of nuclear reactors or of transport systems. On the other hand, tribocorrosion phenomena can also be applied to good use,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plant immune system activity is regulated in part by signaling hormones such as:
* Salicylic acid
* Jasmonic acid
* Ethylene
There can be substantial cross-talk among these pathways. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mycosporine-like amino acids are small secondary metabolites produced by organisms that live in environments with high volumes of sunlight, usually marine environments. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mitogen is a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis). Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen. The mechanism of action of a mitogen is that it triggers signal transduction pathways involving mitog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As many quantities of cell biological interest are present in discrete copy number within the cell (single DNAs, dozens of mRNAs, hundreds of proteins), tools from discrete stochastic mathematics are often used to analyse and model cellular noise. In particular, master equation treatments – where the probabilities of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusion of gases is configured with a uniform concentration of gases and while the gases are stationary. Diffusion is the change of concentration between the two gases due to a weaker concentration gradient between the two gases. Diffusion is the transportation of mass over a period of time. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stormwater management occurs on a watershed scale to prevent downstream impacts on urban water quality. A watershed is maintained through the cyclical accumulation, storage, and flow of groundwater. Naturally occurring watersheds are damaged when they are sealed by an impervious surface, which diverts pollutant-carryin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent work has investigated the role of enhancers in morphological changes in threespine stickleback fish. Sticklebacks exist in both marine and freshwater environments, but sticklebacks in many freshwater populations have completely lost their pelvic fins (appendages homologous to the posterior limb of tetrapods).<br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Urbach tail is an exponential part in the energy spectrum of the absorption coefficient. This tail appears near the optical band edge in amorphous, disordered and crystalline materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Investment casting (known as lost-wax casting in art) is a process that has been practiced for thousands of years, with the lost-wax process being one of the oldest known metal forming techniques. From 5000 years ago, when beeswax formed the pattern, to today's high technology waxes, refractory materials, and specialis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sources:
The G equation reads as
where
* is the flow velocity field
* is the local burning velocity
The flame location is given by which can be defined arbitrarily such that is the region of burnt gas and is the region of unburnt gas. The normal vector to the flame is . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Room temperature, colloquially, denotes the range of air temperatures most people find comfortable indoors while dressed in typical clothing. These temperatures feel comfortable to people wearing typical indoor clothing. But comfortable temperatures can be extended beyond this range depending on humidity, air circulati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lack of funding is consistently cited as a barrier to the implementation of green infrastructure. One advantage that green infrastructure projects offer, however, is that they generate so many benefits that they can compete for a variety of diverse funding sources. Some tax incentive programs administered by federal a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lexitropsins are members of a family of semi-synthetic DNA-binding ligands. They are structural analogs of the natural antibiotics netropsin and distamycin. Antibiotics of this group can bind in the minor groove of DNA with different sequence-selectivity. Lexitropsins form a complexes with DNA with stoichiometry 1:1 a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sputtering only happens when the kinetic energy of the incoming particles is much higher than conventional thermal energies (≫ 1 eV). When done with direct current (DC sputtering), voltages of 3-5 kV are used. When done with alternating current (RF sputtering), frequencies are around the 14 MHz range. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photosensitization, i.e., photochemical sensitization. Exposing dyed cellulosic material, such as plant-based fibers, to sunlight allows dyes to remove hydrogen from the cellulose, resulting in photoreduction on the cellulosic substrate. Simultaneously, the colorant will undergo oxidation in the presence of the atmosph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-methylisocitric acid, an intermediate of the methylcitrate cycle, was first synthesized in 1886 as a mixture of four isomers. The pathway of the methylcitrate cycle was not discovered until 1973 in fungi, though it was not yet fully understood. Originally, the methylcitrate cycle was thought to be present only in fun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A significant achievement of Lecoq de Boisbaudran was his discovery of the element gallium in 1875. Beginning in 1874, Lecoq de Boisbaudran investigated a sample of 52 kg of the mineral ore sphalerite obtained from the Pierrefitte mine in the Pyrenees. From it, he extracted several milligrams of gallium chloride. Using... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aside from using an Olszewski tube and hypolimnetic withdrawal, there are other techniques implemented to achieve the same goals as an Olszewski tube. These include increasing dissolved oxygen, reducing nutrient concentration, and lessening the amount of algae and unwanted biomass in lakes.
* Sediment oxidation is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2002, Tang was awarded a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) search Fellowship and NIMS Researcher, enable to expand his research in photocatalysis in the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. In 2005, he was appointed as a senior research associate in the Department of Chemistry at I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Notable research units includes:
* Photovoltaic Energy Development and Research Institute, École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris in association with the CNRS. Director Olivier Kerrec and research director Daniel Lincot. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1–3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with freshwater runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g. monsoon), seawater can be substantially les... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Identification of novel modified sites – BoMoC does not capture the modification directly but rather the mis-incorporation signature resulting from the modified base. Therefore, sites where modification status has not been previously established may be difficult to confirm the identity of the modification.
* Pre-matu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MIKE 11 has been used in hundreds of application around the world. Its main application areas are flood analysis and alleviation design, real-time flood forecasting, dam break analysis, optimisation of reservoir and canal gate/structure operations, ecological and water quality assessments in rivers and wetlands, sedime... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boats are traditionally piloted from starboard (the right-hand side) to facilitate priority to the right.
According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is effectively RHT: a vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to starboard, and when two power-driven vessels a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles in liquid caused by flow around an object. Bubbles form when water accelerates around sharp corners and the pressure drops below the vapour pressure. Pressure increases upon deceleration, and the water generally reabsorbs the vapour; however, vapour bubbles can implode and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conventional photo-reflectance experimental setup uses a xenon or tungsten based lamp source passed through a monochromator to form the incident probe beam. The pump beam may be formed by the output of a continuous wave (CW) laser (e.g. a He-Ne or He-Cd laser) passed through a chopper wheel, or may be formed by th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TERRA in biology is an abbreviation for "TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA". TERRA is RNA that is transcribed from telomeres — the repeating 6-nucleotide sequences that cap the ends of chromosomes. TERRA functions with shelterin to inhibit telomere lengthening by enzyme telomerase. However, other studies have shown... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general formula for the action of an element of a space group is
: y = M.x + D
where M is its matrix, D is its vector, and where the element transforms point x into point y. In general, D = D (lattice) + , where is a unique function of M that is zero for M being the identity. The matrices M form a point group that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
International trade and water is the relationship between international trade and the water being used by humans. The substantial increase in human population during the 20th century combined with rapid increases in overall global economic development has resulted in rising challenges for the future of public water man... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The valley or wadi of Nahal Mishmar begins in the Hebron hills, running east towards the Dead Sea. Its western part is shallow, at an altitude of approximately 270 m above sea level, and it proceeds to fall more than 300 meters into the Jordan Rift Valley before emptying into the Dead Sea, over . Nahal Mishmar runs nor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is the largest of the respiratory complexes. In mammals, the enzyme contains 44 separate water-soluble peripheral membrane proteins, which are anchored to the integral membrane constituents. Of particular functional importance are the flavin prosthetic group (FMN) and eight iron-sulfur cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The refrigerant naming system is mainly used for fluorinated and chlorinated short alkanes used as refrigerants. In the United States, the standard is specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34–1992, with additional annual supplements. The specified ANSI/ASHRAE prefixes were FC (fluorocarbon) or R (refrigerant), but today mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom. This probability decreases rapidly with the number of photons required, but the development of very intense, pulsed lasers still makes it possible. In the perturbative regime (below about 10 W/cm at optical f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After serving in the US Navy, Phelps worked at chemical instrument company Cole-Parmer in Chicago, Illinois, but a year later, not liking the cold Chicago climate, she returned to Tennessee. In June 2009, Phelps joined Oak Ridge National Laboratory. She started as a technician and was later promoted to research associa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carboalumination reaction is most commonly catalyzed by zirconocene dichloride (or related catalyst). Some carboaluminations are performed with titanocene complexes. This reaction is sometimes referred to as the Zr- catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA) or the Zr-catalyzed methylalumination of alk... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single crystal polymers have unique applications in various fields Compared to single crystals of small molecules. Because of the long chain and various conformation, it is hard for the polymers to be crystallized directly from solution. Few examples of polymer single crystals prepared in this way suffered from low qua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A ligand-targeted liposome (LTL) is a nanocarrier with specific ligands attached to its surface to enhance localization for targeted drug delivery. The targeting ability of LTLs enhances cellular localization and uptake of these liposomes for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. LTLs have the potential to enhance drug d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Policies in the United States have included a decrease in the subsidies provided by the federal and state governments to the oil industry which have usually included $2.84 billion. This is more than what is actually set aside for the biofuel industry. The measure was discussed at the G20 in Pittsburgh where leaders agr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide, commonly used as an antibiotic for its capacity as a surfactant. It is an amphiphile capable of withstanding hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The Gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis produces surfactin for its antibiotic effects against competitors. Surfactin sho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The Great Barrier Reef is a biodiversity hotspot, ranging over 9000 known species. However, since the 1950’s half of the living corals on the Great Barrier Reef have died, and coral reef-associated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After water mains are in service for a long time, there will be deterioration in structural, water quality, and hydraulic performance. Structural deterioration may be caused by many factors. Metal-based pipes develop internal and external corrosion, causing the pipe walls to thin or degrade. They can eventually leak or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On April 17, 2005, the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant in Connecticut was shut down due to a "false alarm" that indicated an unsafe pressure drop in the reactor's steam system when the steam pressure was actually nominal. The false alarm was caused by a tin whisker that short circuited the logic board responsible for mon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two papers describe MgtE, a fourth Mg uptake protein in bacteria unrelated to MgtA/B or CorA. This gene has been sequenced and the protein, 312 amino acids in size, is predicted to contain either four or five TM spanning domains that are closely arranged in the C-terminal part of the protein (see figure). This region o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles, both in the air and on water, and in aircraft with side-by-side cockpit seating, the pilot-in-command (or more senior flight officer) traditionally occupies the left seat. However, helicopter practice tends to favour the right hand seat for the pi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability, but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism. Low or absent levels of thiamine triphosphate have been found in Leighs disease.
In E. coli, ThTP is accumulated in the prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Muscular activity requires ATP, which is provided by the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscles. The breakdown of glycogen, known as glycogenolysis, releases glucose in the form of glucose 1-phosphate (G1P). The G1P is converted to G6P by phosphoglucomutase. G6P is readily fed into glycolysis, (or can go into th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Machine learning algorithms have been widely used in virtual screening approaches. Supervised learning techniques use a training and test datasets composed of known active and known inactive compounds. Different ML algorithms have been applied with success in virtual screening strategies, such as recursive partitioning... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are detailed descriptions of the interfacial DL in many books on colloid and interface science and microscale fluid transport. There is also a recent IUPAC technical report on the subject of interfacial double layer and related electrokinetic phenomena.
As stated by Lyklema, "...the reason for the formation of a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) is a fluorinated ketone with the structural formula CFCFC(=O)CF(CF), a fully-fluorinated analog of ethyl isopropyl ketone. It is used as an electronics coolant liquid and fire protection fluid sold commercially by 3M under brand names such as Novec 1230, Novec 649, and FK-5-1-12. It is a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ISO 22197-1:2007 specifies a test method for the measurement of removal for materials that contain a photocatalyst or have superficial photocatalytic films.
Specific FTIR systems are used to characterize photocatalytic activity or passivity, especially with respect to volatile organic compounds, and representative bin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, , is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equilibrium temperature is neither an upper nor lower bound on actual temperatures on a planet. There are several reasons why measured temperatures deviate from predicted equilibrium temperatures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ten-step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the initial phase of free-energy release in the breakdown of glucose and can be split into two phases, the preparatory phase and payoff phase. ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs" harmonized rules and approved Sunset Yellow FCF for use in foodstuffs in the whole of the European Union. Before that time, approved amounts was up to each country, but naming and composition was standardized.
Sunset y... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In whole animal-based approaches, phenotypic screening is best exemplified where a substance is evaluated for potential therapeutic benefit across many different types of animal models representing different disease states. Phenotypic screening in animal-based systems utilize model organisms to evaluate the effects of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In colloidal chemistry, an aggregation number is a description of the number of molecules present in a micelle once the critical micelle concentration (CMC) has been reached. In more detail, it has been defined as the average number of surfactant monomers in a spherical micelle.
The aggregation number of micelles can b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aquatic inorganic carbon system is composed of the various ionic, dissolved, solid, and/or gaseous forms of carbon dioxide in water. These species include dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, carbonate anion, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and others. The relative amounts of each s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.
Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image.
The technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-service ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soap bubble performances combine entertainment with artistic achievement. They require a high degree of skill. Some performers use common commercially available bubble liquids while others compose their own solutions. Some artists create giant bubbles or tubes, often enveloping objects or even humans. Others manage to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first electron crystallographic protein structure to achieve atomic resolution was bacteriorhodopsin, determined by Richard Henderson and coworkers at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1990. However, already in 1975 Unwin and Henderson had determined the first membrane protein structur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is a popular solar cell material owing to its low cost and ease of production. Owing to disordered structure (Urbach tail), its absorption extends to the energies below the band gap resulting in a wide-range spectral response; however, it has a relatively low solar cell efficiency. Protocrystal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The value is important because it helps determine the Stoichiometry of a system for example in polyurethanes. The value may also be used to calculate equivalent weight and if the functionality is known, the molecular weight also. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cyclic relation is also known as the cyclic rule or the Triple product rule. Setting the second term in brackets equal to zero yields
Using a reciprocity relation for on this equation and reordering gives a cyclic relation (the triple product rule),
If, instead, reciprocity relations for and are used with subseq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium peroxide is added to the compound to oxidise phosphorus to sodium phosphate. It is boiled with concentrated HNO and then ammonium molybdate is added. A yellow precipitate (ammonium phosphomolybdate) indicates the presence of phosphorus.
</blockquote>
</blockquote> | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Clinker" is from Dutch, and was originally used in English to describe clinker bricks. The term was later applied to hard residue, due to its similar appearance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nascent hydrogen is an outdated concept in organic chemistry that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction. Since organic compounds do not react with H, a special state of hydrogen was postulated. It is now understood that dissolving-meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An energy carrier is a substance (fuel) or sometimes a phenomenon (energy system) that contains energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes.
Such carriers include springs, electrical batteries, capacitors, pressurized air, dammed water, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A good example of convective instability can be found in our own atmosphere. If dry mid-level air is drawn over very warm, moist air in the lower troposphere, a hydrolapse (an area of rapidly decreasing dew point temperatures with height) results in the region where the moist boundary layer and mid-level air meet. As d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Termination of elongation depends on eukaryotic release factors. The process is similar to that of bacterial termination, but unlike bacterial termination, there is a universal release factor, eRF1, that recognizes all three stop codons. Upon termination, the ribosome is disassembled and the completed polypeptide is re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasmas find applications in many fields of research, technology and industry, for example, in industrial and extractive metallurgy, surface treatments such as plasma spraying (coating), etching in microelectronics, metal cutting and welding; as well as in everyday vehicle exhaust cleanup and fluorescent/luminescent la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The molecular weight, bioavailability, protein binding, elimination half-life, the time to achieve maximum plasma concentration and binding affinity are present in the table below.
* t: Biological half-life
* t: Time to achieve maximum plasma concentration
* pK: the measurement of ligand binding affinity
Methylnaltrexo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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