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The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 9) is a genetic code used by the mitochondria of certain echinoderm and flatworm species. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary function of floral scent is to attract pollinators and ensure the reproduction of animal-pollinated plants.
Some families of VOCs presented in floral scents have likely evolved as herbivore repellents. However, these plant defenses are also used by herbivores themselves to locate a plant resource, similar to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ZMAb is a mixture of three mouse mAbs: m1H3, m2G4, and m4G7. A study published in November 2013 found that EBOV-infected macaque monkeys survived after being given a therapy with a combination of three EBOV surface glycoprotein (EBOV-GP)-specific monoclonal antibodies (ZMAb) within 24 hours of infection. The authors co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest hominid remains found around the Caspian Sea are from Dmanisi dating back to around 1.8 Ma and yielded a number of skeletal remains of Homo erectus or Homo ergaster. More later evidence for human occupation of the region came from a number of caves in Georgia and Azerbaijan such as Kudaro and Azykh Caves. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potassium humate is the potassium salt of humic acid. It is manufactured commercially by alkaline extraction of brown coal (lignite) leonardite and is used mainly as a soil conditioner. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Section D ON Storage and Transport of the IIR is involved in the controlled-temperature logistics and distribution of temperature-sensitive products, from foodstuffs to health products (medicines, vaccines, blood products, organs ...) from artwork to chemicals.
It addresses all issues of equipment and solutions for a d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A disadvantage with other biofilm processes is that they experience bioclogging and build-up of headloss. Depending on the type of waste and design of the process, several problems can occur during the full-scale process. Some of the disadvantages are:
* Feed pipe/effluent sieve blocking
* Nonhomogeneous mixing
* Carri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Ro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The industrial route to acetyl chloride involves the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride:
Propionyl chloride is produced by chlorination of propionic acid with phosgene:
Benzoyl chloride is produced by the partial hydrolysis of benzotrichloride:
Similarly, benzotrichlorides react with carboxylic acids ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, materials science, and food science, bloom refers to the migration of one component of a solid mixture to the surface of an article. The process is an example of phase separation or phase aggregation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere. The average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also conv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An open impeller has a hub with attached vanes and is mounted on a shaft. The vanes do not have a wall, making open impellers slightly weaker than closed or semi-closed impellers. However, as the side plate is not fixed to the inlet side of the vane, the blade stresses are significantly lower. In pumps, the fluid enter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is little evidence of the evolution of stomata in the fossil record, but they had appeared in land plants by the middle of the Silurian period. They may have evolved by the modification of conceptacles from plants' alga-like ancestors.
However, the evolution of stomata must have happened at the same time as the w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To achieve a near tenfold increase in fusion power density, the design makes use of REBCO superconducting tape for its toroidal field coils. This material enables higher magnetic field strength to contain heated plasma in a smaller volume. In theory, fusion power density is proportional to the fourth power of the magne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, chain termination is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of a polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both the Arrhenius activation energy and the rate constant k are experimentally determined, and represent macroscopic reaction-specific parameters that are not simply related to threshold energies and the success of individual collisions at the molecular level. Consider a particular collision (an elementary reaction) b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to extend the idea of linear-extrapolation to higher order reconstruction, and an example is shown in the diagram opposite. However, for this case the left and right states are estimated by interpolation of a second-order, upwind biased, difference equation. This results in a parabolic reconstruction sch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, also known as the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway, is a process that allows some bacteria to generate 3-hydroxypropionate using carbon dioxide. It is divided into two parts or reactions. The overall reaction of the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway is 3 HCO3− + 5 ATP + 6 NADPH + 1 quinone → 1 py... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases (or glycosidases), are enzymes that break glycosidic bonds. Glycoside hydrolases typically can act either on α- or on β-glycosidic bonds, but not on both. This specificity allows researchers to obtain glycosides in high epimeric excess, one example being Wen-Ya Lus conversion of D-Glucose to Eth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The canonical umpolung reagent is the cyanide ion. The cyanide ion is unusual in that a carbon triply bonded to a nitrogen would be expected to have a (+) polarity due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom. Yet, the negative charge of the cyanide ion is localized on the carbon, giving it a (-) formal cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid or hydrogen phosphites are called hydrogenphosphonates or acid phosphites. IUPAC recommends the name hydrogenphosphonates). They are anions HP(O)OH. Aypical derivative is the salt [NH][HP(O)OH]. Many related salts are known, e.g., RbHPHO, CsHPHO, TlHPHO. These salts are prepared by treating phosphorous acid wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Investigation of carbon-neutral fuels has been ongoing for decades. A 1965 report suggested synthesizing methanol from carbon dioxide in air using nuclear power for a mobile fuel depot. Shipboard production of synthetic fuel using nuclear power was studied in 1977 and 1995. A 1984 report studied the recovery of carbon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century (from 1884 t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous fields would be able to benefit from the protection of tissue damage by freezing. Businesses are currently investigating the use of these proteins in:
* Increasing freeze tolerance of crop plants and extending the harvest season in cooler climates
* Improving farm fish production in cooler climates
* Lengthen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonia is a weak alkali that reacts reversibly with water and alters the pH of the solution into base condition.
:NH + HO NH + OH
On the other hand, if sodium hydroxide is added to adjust the pH of the solution to alkali, the color change occurs faster than when the ammonia is added, as sodium hydroxide is a highly r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Derek Lowe is a medicinal chemist working on preclinical drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Lowe has published a blog about this field, "In the Pipeline", since 2002 and is a columnist for the Royal Society of Chemistrys Chemistry World'. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been postulated that carbon from a cascade of asteroids (known as the Late Heavy Bombardment), resulting from interaction of Jupiter and Saturn, blasted the surface of young Earth and reacted with nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere to form HCN. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As ozone in the atmosphere prevents most energetic ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, astronomical data in these wavelengths have to be gathered from satellites orbiting above the atmosphere and ozone layer. Most of the light from young hot stars is in the ultraviolet and so study of these wavelen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One major complications to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve herbicide resistance, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrocene-containing dendrimers can be synthesized by both convergent and divergent methods. Some of the first dendrimers of this type, were made by attaching ferrocene units to small silicon containing dendrimers.
Dendrimers with peripheral ferrocene groups are usually synthesized by attaching ferrocene to the core by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ETS (Erythroblast Transformation Specific)family is divided into 12 subfamilies, which are listed below: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CellCognition has been used in RNAi-based screening, applied in basic cell cycle study, and extended to unsupervised modeling. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A loading control is a protein used as a control in a Western blotting experiment. Typically, loading controls are proteins with high and ubiquitous expression, such as beta-actin or GADPH. They are used to make sure that the protein has been loaded equally across all wells. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to some twentieth-century philosophers, unit-point atomism was the philosophy of the Pythagoreans, a conscious repudiation of Parmenides and the Eleatics. It stated that atoms were infinitesimally small ("point") yet possessed corporeality. It was a predecessor of Democritean atomism. Most recent students of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymeric micelles are drug carriers formed by the aggregation of some amphiphile\amphiphilic molecule with an amphiphilic block copolymer. These carriers form at some high concentration specific to the compounds used, called the critical micelle concentration. The addition of an amphiphilic block copolymer effectively... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
• DIN EN ISO 6988 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Test with sulfur dioxide with general moisture condensation, March 1997.
• DIN 50018 testing in an alternating condensation climate with an atmosphere containing sulfur dioxide, June 1997.
• The importance of corrosion test procedures with special consideratio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Selection of transverse magnetization (I, S, I etc.):
(+)gradient 180°(x) (+)gradient
*Suppression of transverse magnetization (I, S, I etc.):
(+)gradient 180°(x) (-)gradient | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A unilamellar liposome is a spherical liposome, a vesicle, bounded by a single bilayer of an amphiphilic lipid or a mixture of such lipids, containing aqueous solution inside the chamber. Unilamellar liposomes are used to study biological systems and to mimic cell membranes, and are classified into three groups based o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diboryne or a compound with boron-boron triple bond was first isolated as a N-heterocyclic carbene supported complex (NHC-BB-NHC) in the Braunschweig group, and its unique, peculiar bonding structure thereupon catalyzed new research to computationally assess the nature of this at that time controversial triple bond.
A ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biocurious planned to tweak the biobrick containing six genes, including luciferin-regenerating enzyme and luciferase from fireflies. During initial development, they would use Agrobacterium to test the transfer of the genetic circuit. When producing the final product, they intended to instead use a gene gun to avoid i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently large fraction of the population (e.g. 1% or more), many pub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bertram Boltwood was born on July 27, 1870, in the Amherst, Massachusetts home of his grandfather, Lucius Boltwood. After relocating from England in the 17th century, the Boltwood family was active in the Amherst community for generations. Lucius was the son of a farmer who worked his way through Williams College to be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dopped stone is ground at precise angles and indexes on cutting laps of progressively finer grit, and then the process is repeated a final time to polish each facet. Accurate repetition of angles in the cutting and polishing process is aided by the angle readout and index gear. The physical process of polishing is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host, a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer.
As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The newly formed primordial germ cells (PGC) in the implanted embryo devolve from the somatic cells at about day 7 of embryogenesis in the mouse. At this point the PGCs have high levels of methylation. These cells migrate from the epiblast toward the gonadal ridge. As reviewed by Messerschmidt et al., the majority of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The colored fraction of DOC (CDOM) absorbs light in the blue and UV-light range and therefore influences plankton productivity both negatively by absorbing light, that otherwise would be available for photosynthesis, and positively by protecting plankton organisms from harmful UV-light. However, as the impact of UV dam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*one ATP by direct phosphorylation of GDP
*two ATP from oxidation of FADH
*three ATP at a time for the NADH + H produced within the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction, the malate dehydrogenase reaction and the malate decarboxylase reaction.
<br />
Due to low glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate pyruvate transamina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A post column oxidation-reduction reactor is a chemical reactor that performs derivatization to improve the measurement of organic molecules. It is used in gas chromatography (GC), after the column, and before a flame ionization detector (FID), to make the detector response uniform for all organic molecules.
The reacto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The RFU peak height depends on the amount of DNA being analyzed. When the amount of DNA is very low, then
it can be difficult to separate a true low-level RFU peak from signal noise or other technical artifacts. As a result, many forensic DNA laboratories have set minimum RFU peak-height levels in "scoring" the analysi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of substance below critical temperature) that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation occurs on the surface. Evaporation only occurs when the partial pressure of vapor of a substance is less than the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GC–MS is becoming the tool of choice for tracking organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC–MS equipment has decreased significantly, and the reliability has increased at the same time, which has contributed to its increased adoption in environmental studies. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unfortunately, the probabilities and cannot be measured directly. Instead, we assay the relative population of folded molecules using various structural probes, e.g., absorbance at 287 nm (which reports on the solvent exposure of tryptophan and tyrosine), far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (180-250 nm, which reports... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Colloid-facilitated transport designates a transport process by which colloidal particles serve as transport vector
of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks
(limestone, sandstone, granite, ...). The transport of co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the fatty acid constituents of fats. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise tallow are derived from the saturated stearic and monounsaturated oleic acids. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first published attempt to use plasma emissions as a source for spectroscopic analysis were in 1956 by Eugen Bădărău. In 1964 Stanley Greenfield working at Albright & Wilson was the first to use ICP for non experimental analysis. The first commercial machine was produced by KONTRON in 1975. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteins can be engineered to improve the chance of successful protein crystallization by using techniques like Surface Entropy Reduction or engineering in crystal contacts. Frequently, problematic cysteine residues can be replaced by alanine to avoid disulfide-mediated aggregation, and residues such as lysine, glutam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a turbulent flow, there is a range of scales of the time-varying fluid motion. The size of the largest scales of fluid motion (sometimes called eddies) are set by the overall geometry of the flow. For instance, in an industrial smoke stack, the largest scales of fluid motion are as big as the diameter of the stack i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Increases in glucose concentration excite and induce vasodilation in ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus via astrocytic release of adenosine that is blocked by A2A receptor antagonists like caffeine. Evidence also suggests that the small rise in blood glucose that occurs after a meal is sensed by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manapurathu Verghese George (3 October 1928 - 9 December 2019) was an Indian photochemist and an emeritus professor of the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST). He was known for establishing the Photochemistry Research Unit at NIIST and his studies on the mechanism of organic reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic radionuclides are deliberately synthesised using nuclear reactors, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators:
* As well as being extracted from nuclear waste, radioisotopes can be produced deliberately with nuclear reactors, exploiting the high flux of neutrons present. These neutrons activate elements... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal carbon dioxide complexes undergo a variety of reactions. Metallacarboxylic acids protonate at oxygen and eventually convert to metal carbonyl complexes:
:[LMCO] + 2 H → [LMCO] + HO
This reaction is relevant to the potential catalytic conversion of CO to fuels. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The practice of designating hemes with upper case letters was formalized in a footnote in a paper by Puustinen and Wikstrom, which explains under which conditions a capital letter should be used: "we prefer the use of capital letters to describe the heme structure as isolated. Lowercase letters may then be freely used ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical reaction models transform physical knowledge into a mathematical formulation that can be utilized in computational simulation of practical problems in chemical engineering. Computer simulation provides the flexibility to study chemical processes under a wide range of conditions. Modeling of a chemical reaction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemotaxis assays are experimental tools for evaluation of chemotactic ability of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
A wide variety of techniques have been developed. Some techniques are qualitative - allowing an investigator to approximately determine a cell's chemotactic affinity for an analyte - while others are quant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In three-dimensional Euclidean space, the densest packing of equal spheres is achieved by a family of structures called close-packed structures. One method for generating such a structure is as follows. Consider a plane with a compact arrangement of spheres on it. Call it A. For any three neighbouring spheres, a fourth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lasso peptide biosynthesis requires at least three genes, referred to as the A, B, and C proteins. The A gene encodes the precursor peptide, which is modified by the B and C proteins into the mature natural product. The B protein is an adenosine triphosphate-dependent cysteine protease that cleaves the leader region fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resonance Raman spectroscopy explains the huge enhancement of Raman scattering intensity. Intermolecular and intramolecular charge transfers significantly enhance Raman spectrum peaks. In particular, the enhancement is huge for species adsorbing the metal surface due to the high-intensity charge transfers from the meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marius Clore was educated at the Lycee Francais Charles de Gaulle in Kensington, London, University College London and UCL Medical School. Marius Clores father was the film producer Leon Clore whose credits include The French Lieutenants Woman. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermite usage is hazardous due to the extremely high temperatures produced and the extreme difficulty in smothering a reaction once initiated. Small streams of molten iron released in the reaction can travel considerable distances and may melt through metal containers, igniting their contents. Additionally, flammable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1901 to 1938, Sørensen was head of the prestigious Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen. While working at the Carlsberg Laboratory he studied the effect of ion concentration on proteins and, because the concentration of hydrogen ions was particularly important, he introduced the pH-scale as a simple way of expressing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main use of concrete is for producing absolutes. The general process of producing absolutes includes extracting the concrete with ethanol, using cold filtration to remove residue, then distilling off the ethanol.
Absolutes are highly concentrated and aromatic oily mixtures. They are similar to essential oils, but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are important in light-harvesting complexes present in plants. Chlorophyll b is almost identical to chlorophyll a, except it has a formyl group in place of a methyl group. This small difference makes chlorophyll b absorb light with wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm more efficiently. Carote... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorophyll fluorescence can measure most types of plant stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a proxy of plant stress because environmental stresses, e.g. extremes of temperature, light and water availability, can reduce the ability of a plant to metabolise normally. This can mean an imbalance between the ab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Amsterdam
* The Hague
* Groningen
* Zwolle
* Breda
* Middleburg
* Maastricht
* Alkmaar
* Utrecht
* Rotterdam
* Leeuwarden
* Arnhem
* Den Bosch
* Schoonhoven
* Roermond
* Roosendaal
* Joure | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This depends upon a relationship between the specific surface area and the resistance to gas-flow of a porous bed of powder. The method is simple and quick, and yields a result that often correlates well with the chemical reactivity of a powder. However, it fails to measure much of the deep surface texture. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bilbao Crystallographic Server came to life in 1997 as a scientific project by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127074622/http://lcdx00.wm.lc.ehu.es/lama/ Departments of Condensed Matter Physics and Applied Physics II] of the University of the Basque Country (EHU) under the supervision of J. Manuel Perez-Mato ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
G proteins were discovered in 1980 when Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell investigated stimulation of cells by adrenaline. They found that when adrenaline binds to a receptor, the receptor does not stimulate enzymes (inside the cell) directly. Instead, the receptor stimulates a G protein, which then stimulates an enz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scolytus multistriatus, one of the vectors of the Dutch elm disease, uses vanillin as a signal to find a host tree during oviposition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A transcriptor is a transistor-like device composed of DNA and RNA rather than a semiconducting material such as silicon. Prior to its invention in 2013, the transcriptor was considered an important component to build biological computers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pyridinium dichromate (PDC) or Cornforth reagent is a pyridinium salt of dichromate with the chemical formula [CHNH][CrO]. This compound is named after the Australian-British chemist Sir John Warcup Cornforth (b. 1917) who introduced it in 1962. The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant. Because of its high boiling point compared to most refrigerants, it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.
Trichlorofluoromet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Large quantities are in some cases required to remove impurities
*May pose barriers on small scale reactions by "clogging up" the test tube reaction
*Dependent upon reagent to be removed | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isocyanates also can react with themselves. Aliphatic diisocyanates can trimerise to from substituted isocyanuric acid groups. This can be seen in the formation of polyisocyanurate resins (PIR) which are commonly used as rigid thermal insulation. Isocyanates participate in Diels–Alder reactions, functioning as dienophi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While there are many methods of detecting fake precious metals, there are realistically only two options available for verifying the marked fineness of metal as being reasonably accurate: assaying the metal (which requires destroying it), or using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF will measure only the outermost portion of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dexpramipexole is a first-in-class oral investigational medicine that lowers blood and tissue eosinophils before they can cause damage in the target organ. Dexpramipexole is being developed by [https://areteiatx.com/ Areteia Therapeutics] and has the potential to be the first oral treatment ever approved for eosinophil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of network motifs was pioneered by Holland and Leinhardt who introduced the concept of a triad census of networks. They introduced methods to enumerate various types of subgraph configurations, and test whether the subgraph counts are statistically different from those expected in random networks.
This idea w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For water at standard temperature (25 C) the net cell reaction may be written:
Using Gibbs potentials ( kJ/mol), the thermodynamic voltage at standard conditions is
: 1.229 Volt (2 electrons needed to form H(g))
Just as the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen generates heat, the reverse reaction generating hydrogen and o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According to the original usage and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses, chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder the structure of water.
The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agarose gel electrophoresis is most commonly done horizontally in a subaquaeous mode whereby the slab gel is completely submerged in buffer during electrophoresis. It is also possible, but less common, to perform the electrophoresis vertically, as well as horizontally with the gel raised on agarose legs using an approp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Black Sea, sapropels are distributed at a depth of 500 to 2200 m, and in different morpholithological zones they have different thicknesses. Deep sea sediments are called the sediments formed outside the zone of influence of hydrogenic factors such as wind-driven waves and internal waves as well as of the transg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An airfoil at a given angle of attack will have what is called a pressure distribution. This pressure distribution is simply the pressure at all points around an airfoil. Typically, graphs of these distributions are drawn so that negative numbers are higher on the graph, as the for the upper surface of the airfoil w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NanoPutians are a series of organic molecules whose structural formulae resemble human forms. James Tour's research group designed and synthesized these compounds in 2003 as a part of a sequence on chemical education for young students. The compounds consist of two benzene rings connected via a few carbon atoms as the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) caused night blindness is a reversible difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light. It is common in young children who have a diet inadequate in retinol and beta-carotene. A process called dark adaptation typically causes an increase in photopigment amounts in response to low levels of ill... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylene blue has been described as "the first fully synthetic drug used in medicine." Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876 by German chemist Heinrich Caro.
Its use in the treatment of malaria was pioneered by Paul Guttmann and Paul Ehrlich in 1891. During this period before the first World War, researchers like ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Catenin was initially discovered in the early 1990s as a component of a mammalian cell adhesion complex: a protein responsible for cytoplasmatic anchoring of cadherins. But very soon, it was realized that the Drosophila protein armadillo – implicated in mediating the morphogenic effects of Wingless/Wnt – is homologou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteins are characterized by amide linkages (-N(H)-C(O)-) formed by the condensation of amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide backbone is known as the primary structure of the protein. Like almost all polymers, protein fold and twist, forming into the secondary structure, which is rigidified ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula , with or 3; they have an octahedral structure. The water molecules function as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond with it. Typical examples are listed in the following table.
Tutton's salts are c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, widespread in nature, and often toxic. There are several classes with different modes of action as drugs, both recreational and pharmaceutical. Medicines of different classes include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine (all from nightshade), the traditional medicine berberine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An excess of free fatty acids in liver cells plays a role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In the liver, it is the type of fatty acid, not the quantity, that determines the extent of the lipotoxic effects. In hepatocytes, the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids leads to apoptosis ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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