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IR photodesorption is a type of desorption that occurs when an infrared light hits a surface and activates processes involving the excitation of an internal vibrational mode of the previously absorbed molecules followed by the desorption of the species into the gas phase. One can selectively excite electrons or vibrati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The multiplication factor, , is defined as (see Nuclear chain reaction):
* If is greater than 1, the chain reaction is supercritical, and the neutron population will grow exponentially.
* If is less than 1, the chain reaction is subcritical, and the neutron population will exponentially decay.
* If , the chain rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A steam turbine generator consists of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a generator on a common shaft. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hsalen may be synthesized by the condensation of ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde.
Complexes of salen with metal cations may be made without isolating it from the reaction mixture. This is possible because the stability constant for the formation of the metal complexes are very high, due to the chelate effect.
:HL +... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The δSi value of sediment porewater may be affected by post-depositional (diagenetic) precipitation or dissolution of Si. It is important to understand the extent and isotopic fractionations of these processes, as they alter the δSi values of the originally deposited sediments, and determine the δSi preserved in the ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, dAlemberts paradox (or the hydrodynamic paradox) is a contradiction reached in 1752 by French mathematician Jean le Rond dAlembert. dAlembert proved that – for incompressible and inviscid potential flow – the drag force is zero on a body moving with constant velocity relative to the fluid. Zero drag ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many d complexes of the first row metals exist in tetrahedral or square planar geometry. In some cases these geometries exist in measurable equilibria. For example, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) has been crystallized in both tetrahedral and square planar geometries. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* ATMOS observations. The [http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/atmos/atmos.html Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy] experiment (ATMOS) is an infrared spectrometer (a Fourier transform interferometer) that is designed to study the chemical composition of the atmosphere. In this section you will be able to read both general a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stationary phase comes in the form of a packed syringe-shaped cartridge, a 96 well plate, a 47- or 90-mm flat disk, or a microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) device, a SPE method that uses a packed sorbent material in a liquid handling syringe. These can be mounted on its specific type of extraction manifold. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Figure 4 shows two examples of heterodyne autocorrelation functions of scattered light from sodium polystyrene sulfate solution (NaPSS; MW 400,000; 4 mg/mL in 10 mM NaCl). The oscillating correlation function shown by Fig. 4a is a result of interference between the scattered light and the modulated reference light.
The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arrhenius plots, which are used to represent the effects of temperature on the rates of chemical and biophysical processes and on various transport phenomena in materials science, may exhibit deviations from linearity. Account of curvature is provided here by a formula, which involves a deformation of the exponential f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas).
This motion pattern typically consists of random fluctuations in a particles position inside a fluid sub-domain, followed by a relocation to another sub-domain. Each relocation is followed by more fluctuations within the new cl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike NAPPA, PISA completely bypasses DNA immobilization as the DNA template is added as a free molecule in the reaction mixture. In 2006, another group refined and miniaturized this method by using multiple spotting technique to spot the DNA template and cell-free transcription and translation mixture on a high-densi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In alkanes, optimum overlap of atomic orbitals is achieved at 109.5°. The most common cyclic compounds have five or six carbons in their ring. Adolf von Baeyer received a Nobel Prize in 1905 for the discovery of the Baeyer strain theory, which was an explanation of the relative stabilities of cyclic molecules in 1885.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archimedes reportedly exclaimed "Eureka" after he realized how to detect whether a crown is made of impure gold. While he did not use Archimedes principle in the widespread tale and used displaced water only for measuring the volume of the crown, there is an alternative approach using the principle: Balance the crown a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EPA defines hazardous waste as the following: A subset of solid wastes that pose substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment and meet any of the following criteria identified 40 CFR 260 and 261:
*It is specifically listed as a hazardous waste by EPA
*It exhibits one or more of the characte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the 2018 presidential election, Drahoš vowed to remain in public life, and in March 2018 announced his bid for the Prague 4 Senate seat in the 2018 election, nominated by Mayors and Independents and supported by TOP 09, KDU–ČSL and the Green Party. He won the election outright in the first round, with 52.65% ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide with antifungal and hemolytic activities and isolated from Bacillus species. It belongs to the iturin lipopeptide family. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Insertional mutagenesis uses the features of a TE to insert a sequence. In most cases, this is used to remove a DNA sequence or cause a frameshift mutation.
** In some cases the insertion of a TE into a gene can disrupt that gene's function in a reversible manner where transposase-mediated excision of the DNA transpo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixed anion compounds exist that contain hydride with other anions. These include boride hydrides, carbohydrides, hydridonitrides, oxyhydrides and others. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the analogs of interest was made by isoindolinone replacement of the phthaloyl ring. It was given the name EM-12 (Figure 3). This replacement was thought to increase the bioavailability of the substance because of increased stability. The molecule had been reported to be an even more potent teratogenic agent tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some polymers containing sulfone groups are useful engineering plastics. They exhibit high strength and resistance to oxidation, corrosion, high temperatures, and creep under stress. For example, some are valuable as replacements for copper in domestic hot water plumbing. Precursors to such polymers are the sulfones b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) is produced industrially by chlorosulfonation of polyethylene. CSPE is noted for its toughness, hence its use for roofing shingles.
An industrially important derivative is benzenesulfonyl chloride. In the laboratory, useful reagents include tosyl chloride, brosyl chloride, nosyl chl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a type of emergency contraception, levonorgestrel is used after unprotected intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy. However, it can serve different hormonal purposes in its different methods of delivery. It is available for use in a variety of forms: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fugacity of a condensed phase (liquid or solid) is defined the same way as for a gas:
and
It is difficult to measure fugacity in a condensed phase directly; but if the condensed phase is saturated (in equilibrium with the vapor phase), the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal (). Combined with the above ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drag reducing agents have been found useful in reducing turbulence in the shipbuilding industry, for fire-fighting operations, oil-well fracturing processes, in irrigation systems and in central heating devices. Drag reducers can work in a couple of different fields. The most popular are crude oil, refined products and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA is almost ideally suited for UV LD detection. The molecule is very long and very thin, making it very easy to orient in flow. This gives rise to a strong LD signal. DNA systems that have been studied using UV LD include DNA-enzyme complexes and DNA-ligand complexes, the formation of the latter being easily obser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Constructed wetlands are manmade wetlands, which work as a bio-filtration system. They contain wetland vegetation and are mostly built on uplands and floodplains. Constructed wetlands are built this way to avoid connection or damage to natural wetlands and other aquatic resources. There are two main categories of const... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fertilizer is often applied when field conditions are not optimal, particularly in large scale operations. Most studies, indicate that nitrogen losses can be reduced in these situations when a urease inhibitor is applied to the fertilizer.
Urease inhibitors prevent the urease enzyme from breaking down the urea. This... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance, usually due to cooling.
For most subs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For scalars (most notably temperature), the self-similar logarithmic law of the wall has been theorized (first formulated by B. A. Kader) and observed in experimental and computational studies. In many cases, extensions to the original law of the wall formulation (usually through integral transformations) are generally... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
α-Hydroxyketones, or acyloins, are an important synthetic motifs present in many natural products. α-Hydroxyketones have been synthesized in many ways, including reduction of α-diketones, substitution of a hydroxyl for a leaving group and direct oxidation of an enolate. Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)-(hexamethylphosp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, intercalation is the reversible inclusion or insertion of a molecule (or ion) into layered materials with layered structures. Examples are found in graphite and transition metal dichalcogenides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though consumption of food stimulates acid secretion and acid secretion activates PPIs, PPIs cannot inhibit all pumps. About 70% of pump enzyme is inhibited, as PPIs have a short half-life and not all pump enzymes are activated. It takes about 3 days to reach steady-state inhibition of acid secretion, as a balance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IUPAC Gold Book defines an intermediate as a compound that has a lifetime greater than a molecular vibration, is formed (directly or indirectly) from the reactants, and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical reaction. The lifetime condition distinguishes true, chemically d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word ion was coined from neuter present participle of
Greek ἰέναι (ienai), meaning "to go". A cation is something that moves down (, kato, meaning "down") and an anion is something that moves up (, ano, meaning "up"). They are so called because ions move toward the electrode of opposite charge. This term was intro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacterial two hybrid methods (B2H or BTH) are usually carried out in E. coli and have some advantages over yeast-based systems. For instance, the higher transformation efficiency and faster rate of growth lends E. coli to the use of larger libraries (in excess of 10). The absence of requirements for a nuclear localisat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most fluoride salts dissolve to give the bifluoride () anion. Sources of true F anions are rare because the highly basic fluoride anion abstracts protons from many, even adventitious, sources. Relative unsolvated fluoride, which does exist in aprotic solvents, is called "naked". Naked fluoride is a strong Lewis base, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The alloys of tantalum–tungsten have high corrosion resistance, and refractory properties. The crystalline structure of the material is body-centered cubic with a substitutional solid solution with atoms of tungsten. The alloy also has a high melting point and can reach high elastic modulus and high tensile strength. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperpolarization is the nuclear spin polarization of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions determined by the Boltzmann distribution. It can be applied to gases such as Xe and He, and small molecules where the polarization levels can be enhanced by a factor of 10-10 above thermal equ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Melzers reagent (also known as Melzers iodine reagent, Melzers solution or informally as Melzers) is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi, and by phytopathologists for fungi that are plant pathogens. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at a lower temperature than the melting point, due to high activation energy of homogeneous nucleation. The creation of a nucleus implies the formation of an interface at the boundaries of the new phase. Some energy is expended... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beerstone is a buildup that forms when oxalate, proteins, and calcium or magnesium salts from the grains and water in the beer brewing process precipitate and form scale on kegs, barrels and tap lines. The minerals adsorb to the surface of the container first, driven by charge attractions. Proteins are often coordinat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wind may have some effect on altering the efficiency of passive radiative cooling surfaces and technologies. Liu et al. proposes using a "tilt strategy and wind cover strategy" to mitigate effects of wind. The researchers found regional differences in regard to the impacts of wind cover in China, noting that "85% of Ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This technique utilizes a high voltage () with a 0.5× Tris-borate buffer run across an agarose gel. This method differs from the traditional agarose gel electrophoresis by utilizing a higher voltage to facilitate a shorter run time as well as yield a higher band resolution. Other factors included in developing the tech... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*dextran, α-1,6-glucan
*glycogen, α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucan
*pullulan, α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucan
*starch, α-1,4- (such as amylose) and α-1,6-glucan (including amylopectin) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A semi-circular bund (also known as a demi-lune or half-moon) is a rainwater harvesting technique consisting in digging semilunar holes in the ground with the opening perpendicular to the flow of water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Leblanc-Deacon process is a modification of the Leblanc process. The Leblanc process was notoriously environmentally unfriendly, and resulted in some of the first Air and Water pollution acts. In 1874, Henry Deacon had derived a process to reduce HCl emissions as mandated by the Alkali Act. In this process, hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several steps in the HIV life cycle that may be interfered with, thus stopping the replication of the virus. A very critical step is the proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide precursors into mature enzymes and structural proteins catalyzed by HIV protease. HIV protease inhibitors are peptide-like chemicals ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, the General Mining Law of 1872 gave rights to explore and mine on public domain land; the original law did not require post-mining reclamation (Woody et al. 2011). Mined land reclamation requirements on federal land depended on state requirements until the passage of the Federal Land Policy and Ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phenomenon of bipolar electrochemistry is known since the 1970s and is used in industry in some electrolytic reactors. The interest of the scientific community for this concept seems to increase a lot since Martin Fleischmann and co-workers demonstrated that water splitting was possible using micrometer-sized bipol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from kinetic and equilibrium fractionation is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand). These enrichments (δ) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the master equation possesses nonlinear transition rates, it may be impossible to solve it analytically. The system size expansion utilises the ansatz that the variance of the steady-state probability distribution of constituent numbers in a population scales like the system size. This ansatz is used to expand the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IEC/RP MMC combines the advantages of RPLC and IEC. For example, WAX/RP has increased separation power and degree of freedom in adjusting the separation selectivity when compared with single WAX or RPLC. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following his PhD, Mansfield was invited to postdoctoral research with Charlie Slichter at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he carried out an NMR study of doped metals.
In 1964, Mansfield returned to England to take up a place as a lecturer at Nottingham University where he could continue his studi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two drops of iron(III) chloride are added to a test tube with distilled water. After mixing, it is divided into two parts. Add one millilitre of gastric juice in one test tube and the same volume of distilled water in the other test tube, which is acting as a control. The test tube with the gastric juice turns yellow i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth's ionosphere. Atoms in their ionic state may have a different color from neutral atoms, and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the color of gemstones. In both inorganic and organ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Accessibility: Run over 200 regularly updated analysis and visualization tools (that support data preprocessing, gene expression analysis, proteomics, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, flow cytometry, and next-generation sequencing) and create analytic workflows without any programming through a point an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (also called H–D or H/D exchange) is a chemical reaction in which a covalently bonded hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom, or vice versa. It can be applied most easily to exchangeable protons and deuterons, where such a transformation occurs in the presence of a suitable deuterium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, hydrogen ions, bicarbonate and carbonate are all dissolved in water, and at chemical equilibrium, their equilibrium concentrations are often assumed to be given by:
where the subscript eq denotes that these are equilibrium concentrations, K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur can replace oxygen, either in the carbonyl group or in the bridge. In the former case, the name of the acyl group is enclosed in parentheses to avoid ambiguity in the name, e.g., (thioacetic) anhydride (CHC(S)OC(S)CH). When two acyl groups are attached to the same sulfur atom, the resulting compound is called a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NS radical was detected by LIF spectrum as the product of photolysis of tetranitrogen tetrasulfide (NS) gas by a 248 nm laser. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the principle of least motion is the hypothesis that when multiple species with different nuclear structures could theoretically form as products of a given chemical reaction, the more likely to form tends to be the one requiring the least amount of change in nuclear structure or the smallest chan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
She graduated from Pierre and Marie Curie University. She studied the price of land in the 1700s and the Riverstrahler model of river nutrient transfer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of cognitive functioning - thinking, remembering and reasoning- and behavioral abilities to such an extent that it interferes with a persons daily life and activities. The neuropathol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To obtain the desired measurement of , it is not sufficient to just measure .
The temperature at the reference junctions must be already known.
Two strategies are often used here:
* "Ice bath" method: The reference junction block is immersed in a semi-frozen bath of distilled water at atmospheric pressure. The precise... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whiting events have a unique effect on the waters around them. The fact that calcium carbonate clouds increase turbidity and light reflectance holds implications for organisms and processes that depend on light. In addition, whiting events can function as a transport mechanism for organic carbon to the benthic zone, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite being a CNS stimulant, the addiction and dependence liabilities of modafinil are considered low. The exact mechanisms of action of modafinil are not known, and it is believed that pharmacological profile of modafinil is different from that of the classical stimulants. Although modafinil shares biochemical mecha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physicist Dr David Criswell suggests the Moon is the optimum location for solar power stations, and promotes lunar-based solar power. The main advantage he envisions is construction largely from locally available lunar materials, using in-situ resource utilization, with a teleoperated mobile factory and crane to assemb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the energy range typically used in ion scattering experiments (> 500 eV), effects of thermal vibrations, phonon oscillations, and interatomic binding are ignored since they are far below this range (~a few eV), and the interaction of particle and surface may be thought of as a classical two-body elastic collisio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1960 John Nuckolls published the concept of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The laser, introduced the same year, turned out to be a suitable "driver".
In 1961 the Soviet Union tested its 50 megaton Tsar Bomba, the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever.
Spitzer published a key plasma physics text at Princeton in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arenediazonium cations undergo several reactions in which the group is replaced by another group or ion. Some of the major ones are the following. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14, is the simplest perfluorocarbon (CF). As its IUPAC name indicates, tetrafluoromethane is the perfluorinated counterpart to the hydrocarbon methane. It can also be classified as a haloalkane or halomethane. Tetrafluoromethane is a useful refrigerant but als... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primary metabolite is a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function). A primary metabolite is typically present in many organisms or cells. It is also referred to as a central met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The existence of two distinct units with the same name was confusing, and the difference (about in relative terms) was large enough to affect high-precision measurements. Moreover, it was discovered that the isotopes of oxygen had different natural abundances in water and in air. For these and other reasons, in 1961 t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most developed areas of phosphaalkyne chemistry is that of cycloadditions. Like other multiply bonded molecular fragments, phosphaalkynes undergo myriad reactions such as [1+2] cycloadditions, [3+2] cycloadditions, and [4+2] cycloadditions. This reactivity is summarized in graphical format below, which inclu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Described as "one of the more imaginative members" of the Organisation, McTaggart continued mineral chlorination studies and early in 1944, Ian Kraitzer joined the research group in what was to become the Minerals Utilization Section of the future CSIR Division of Industrial Chemistry (created 1959), and then by a youn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small amounts of fission products are naturally formed as the result of either spontaneous fission of natural uranium, which occurs at a low rate, or as a result of neutrons from radioactive decay or reactions with cosmic ray particles. The microscopic tracks left by these fission products in some natural minerals (ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side effects reported for trandolapril include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dry cough, dizziness or lightheadedness when sitting up or standing, hypotension, or fatigue. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Measurements of organic matter generally measure only organic compounds or carbon, and so are only an approximation of the level of once-living or decomposed matter. Some definitions of organic matter likewise only consider "organic matter" to refer to only the carbon content, or organic compounds, and do not consider ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATIC gene.
ATIC encodes an enzyme which generates inosine monophosphate from aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide.
It has two functions:
* - 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
* - IMP cyclohyd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, micro process engineering originated around the 1980s, when mechanical micromachining methods developed for the fabrication of uranium isotope separation nozzles were first applied to the manufacturing of compact heat exchangers at the Karlsruhe (Nuclear) Research Center. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiation is the evolutionary process of diversification of a single species into multiple forms. It includes the physiological and ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. There are many types of radiation including adaptive, concordant, and discordant radiation however escape and radiate coevolution... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Opening of terminal epoxides by adventitious hydroxide may occur under the conditions of rearrangement; if this is not desired, anhydrous solvents, reagents, and glassware must be used. Freshly prepared sodium methoxide in methanol is commonly used to effect rearrangement without opening. Nucleophilic opening can be ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The efficiency of the direct energy conversion in MHD power generation increases with the magnetic field strength and the plasma conductivity, which depends directly on the plasma temperature, and more precisely on the electron temperature. As very hot plasmas can only be used in pulsed MHD generators (for example usin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reverse transcriptase employs a "right hand" structure similar to that found in other viral nucleic acid polymerases. In addition to the transcription function, retroviral reverse transcriptases have a domain belonging to the RNase H family, which is vital to their replication. By degrading the RNA template, it all... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938, by extending the Stern–Gerlach experiment, and in 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids, fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trace heat cables may be connected to single-phase or (in groups) to three-phase power supplies. Power is controlled either by a contactor or a solid-state controller. For self-regulating cable, the supply must furnish a large warm-up current if the system is switched on from a cold starting condition. The contactor or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* R.J. Talling, R.J. Dashwood, M. Jackson, D. Dye, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645408008082 On the mechanism of superelasticity in Gum metal], Acta Materialia, Volume 57, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1188-1198, ISSN 1359-6454, doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.11.013.
* N.G. Jones, R.J. Dashwood, M. Jacks... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pyrometer, or radiation thermometer, is a type of remote sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of distant objects. Various forms of pyrometers have historically existed. In the modern usage, it is a device that from a distance determines the temperature of a surface from the amount of the thermal radiat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Morse was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1986. In 1997 she received the Garvan–Olin Medal for scientific accomplishments by a woman chemist from the American Chemical Society. In 2012 Western Washington University named the chemistry building the Karen W. Morse Hall in re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Introductory chemistry uses postulates: the oxidation state for an element in a chemical formula is calculated from the overall charge and postulated oxidation states for all the other atoms.
A simple example is based on two postulates,
# OS = +1 for hydrogen
# OS = −2 for oxygen
where OS stands for oxidation state. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ferric chloride test can be used to detect metabolites in urine in case of inborn error of metabolism such as phenylketonuria. Compounds such as phenylpyruvate increase in plasma and are excreted out via urine. Also, it can be used to detect salicylates in urine, quick diagnostic test for aspirin overdose. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of ways to measure ocean turbidity, including autonomous remote vehicles, shipcasts and satellites.
From a satellite, a proxy measurement of the water turbidity can be made by examining the amount of reflectance in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For the Advanced Very High Resolut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion engineering involves good design. Using a rounded edge rather than an acute edge reduces corrosion. Also not coupling by welding or other joining method, two dissimilar metals to avoid galvanic corrosion is best practice. Avoiding having a small anode (or anodic material) next to a large cathode (or cathodic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyaniline nanofibers can also be synthesized through "rapid mixing" reactions. This method attempts to prevent overgrowth that would compromise the nanofiber nature of the polymer by stopping the polymerization immediately after nanofibers have been formed. This is achieved by the rapid mixing of the monomer, aniline... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CrysTBox is compiled to a stand-alone installers using MATLAB Compiler. Therefore, 1-2 GB of MATLAB libraries are installed together with the toolbox.
The diffraction simulation used in cellViewer is based on kinematic diffraction theory. This allows for a real-time response to user interaction, but it does not cover a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions .
Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause sever... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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