text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Marshall and his co-workers used their asymmetric allenylmetal-homoaldol tactic to construct polypropionate frameworks of (+)-discodermolide. The novelty of the Marshall approach is that the three stereotriad subunits are assembled through addition of non-racemic allenylmetal reagents to (S)-3-silyloxy-2-methylpropanal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the fact that the process of chemosynthesis has been known for more than a hundred years, its significance and importance are still relevant today in the transformation of chemical elements in biogeochemical cycles. Today, the vital processes of nitrifying bacteria, which lead to the oxidation of ammonia to nit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a plane wall located at in the cylindrical coordinates , moving with a constant velocity towards the left. Consider another plane wall(scraper), at an inclined position, making an angle from the positive direction and let the point of intersection be at . This description is equivalent to moving the scrape... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism involves the addition of amine to dichlorocarbene, a reactive intermediate generated by the dehydrohalogenation of chloroform. Two successive base-mediated dehydrochlorination steps result in formation of the isocyanide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before the Great Oxygenation Event, copper was not readily available for living organisms. Most early copper was Cu and Cu. This oxidation state of copper is not very soluble in water. One billion years ago, after the great oxidation event the oxygen pressure rose sufficiently to oxidise Cu to Cu, increasing its solubi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds with carbon-fluorine bonds. Compounds that contain many C-F bonds often have distinctive properties, e.g., enhanced stability, volatility, and hydrophobicity. Several fluorocarbons and their derivatives are commercial polymers, refrigerants, drugs, and anesthetics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In environmental chemistry, air sparging is an in situ remediation technique that removes volatile pollutants from contaminated groundwater and soil. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exposure limits for UV, particularly the germicidal UV-C range, have evolved over time due to scientific research and changing technology. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have set exposure limits to safe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for polar molecules, and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Se-79, half-life of 327k years, is one of the long-lived fission products. Given the stability of its next lighter and heavier isotopes and the high cross section those isotopes exhibit for various neutron reactions, it is likely that the relatively low yield is due to Se-79 being destroyed in the reactor to an appreci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ernest Rutherford was born on 30 August 1871 in Brightwater, a town near Nelson, New Zealand. He was the fourth of twelve children of James Rutherford, an immigrant farmer and mechanic from Perth, Scotland, and his wife Martha Thompson, a schoolteacher from Hornchurch, England. Rutherfords birth certificate was mistake... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The low cost ($200/ton) and high cycle rate (2,000 ×) of synthetic zeolites such as Linde 13X with water adsorbate has garnered much academic and commercial interest recently for use for thermal energy storage (TES), specifically of low-grade solar and waste heat. Several pilot projects have been funded in the EU from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John Gaddum (1900–1965) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1935 to 1938.
Like A.J. Clark, he had a profound interest in quantitative methods.
He extended A.J. Clark's work on competitive antagonism, and applied the law of mass action to describe the relationship (the Gaddum equation) between receptor occupancy and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NV centers emit bright red light (E→A transitions), if excited off-resonantly by visible green light (A →E transitions). This can be done with convenient light sources such as argon or krypton lasers, frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers, dye lasers, or He-Ne lasers. Excitation can also be achieved at energies below that of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2007 a quantum model was proposed by Graham Fleming and his co-workers which includes the possibility that photosynthetic energy transfer might involve quantum oscillations, explaining its unusually high efficiency.
According to Fleming there is direct evidence that remarkably long-lived wavelike electronic quantum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Almost all coal-fired power stations, petroleum, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as all natural gas power stations are thermal. Natural gas is frequently burned in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Ancient Greece, there existed a separation between physician and herbalist. The duties of the herbalist was to supply physicians with raw materials, including plants, to make medicines. According to Edward Kremers and Glenn Sonnedecker, "before, during and after the time of Hippocrates there was a group of experts i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human trace amines include:
While not trace amines themselves, the classical monoamines norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine are all partial agonists at the human TAAR1 receptor; dopamine is a high-affinity agonist at human TAAR1. and are endogenous amines in humans, however, their human TAAR1 binding has not... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spin echo small angle neutron scattering (SESANS) measures structures from around 20 to 2000 nm in size. The information is presented as a real-space (similar to g(r)) as opposed to a reciprocal space (q(r)) mapping. This can simplify the interpretation for some systems.
SESANS is useful for studying processes that oc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As tissue replacements, nanocomposite hydrogels need to interact with cells and form functional tissues. With the incorporated nanoparticles and nanomaterials, these hydrogels can mimic the physical, chemical, electrical, and biological properties of most native tissue. Each type of nanocomposite hydrogels has its own ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser spray ionization refers to one of several methods for creating ions using a laser interacting with a spray of neutral particles or ablating material to create a plume of charged particles. The ions thus formed can be separated by m/z with mass spectrometry. Laser spray is one of several ion sources that can be co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2000, EPA drafted plans to phase out the use of MTBE nationwide over four years.. Some states enacted MTBE prohibitions without waiting for federal restrictions. California banned MTBE as a gasoline additive in 2002. The State of New York banned the use of MTBE as a "fuel additive", effective in 2004. MTBE use is st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers are used in directional drilling for oil or gas to detect the azimuth of the drilling tools near the drill. They are most often paired with accelerometers in drilling tools so that both the inclination and azimuth of the drill can be found. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) is a passive sampling device which allows for the in situ collection of a time-integrated average of hydrophilic organic contaminants developed by researchers with the United States Geological Survey in Columbia, Missouri. POCIS provides a means for estimating the to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bawendi was one of the most cited chemists of the decade from 2000 to 2010. He is a leading figure in the research and development of quantum dots. Quantum dots are tiny semiconducting crystals whose nanoscale size gives them unique optical and electronic properties.
A major challenge in quantum dot research was to fi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The petition was addressed to the President and Council of the Chemical Society. It highlighted that in the previous thirty years that there were "about 150 women" who had appeared as authors on some 300 papers published by the Society. It listed the number of papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society in the period... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal phosphate complexes are coordination complexes with one or more phosphate ligands. Phosphate binds to metals through one, two, three, or all four oxygen atoms. The bidentate coordination mode is common. The second and third pK's of phosphoric acid, pK and pK, are 7.2 and 12.37, respectively. It fol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The field of Cu isotope biogeochemistry is still in a relatively early stage, so the Cu isotope compositions of materials in the environment are not well-documented. However, based on a compilation of measurements already made, it appears that Cu isotope ratios vary somewhat widely within and between environmental mate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Constrained geometry complexes are related to ansa-metallocenes except that one ligand is not Cp-related. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Robert Goulston Gilbert (born 1946) is a polymer chemist whose most significant contributions have been in the field of emulsion polymerisation. In 1970, he gained his PhD from the Australian National University, and worked at the University of Sydney from then until 2006. In 1982, he was elected a fellow of the Royal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similarly to bond angles, the hybridisation of an atom can be related to the lengths of the bonds it forms. As bonding orbitals increase in s character, the σ bond length decreases.
By adding electronegative substituents and changing the hybridisation of the central atoms, bond lengths can be manipulated. If a mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Time-of-flight Lorentz force velocimetry, is intended for contactless determination of flow rate in conductive fluids. It can be successfully used even in case when such material properties as electrical conductivity or density are not precisely known under specific outer conditions. The last reason makes time-of-fligh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), or nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is an anaerobic respiration process. Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor, reducing it to nitrite, then ammonium (). Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molecule malabaricane and its derivatives, the malabaricanes, are triterpene and triterpenoid compounds found in various organisms. They are named after the rain forest tree Ailanthus malabarica (Ailanthus triphysa), from which they were first isolated in 1967 by scientists at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under severe stress conditions the bacteria Escherichia coli protects its DNA from damage by sequestering it within a crystalline structure. This process is mediated by the stress response protein Dps and allows the bacteria to survive varied assaults such as oxidative stress, heat shock, ultraviolet light, gamma radia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The level sets of the PRA are objective in two dimensions but not in three dimensions. An additional shortcoming of the polar rotation tensor is its dynamical inconsistency: polar rotations computed over adjacent sub-intervals of a total deformation do not sum up to the rotation computed for the full-time interval of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The school was founded in 1929. In 1932, constructivist building was built for the school (architect: A. I. Bobrov). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case of concrete, curing entails the formation of silicate crosslinks. The process is not induced by additives.
In many cases, the resin is provided as a solution or mixture with a thermally-activated catalyst, which induces crosslinking but only upon heating. For example, some acrylate-based resins are formula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Parameters include surface profile types (spherical, aspheric, holographic, diffractive, etc.), as well as radius of curvature, distance to the next surface, ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conventional chain-growth polymerization involves at least two phases; initiation and propagation, while and in some cases termination and chain transfer phases also occur. Chain-growth supramolecular polymerization in a broad sense involves two distinct phases; a less favored nucleation and a favored propagation. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many diphenylamine derivatives are used as redox indicators that are particularly useful in alkaline redox titrations. The diphenylaminesulfonic acid is a simple prototype redox indicator, owing to its improved aqueous solubility compared with diphenylamine. Attempts have been made to explain the color changes associat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ycf4 protein domain found on the thylakoid membrane is vital to photosystem I. This thylakoid transmembrane protein helps assemble the components of photosystem I. Without it, photosynthesis would be inefficient. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium has leaked from 48 of 65 nuclear sites in the US. In one case, leaking water contained of tritium per liter, which is 375 times the current EPA limit for drinking water, and 28 times the World Health Organization's recommended limit. This is equivalent to or roughly 0.8 parts per trillion.
The US Nuclear Regu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main types of steps in chain reaction are of the following types.
* Initiation (formation of active particles or chain carriers, often free radicals, in either a thermal or a photochemical step)
* Propagation (may comprise several elementary steps in a cycle, where the active particle through reaction forms another... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early part of the 20th century, most engineering schools had a department of metallurgy and perhaps of ceramics as well. Much effort was expended on consideration of the austenite - martensite - cementite phases found in the iron - carbon phase diagram that underlies steel production. The fundamental understand... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioorganic chemistry is a scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. It is that branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. Protein and enzyme function are examples of these processes.
Sometimes biochemistry is used interchangeably for bi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coal plies and particles have different relative densities, determined by vitrinite content, rank, ash value/mineral content and porosity. Coal is usually washed by passing it over a bath of liquid of known density. This removes high-ash value particle and increases the saleability of the coal as well as its energy con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If an electron in a two level atomic system is excited by narrow line width coherent electro-magnetic radiation, like a laser, that is on resonance with the two level transition, the electron will Rabi flop. During Rabi flopping the electron oscillates between the ground and excited states and can be described by a con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DEHPA is used in the solvent extraction of uranium salts from solutions containing the sulfate, chloride, or perchlorate anions. This extraction is known as the “Dapex procedure” (dialkyl phosphoric extraction). Reminiscent of the behaviours of carboxylic acids, DEHPA generally exists as a hydrogen-bonded dimer in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marc Delafontaine (March 31, 1837/1838, Céligny, Switzerland–1911) was a Swiss chemist and spectroscopist who was involved in discovering and investigating some of the rare earth elements. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecularity in chemistry is the number of colliding molecular entities that are involved in a single reaction step.
* A reaction step involving one molecular entity is called unimolecular.
* A reaction step involving two molecular entities is called bimolecular.
* A reaction step involving three molecular entities is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A buoyant sediment-laden river plume can induce a secondary turbidity current on the ocean floor by the process of convective sedimentation. Sediment in the initially buoyant hypopycnal flow accumulates at the base of the surface flow, so that the dense lower boundary become unstable. The resulting convective sedimenta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
S has been positively correlated with the magnitude of carbon isotope fractionation (represented by ΔC), with larger values of S corresponding with a larger values of ΔC. It has been theorized that because increasing S means the transition state is more like the product, the OC---C-2 bond will be shorter, resulting in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tomlin was a student of mathematics and of the history of science and philosophy of science at the University of Leeds, where she earned a combined bachelors degree in those topics in 1987. She continued at Leeds as a graduate student in physical chemistry, completing her dissertation Bifurcation analysis for non-linea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many fish oil dietary supplements on the market. Evidence suggests that marine based omega-3 dietary supplements are able to reduce cardiovascular disease, and premature death. These effects may not carry over in other populations such as people who have diabetes. The ingredients of dietary supplements are no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotropic formulations are thermodynamically stable microemulsions possessing lyotropic liquid crystal properties. They inhabit a state of matter and physical behaviour somewhere between conventional liquids and that of solid crystals. Isotropic formulations are amphiphillic, exhibiting selective synchronicity with bot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the bacteria to use quorum sensing constitutively, they must possess three abilities: secretion of a signaling molecule, secretion of an autoinducer (to detect the change in concentration of signaling molecules), and regulation of gene transcription as a response. This process is highly dependent on the diffusion m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are also electrostatic confinement fusion devices. These devices confine ions using electrostatic fields. The best known is the fusor. This device has a cathode inside an anode wire cage. Positive ions fly towards the negative inner cage, and are heated by the electric field in the process. If they miss the inner... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* PEX1
* PEX2
* PEX3
* PEX5
* PEX6
* PEX7
* PEX10
* PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G
* PEX12
* PEX13
* PEX14
* PEX16
* PEX19
* PEX26 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agglomerins are bacterial natural products, identified as metabolites of Pantoea agglomerans which was isolated in 1989 from river water in Kobe, Japan. They belong to the class of tetronate antibiotics, which include tetronomycin, tetronasin, and abyssomicin C. The members of the agglomerins differ only in the composi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pullulan bioconjugate systems can be formed to respond to many different stimuli to enhance the release of the drug to the target tissue. These stimuli include pH, temperature, photothermal, electrical, ultrasonic, magnetic, and enzymatic. The pH is often used to target tumor tissues, as the extracellular pH of tumors ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First-row metal complexes tend to undergo reductive elimination faster than second-row metal complexes, which tend to be faster than third-row metal complexes. This is due to bond strength, with metal-ligand bonds in first-row complexes being weaker than metal-ligand bonds in third-row complexes. Additionally, electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GAI or Gibberellic-Acid Insensitive is a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana which is involved in regulation of plant growth. GAI represses the pathway of gibberellin-sensitive plant growth. It does this by way of its conserved DELLA motif. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to maintain the solution electroneutrality inside the pit populated by cations released by oxidation in the anodic zone (e.g., in case of steel), anions need to migrate inside the narrow pit. It is worth to notice that the electromobilities of thiosulfate () and chloride () anions are the highest after these ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics (specifically rheology), rheoscopic fluids are fluids whose internal currents are visible as it flows. Such fluids are effective in visualizing dynamic currents, such as convection and laminar flow. They are microscopic crystalline platelets such as mica, metallic flakes, or fish scales in suspension... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The saprobic index is only regarded as a valid estimate if the sum of the abundance classes is at least 20. For example, if a survey only found a total of 500 individuals of any species, the sample would still be valid if the survey found four species with 125 individuals each (abundance class 5).
Likewise, a single wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An atom interferometer creates coherent atomic beams, where the coherence is with respect to the phase of the atom's de Broglie wave. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid chlorides can be used as a chloride source. Thus acetyl chloride can be distilled from a mixture of benzoyl chloride and acetic acid:
Other methods that do not form HCl include the Appel reaction:
Another is the use of cyanuric chloride: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As for pure liquids, the viscosity of a blend of liquids is difficult to predict from molecular principles. One method is to extend the molecular "cage" theory presented above for a pure liquid. This can be done with varying levels of sophistication. One expression resulting from such an analysis is the Lederer–Roegier... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charge referencing is needed when a sample suffers a charge induced shift of experimental binding energies to obtain meaningful binding energies from both wide-scan, high sensitivity (low energy resolution) survey spectra (0-1100 eV), and also narrow-scan, chemical state (high energy resolution) spectra. Charge induced... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Leakage current increases significantly in bipolar transistors (especially germanium-based bipolar transistors) as they increase in temperature. Depending on the design of the circuit, this increase in leakage current can increase the current flowing through a transistor and thus the power dissipation, causing a furthe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tang was educated at Northeastern University (China), where he received his BSc degree in chemistry in 1995. Then he attended the Institute of Metal Research in China and was awarded a MSc degree in inorganic materials in 1998. In 2001, Tang was awarded a PhD in physical chemistry with research on heterogeneous cataly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The G-less cassette is a reporter gene that encodes a transcript lacking guanine nucleotides in the sense strand of the DNA (hence "G-less"). A plasmid containing such a gene is located downstream of a MCS. After the promoter is inserted into the MCS, transcription proceeds with the addition of radiolabeled UTP, CTP, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pregnant leach solution or pregnant liquor solution (PLS) is acidic metal-laden water generated from stockpile leaching and heap leaching. Pregnant leach solution is used in the solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) process.
The portion of an original liquid that remains after other components have been dissolv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P. rubens is the principal source of a class of antibiotics, penicillins. The species produces three such compounds, benzylpenicillin (G), phenoxymethylpenicillin (V) and octanoylpenicillin (K). Penicillin G is the first naturally occurring compound isolated and used as an antibiotic. It is also the source of cephalosp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The viral epitranscriptome includes all modifications to viral transcripts, studied by viral epitranscriptomics. Like the more general epitranscriptome, these modifications do not affect the sequence of the transcript, but rather have consequences on subsequent structures and functions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sustained load cracking, or SLC, is a metallurgical phenomenon that occasionally develops in pressure vessels and structural components under stress for sustained periods of time.
It is particularly noted in aluminium pressure vessels such as diving cylinders.
Sustained load cracking is not a manufacturing defect; it i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Type K (chromel–alumel) is the most common general-purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41 μV/°C. It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are available in its −200 °C to +1350 °C (−330 °F to +2460 °F) range. Type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation is exerted on neutral atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential and non-sequential. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There has been a growing interest in the application of IC in the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs. IC is used in different aspects of product development and quality control testing. For example, IC is used to improve stabilities and solubility properties of pharmaceutical active drugs molecules as well as used to det... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(a) Capturing of the magnetic beads.<br>
During this suction process,
when the magnetic field are applied to the separation region of piper tip, from outside of pipette tip, by the magnet arranged on the outside of the pipette tip,
as liquid containing magnetic beads passes through a separation region of the pipette ti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Snail shell is an aragonite-protein composite, with a hierarchical groove structure. The regular roughness of the structure creates a hydrophilic structure, a thin layer of water trapped on the surface, that doesn’t allow oil to attach to the snail shell, thereby keeping the shell clean. These surface properties of sna... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
()() had the highest quantum yield in visible light for visible light-based photocatalysts that do not utilize sacrificial reagents as of October 2008. The photocatalyst featured a quantum yield of 5.9% and a water splitting rate of 0.4 mmol/h. Tuning the catalyst was done by increasing calcination temperatures for th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is indicated for intraocular pressure reduction in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATP can also be synthesized through several so-called "replenishment" reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs), which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high-energy phosphate donor, and the ATP:guanido-phosphotransferase family. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levorphanol acts predominantly as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), but is also an agonist of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), κ-opioid receptor (KOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP), as well as an NMDA receptor antagonist and a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Levorphanol, similarly to certa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effective fragment potential (EFP) method is a computational approach designed to describe intermolecular interactions and environmental effects. It is a computationally inexpensive means to describe interactions in non-bonded systems. It was originally formulated to describe the solvent effects in complex chemical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To illustrate how choices of coordinate systems for calculations of chemical bonds can immensely affect the results and consequently engender ill-defined descriptors of the bonds, sample calculations for n-butane and cyclobutane are shown in this section. Note that it is known that the all the four equivalent C-C bonds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Defective function of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein in snRNP biogenesis, caused by a genetic defect in the SMN1 gene which codes for SMN, may account for the motor neuron pathology observed in the genetic disorder spinal muscular atrophy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The surface tension (γ) of a material is directly related to its intramolecular and intermolecular forces. The stronger the force, the greater the surface tension. This can be modeled by an equation:
Where ΔU is the energy of vaporization, N is the Avogadro constant, and a is the surface area per molecule. This equatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are numerous applications for quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the laboratory. It is commonly used for both diagnostic and basic research. Uses of the technique in industry include the quantification of microbial load in foods or on vegetable matter, the detection of GMOs (genetically modified organisms)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The typical composition of commercial HTS catalyst has been reported as 74.2% FeO, 10.0% CrO, 0.2% MgO (remaining percentage attributed to volatile components). The chromium acts to stabilize the iron oxide and prevents sintering. The operation of HTS catalysts occurs within the temperature range of 310 °C to 450 °C. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The repair of the MAT locus after cutting by the HO endonuclease almost always results in a mating type switch. When an a cell cuts the MATa allele present at the MAT locus, the cut at MAT will almost always be repaired by copying the information present at HML. This results in MAT being repaired to the MATα allele, sw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the worlds first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotles long-held supposition that nature... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
Fixed air, or fixible air, is an ancient term for carbon dioxide
Joseph Priestley credited Joseph Black for discovering and coining "fixed air", which was thought to exist in a fixed state in alkaline salts, chalk, and other calcareous substances. Black considered substances containing fixed air to be "mild", a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a short section of the DNA double helix near the start of the gene (the transcription start site). This unwound section is known as the transcription bubble. The RNA polymerase, and with it the transcription bubble, travels along the noncoding strand in the opposite, 3 to 5,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among his awards are the Boris Pregel Award for Research in Chemical Physics (New York Academy of Sciences) in 1971 and election in 1981 as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for "pioneering work in transition metal organometallic chemistry and synthetic oxygen carriers". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medicine, the term "labile" means susceptible to alteration or destruction. For example, a heat-labile protein is one that can be changed or destroyed at high temperatures.
The opposite of labile in this context is "stable". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As Reynolds number increases ( becomes larger), the flow tends to become uniform(thus approaching potential flow solution), except for boundary layers near the walls. Since is large and is given, it is clear from the solution that must be large, therefore . But when , , the solution becomes
It is clear that everywh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.