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Cram was born and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing new... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of homoaromaticity has its origins in the debate over the non-classical carbonium ions that occurred in the 1950s. Saul Winstein, a famous proponent of the non-classical ion model, first described homoaromaticity while studying the 3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl cation.
In a series of acetolysis experiments, Winstei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The main room for gender studies at the National University of Cuyo was named after Rietti in October 2010, to pay tribute to Argentine women scientists.
* On 4 November 2011, the National University of Rosario awarded her an honorary doctorate.
* In 2022, Rietti was one of eleven women scientists honored in the rena... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the study of conformational isomerism, the gauche effect is an atypical situation where a gauche conformation (groups separated by a torsion angle of approximately 60°) is more stable than the anti conformation (180°).
There are both steric and electronic effects that affect the relative stability of conformers. Ord... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Example: A porcine ERV (PERV) Chinese-born minipig isolate, PERV-A-BM, was sequenced completely and along with different breeds and cell lines in order to understand its genetic variation and evolution. The observed number of nucleotide substitutions and among the different genome sequences helped researchers determine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methanogenesis, the process that generates methane from CO, involves a series of methylation reactions. These reactions are caused by a set of enzymes harbored by a family of anaerobic microbes.
In reverse methanogenesis, methane is the methylating agent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are four different types of cross ventilation:
*Single-sided ventilation: This method depends on the pressure contrasts between different openings within the occupied space. For rooms that only feature a single opening, the ventilation is impelled by turbulence, thereby creating a pumping activity on that lone op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2018, OpenCFD Ltd. and some of its industrial, academic, and community partners established an administrative body, i.e. OpenFOAM Governance, to allow the OpenFOAM's user community to decide/contribute the future development and direction of their variant of the software.
The structure of OpenFOAM Governance consist... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Systematic surveys can be used to in searching for mineral deposits or locating lost objects. Such surveys are divided into:
*Aeromagnetic survey
*Borehole
*Ground
*Marine
Aeromag datasets for Australia can be downloaded from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601172707/http://www.geoscience.gov.au/bin/mapserv36?map... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adrenal androgen stimulating hormone (AASH), also known as cortical androgen stimulating hormone (CASH), is a hypothetical hormone which has been proposed to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other salts of the dimethylaminomethylene cation:
*Dimethyl(methylidene)ammonium trifluoroacetate.
*Dimethyl(methylidene)ammonium chloride (Böhmes salt', after Horst Böhme) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superhydrophilicity refers to the phenomenon of excess hydrophilicity, or attraction to water; in superhydrophilic materials, the contact angle of water is equal to zero degrees. This effect was discovered in 1995 by the Research Institute of Toto Ltd. for titanium dioxide irradiated by sunlight. Under light irradiatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Druggability is a term used in drug discovery to describe a biological target (such as a protein) that is known to or is predicted to bind with high affinity to a drug. Furthermore, by definition, the binding of the drug to a druggable target must alter the function of the target with a therapeutic benefit to the pati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The broad scope of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis has made it particularly useful for the synthesis of poly aryl systems including pyridyl, thienyl, and furanyl moieties as well. The method tolerates a broad array of aryl substitiuents on both the α-pyridinium methyl ketone fragment and the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the pressure coefficient is a dimensionless number which describes the relative pressures throughout a flow field. The pressure coefficient is used in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Every point in a fluid flow field has its own unique pressure coefficient, .
In many situations in aerodynamics and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phage particle adsorbs onto the surface of the bacterium using the tail fibers for specificity. The tail sheath contracts and the DNA of the phage is injected into the host cell. The host DNA recombination machinery or the cre enzyme translated from the viral DNA recombine the terminally redundant ends and circular... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the hybridization-ligation assay a template probe replaces the capture probe in the sandwich assay for immobilization to the solid support. The template probe is fully complementary to the oligonucleotide analyte and is intended to serve as a substrate for T4 DNA ligase-mediated ligation. The template probe has in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volkensin is a eukaryotic ribosome-inactivating protein found in the Adenia volkensii plant. It is a glycoprotein with two subunits A and B. A subunit is linked to B subunit with disulfide bridges and non-covalent bonds. B subunit is responsible for binding to the galactosyl-terminated receptors on the cell membrane th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A magnetohydrodynamic accelerator is an MHD converter that imparts motion to an electrically conductive fluid initially at rest, using cross electric current and magnetic field both applied within the fluid. MHD propulsion has been mostly tested with models of ships and submarines in seawater. Studies are also ongoing ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a reaction to be considered a click reaction, it must satisfy certain characteristics:
* modularity
* insensitivity to solvent parameters
* high chemical yields
* insensitivity towards oxygen and water
* regiospecificity and stereospecificity
* a large thermodynamic driving force (>20 kcal/mol) to favor a reaction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ortho-Substituted aryl aldehyde complexes undergo diastereoselective nucleophilic addition with organometallic reagents and other nucleophiles. Equation (8) is an example of a diastereoselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction.
Pinacol coupling and the corresponding diamine coupling are possible in the presence of a one... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Puckorius scaling index (PSI) uses slightly different parameters to quantify the relationship between the saturation state of the water and the amount of limescale deposited. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most chemical safety legislation in the UK covers the transport of hazardous chemicals by road. Companies carrying dangerous substances must comply with the legislation. The NCEC worked with the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) to develop a set of safety codes for carrying dangerous chemicals for National Int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The plasma concentration of levobupivacaine is influenced by both the dosage and the method of administration. Additionally, absorption depends on the vascularity of the tissue. Maximum plasma concentration of 1.2 µg/mL is reached approximately 30 minutes post epidural injection.
Levobupivacaine undergoes biotransform... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Steep slopes impede access by heavy construction machinery to mountain streams, so check dams have been built in place of larger dams. Because the typic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dose of the coagulant to be used can be determined via the jar test. The jar test involves exposing same volume samples of the water to be treated to different doses of the coagulant and then simultaneously mixing the samples at a constant rapid mixing time. The microfloc formed after coagulation further undergoes ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a virus transforms a cell it often causes cancer by either altering the cells' existing genome or introducing additional genetic material which causes cells to uncontrollably replicate. It is rarely considered that what causes so much harm also has the capability of reversing the process and slowing the cancer gro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent. This periodinane is especially suited to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes. IBX is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid, potassium bromate, and sulfuric acid. Frigerio and co-workers have also demonstrated, in 1999 that potassium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Wash pipe ends to create clean surfaces for joining
# Square pipe ends to facilitate optimal fit-up
# Clean area where coupler will be placed with isopropyl alcohol
# Mark the pipes slightly beyond half the length of the coupler, to indicate where scraping will take place in later steps
# Mark the area to be scraped... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enyne cycloisomerization, an alkyne variant of the Alder-ene reaction (figure 5), is an intramolecular rearrangement of 1,n–enynes to give the corresponding cyclic isomer.
Although the rearrangement may occur under thermal conditions, the scope of the thermal rearrangement is limited due to the requirement of high temp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferhan Çeçen was born on June 15, 1961, in Istanbul, Turkey. She graduated from the Deutsche Schule Istanbul in 1980 and speaks fluent English and German in addition to her native Turkish. Çeçen completed a B.S. in chemical engineering at Boğaziçi University in 1984.
In 1986, she completed a M.S. in environmental engin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disorders in mtFASII lead to the following metabolic diseases:
* ACSF3: Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA)
* MCAT: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
* MECR: Mitochondrial enoyl-CoA reductase protein-associated neurodegeneration (MEPAN) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In early 1871 Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented a generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry.
In 1878, a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by William, Lord Armstrong at Cragside, England. It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos. The elect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Italian program began in 1989 with a budget of about 20 million $US, and had three main development areas:
# MHD Modelling.
# Superconducting magnet development. The goal in 1994 was a prototype 2m long, storing 66MJ, for an MHD demonstration 8m long. The field was to be 5teslas, with a taper of 0.15T/m. The geomet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amorphous materials in soil strongly influence bulk density, aggregate stability, plasticity, and water holding capacity of soils. The low bulk density and high void ratios are mostly due to glass shards and other porous minerals not becoming compacted. Andisol soils contain the highest amounts of amorphous materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure inside an ideal spherical bubble can be derived from thermodynamic free energy considerations. The above free energy can be written as:
where is the pressure difference between the inside (A) and outside (B) of the bubble, and is the bubble volume. In equilibrium, , and so,
For a spherical bubble, the vo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solvent effects on colors and stability are often attributable to changes in the second coordination sphere. Such effects can be pronounced in complexes where the ligands in the first coordination sphere are strong hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, e.g. respectively [Co(NH)] and [[Ferricyanide|[Fe(CN)]]]. Crown-ethe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemical processes are processes in photoelectrochemistry; they usually involve transforming light into other forms of energy. These processes apply to photochemistry, optically pumped lasers, sensitized solar cells, luminescence, and photochromism. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boric acid is used in some nuclear power plants as a neutron poison. The boron in boric acid reduces the probability of thermal fission by absorbing some thermal neutrons. Fission chain reactions are generally driven by the probability that free neutrons will result in fission and is determined by the material and geom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gases are compressible and change volume when placed under pressure, are heated or are cooled. A volume of gas under one set of pressure and temperature conditions is not equivalent to the same gas under different conditions. References will be made to "actual" flow rate through a meter and "standard" or "base" flow ra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The metal-dependent Fdh's feature Mo or W at their active sites. These active sites resemble the motif seen in DMSO reductase, with two molybdopterin cofactors bound to Mo/W in a bidentate fashion. The fifth and sixth ligands are sulfide and either cysteinate or selenocysteinate.
The mechanism of action appears to in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once Boltwood was offered a full professorship and chair of radiochemistry position at Yale in 1910, his career became more academic and he no longer actively pursued research. He was elected to both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1911. He was elected to the Ame... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chinese descriptions of alchemical laboratory equipment vary among texts and traditions, but share some common terminology. The following outline concerns alchemical hardware rather than liturgical or magical artifacts such as the sword, sun and moon mirrors, and peach-wood talismans.
The alchemy laboratory was called ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In April 1989, MIM Holdings Limited acquired the world rights to the Jameson Cell from TUNRA, with TUNRA retaining the rights to use the Cell for waste water treatment.
After the initial applications within the MIM Holdings group of companies, the years to 1994 saw Jameson Cells installed by various base and precious m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electrode electrolyte interface behaves like a capacitance called electrochemical double-layer capacitance . The equivalent circuit for the redox reaction in Fig. 2 includes the double-layer capacitance as well as the charge transfer resistance . Another analog circuit commonly used to model the electrochemical do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The EPS process (see Figure 2) begins with hot rolled strip steel in coil form. This steel pays off of an uncoiler, then passes through a machine which serves the purpose of "scale breaker", "leveler" or both. This machine (see Figure 2) works the material between sets of hardened rollers. This has the effect of remov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy that is concerned with infrared and Raman spectra of molecules in the gas phase. Transitions involving changes in both vibrational and rotational states can be abbreviated as rovibrational (or ro-vibrational) transitions. When such transitions em... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cram once admitted that his career wasnt without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a masters degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mount Holyoke College. Cram chose not to h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bond length is related to bond order: when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond is shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy: all other factors being equal, a stronger bond will be shorter. In a bond between two identical atoms, half the bond dista... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A combination of radiochemistry and radiation chemistry is used to study nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion. Some early evidence for nuclear fission was the formation of a short-lived radioisotope of barium which was isolated from neutron irradiated uranium (Ba, with a half-life of 83 minutes and Ba, with a h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surprisal (a term coined in this context by Myron Tribus) was first introduced to better understand the specificity of energy release and selectivity of energy requirements of elementary chemical reactions. This gave rise to a series of new experiments which demonstrated that in elementary reactions, the nascent produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Faculty of Humanities
* Faculty of Management, Economics and Ecology
* Faculty of Natural Sciences
* Faculty of Engineering
* Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and electronic materials
* Faculty of Biotechnology and Organic synthesis
* Faculty of Physics, Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Process... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When comparing a polar and nonpolar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a higher boiling point, because the dipole–dipole interaction between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. One common form of polar interaction is the hydrogen bond, which is also known a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One application of molecular imprinting technology is in affinity-based separations for biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. Sample preconcentration and treatment can be carried out by removing targeted trace amounts of analytes in samples using MIPs. The feasibility of MIPs in solid-phase extraction, solid-ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The entropy due to a set of states that can be either occupied with probability or empty with probability can be written as:
where is Boltzmann constant.
For a continuously distributed set of states as a function of energy, such as the eigenstates in an electronic band structure, the above sum can be written as an i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Norsteroids (nor-, L. norma, from "normal" in chemistry, indicating carbon removal) are a structural class of steroids that have had an atom or atoms (typically carbon) removed, biosynthetically or synthetically, from positions of branching off of rings or side chains (e.g., removal of methyl groups), or from within ri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of shear flow is particularly useful when analyzing semi-monocoque structures, which can be idealized using the skin-stringer model. In this model, the longitudinal members, or stringers, carry only axial stress, while the skin or web resists the externally applied torsion and shear force. In this case, sin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), also known as deoxyguanylic acid or deoxyguanylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP), in which the –OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been reduced to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electro-electrodialysis is an electromembrane process utilizing three compartments, which combines electrodialysis and electrolysis. It is commonly used to recover acid from a solution using AEM, CEM and electrolysis. The three compartments are separated by two barriers, which are the ion exchange membranes. The compar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pulsed sources allow for the utilization of Fourier-transform spectroscopy principles in scanning near-field optical microscopy techniques. Particularly in nano-FTIR, where the scattering from a sharp probe-tip is used to perform spectroscopy of samples with nanoscale spatial resolution, a high-power illumination from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [https://sosradon.org/devices National radon program services]. Kansas State University. Accessed 17 October 2017. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the ambiguity of the term valence, other notations are currently preferred. Beside the lambda notation, as used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, oxidation state is a more clear indication of the electronic state of atoms in a molecule.
The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule gives the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GaN is another option, because metal nitrides usually have a narrow band gap that could encompass almost the entire solar spectrum. GaN has a narrower band gap than but is still large enough to allow water splitting to occur at the surface. GaN nanowires exhibited better performance than GaN thin films, because they h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absolute size-exclusion chromatography (ASEC) is a technique that couples a light scattering instrument, most commonly multi-angle light scattering (MALS) or another form of static light scattering (SLS), but possibly a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument, to a size-exclusion chromatography system for absolute mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a manuscript from 1704, Newton describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible and estimates that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this, he said, "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This equipment is a spectroscopic (light gathering) apparatus and corresponding method for rapidly detecting and analyzing analytes in a sample. The sample is irradiated by an excitation source in optical communication with the sample. The excitation source may include, but is not limited to, a laser, a flash lamp, an ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the receptor is inactive, the GEF domain may be bound to an also inactive α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein. These "G-proteins" are a trimer of α, β, and γ subunits (known as Gα, Gβ, and Gγ, respectively) that is rendered inactive when reversibly bound to Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) (or, alternatively, no gu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The glucose transporter (GLUTs) is a type of uniporter responsible for the facilitated diffusion of glucose molecules across cell membranes.Glucose is a vital energy source for most living cells, however, due to its large size, it cannot freely move through the cell membrane. The glucose transporter is specialized in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biotechnology,
Bioluminescence,
Molecular chemistry,
Enzymatic chemistry,
Genetic engineering,
Pharmaceuticals,
Endocrinology,
Neurochemistry,
Hematology,
Nutrition,
Photosynthesis,
Environmental,
Toxicology | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 17-bp transcriptional complex has an 8-bp DNA-RNA hybrid, that is, 8 base-pairs involve the RNA transcript bound to the DNA template strand. As transcription progresses, ribonucleotides are added to the 3′ end of the RNA transcript and the RNAP complex moves along the DNA. The characteristic elongation rates in pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsequent research on DNA computing has produced [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8642913 reversible DNA computing], bringing the technology one step closer to the silicon-based computing used in (for example) PCs. In particular, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190201104419/https://users.cs.duke.edu/~reif/index.ht... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cross-over temperature from the normal hadronic to the QGP phase is about . This "crossover" may actually not be only a qualitative feature, but instead one may have to do with a true (second order) phase transition, e.g. of the universality class of the three-dimensional Ising model. The phenomena involved corresp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photophoresis denotes the phenomenon that small particles suspended in gas (aerosols) or liquids (hydrocolloids) start to migrate when illuminated by a sufficiently intense beam of light. The existence of this phenomenon is owed to a non-uniform distribution of temperature of an illuminated particle in a fluid medium.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Barbas has a Ph.D. from Complutense University of Madrid. From 2005 until 2006 she was a Marie Curie fellow at King's College London. As of 2022 she is a professor of analytical chemistry at the Universidad CEU San Pablo and is the president of the Madrid section of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The corrosive effects of nitric acid are exploited for some specialty applications, such as etching in printmaking, pickling stainless steel or cleaning silicon wafers in electronics.
A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, nital, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. ISO 14104 is one of the st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A large group of organocatalysts incorporate the urea or the thiourea moiety. These catalytically effective (thio)urea derivatives termed (thio)urea organocatalysts provide explicit double hydrogen-bonding interactions to coordinate and activate H-bond accepting substrates.
Their current uses are restricted to asymmetr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before gunpowder was applied to civil engineering, there were two ways to break up large rocks, by hard labor or by heating with large fires followed by rapid quenching. The earliest record for the use of gunpowder in mines comes from Hungary in 1627. It was introduced to Britain in 1638 by German miners, after which r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The monocyte activation test (MAT) is another proposed method to test for endotoxins based on monocytes in human blood. It measures the release of cytokines from these due to the presence of pyrogens, basically mirroring the process by which these toxins cause fever in humans (and rabbits, as in the original pyrogen te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oseltamivir total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of the antiinfluenza drug oseltamivir marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Tamiflu. Its commercial production starts from the biomolecule shikimic acid harvested from Chinese star anise and from recombinant E. coli. Control of stereochemistry is imp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following table lists some of the most important radiogenic isotope systems used in geology, in order of decreasing half-life of the radioactive parent isotope. The values given for half-life and decay constant are the current consensus values in the Isotope Geology community.
</big> indicates ultimate decay produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Lauro Magnani, Chiesa di Sant’Anna Guide di Genova, 90, Genova, SAGEP Edizioni, 1979,
* Antonio Corvi ed Ernesto Riva, La farmacia monastica e conventuale, Pacini Editore, 1996.
* Antonio Corvi, "La Medicina curativa di Le Roy", in Atti e Memorie dell'Associazione Italiana Storia Della Farmacia, XIV n. 2 1997 p. 137
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chloroplast gene rbcL, which codes for the large subunit of RuBisCO has been widely used as an appropriate locus for analysis of phylogenetics in plant taxonomy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1801 - René Just Haüy published his multi-volume Traité de Minéralogie in Paris. A second edition under the title Traité de Cristallographie was published in 1822.
* 1801 - Déodat de Dolomieu published his Sur la philosophie minéralogique et sur lespèce minéralogique' in Paris.
* 1815 - René Just Haüy published his L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reef Ball Development Group was founded in 1993 by Todd Barber, with the goal of helping to preserve and protect coral reefs for the benefit of future generations. Barber witnessed his favorite coral reef on Grand Cayman destroyed by Hurricane Gilbert, and wanted to do something to help increase the resiliency of erodi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most widespread routine technologies applied to the large scale screening and discovery of novel biomarkers in metabolomics. However, the majority of MSTs currently measured in plant metabolomic profiling experiments remains unidentified due to the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relative motion between a droplet and the gas results in an increase of the heat and mass transfer rates in the gas film surrounding the droplet. A convective boundary layer and a wake can surround the droplet. Furthermore, the shear force on the liquid surface causes an internal circulation that enhances the heati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The woodsprite (Atokirina in Navi) is an animal, also called seed, of the "holy tree", appearing similar to airborne jellyfish. Neytiri describes them as very pure spirits, and slaps Jake for shooing two of them away. The Omaticaya Clan plants one of these seeds on the body of a deceased Navi, so the Navis consciousnes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Colebrook equation is usually solved numerically due to its implicit nature. Recently, the Lambert W function has been employed to obtain explicit reformulation of the Colebrook equation.
or
will get:
then: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arsenic exposure in small children distorts the ratio of T helper cells (CD4) to cytotoxic T cells (CD8), which are responsible for immunodepression. In addition, arsenic also increases the number of inflammatory molecules being secreted through macrophages. The excess amount of granulocytes and monocytes lead to a chr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Westinghouse Lamp Plant was constructed on Arlington Avenue in 1920 near the Watsessing Station of the rail line in the Watsessing neighborhood that connected Montclair, Glen Ridge and Bloomfield. The population in the area had grown since the time that the Township of Bloomfield was incorporated as a township fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The mass-market application of microchannel plates is in image intensifier tubes of night vision goggles, which amplify visible and invisible light to make dark surroundings visible to the human eye.
* A 1 GHz real-time display CRT for an analog oscilloscope (the Tektronix 7104) used a microchannel plate placed behin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to momentum theory, a velocity is imparted to the air passing through the propeller, and half of this velocity is given the air by the time it reaches the propeller plane. This increase of velocity of the air as it passes into the propeller disc is called the inflow velocity. It is always found where there is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though many people conceptualize images and diffraction patterns separately, they contain principally the same information. In the simplest approximation, the two are simply Fourier transforms of one another. Thus, the effects of beam precession on diffraction patterns also have significant effects on the corresponding... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:For a synthetic analogue see also 3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone.
Mechanistically, the process involves base-mediated cyclization followed by dehydration and oxidation. In the reaction of 7a to 8 involves the formation of an enamine from the imine, while in the reaction of 7b to 9 a proton is abstract... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Lydersen method is a group contribution method for the estimation of critical properties temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V). The Lydersen method is the prototype for and ancestor of many new models like Joback, Klincewicz,
Ambrose,
Gani-Constantinou and others.
The Lydersen method is based in case of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clean up efforts have led to a reconstructed Hazeltine Creek, although the contaminated slurry that made its way into Polley Lake and Quesnel Lake remains in the waterways. A drinking water ban was lifted within weeks of the spill and regular water testing is being conducted by the B.C. government, the Mount Polley min... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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