text
stringlengths
105
13.7k
label
int64
0
1
label_text
stringclasses
2 values
In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal territories, likely for the co-expression of genes on different chromosomes. Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
A deformation mechanism map is a way of representing the dominant deformation mechanism in a material loaded under a given set of conditions. The technique is applicable to all crystalline materials, metallurgical as well as geological. Additionally, work has been conducted regarding the use of deformation maps to nano...
0
Metallurgy
The difference between pitting and micropitting is the size of the pits after surface fatigue. Pits formed by micropitting are approximately 10–20 μm in depth, and micropitted metal often has a frosted or gray appearance. Normal pitting creates larger and more visible pits. Micropits are originated from the local conta...
0
Metallurgy
Detonation sprayed coatings are primarily mechanically bonded. This means that the surface of the component being sprayed, must be properly prepared so as to maximise the bond strength between the sprayed coating and the substrate. To successfully prepare the surface it must be cleaned of all greases, oils, dirt and ot...
0
Metallurgy
An inverse agonist can have effects similar to those of an antagonist, but causes a distinct set of downstream biological responses. Constitutively active receptors that exhibit intrinsic or basal activity can have inverse agonists, which not only block the effects of binding agonists like a classical antagonist but al...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
As DNA printing and DNA assembly methods have allowed commercial gene synthesis to become progressively and exponentially cheaper over the past years, artificial gene synthesis represents a powerful and flexible engineering tool for creating and designing new DNA sequences and protein functions. Besides synthetic biolo...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Lilleby smelteverk was a smeltmill located in Lilleby, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, next to City Lade. It is well known for having produced the world's cleanest ferrosilicon (an alloy that contains iron and silicon) for NASA. Shut down in December 20th, 2002, the production moved to Mo I Rana. The building ...
0
Metallurgy
Also located on museum grounds is the Short Track Model Railroad Club, featuring an NTrak model railroad with trains traveling through more than 40 modules, including a drive-in movie theater, a fairgrounds, farms, towns, and a coal mine and other scenes. The Short Track, N-Scale, Model Railroad club is an educational...
0
Metallurgy
The general reaction that occurs in the Pidgeon process is: For industrial use, ferrosilicon is used because its cheaper and more readily available than silicon. The iron from the alloy is a spectator in the reaction. CaC may also be used as an even cheaper alternative for silicon and ferrosilicon, but is disadvantageo...
0
Metallurgy
sAC activation by bicarbonate is necessary for motility and other aspects of capacitation in the spermatozoa of mammals. In human males, mutations in the ADCY10 gene that lead to the inactivation of sAC have been linked to cases of sterility. Due to this essential role in male fertility, sAC has been explored as a pote...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Arsenical bronze was used by many societies and cultures across the globe. Firstly, the Iranian plateau, followed by the adjacent Mesopotamian area, together covering modern Iran, Iraq and Syria, has the earliest arsenical bronze metallurgy in the world, as previously mentioned. It was in use from the 4th millennium BC...
0
Metallurgy
Proteins without signal peptides can also be secreted by unconventional mechanisms. E.g. Interleukin, Galectin. The process by which such secretory proteins gain access to the cell exterior is termed unconventional protein secretion (UPS). In plants, even 50% of secreted proteins can be UPS dependent.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs. The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions. T...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. All chemokines are small, with a molecular mass of between 8 and 10 kDa. They are approximately 20-50% identical to each other; that is, they share gene sequence and amino acid sequence ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
There are several consequences the formation of a transcription factory has on nuclear and genomic structures. It has been proposed that the factories are responsible for nuclear organisation; they have been suggested to promote chromatin loop formation by two potential mechanisms: The first mechanism suggests that loo...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Demasking is the process of clearing the part of etchant and maskant. Etchant is generally removed with a wash of clear, cold water. A de-oxidizing bath may also be required in the common case that the etching process left a film of oxide on the surface of the material. Various methods may be used to remove the maskant...
0
Metallurgy
Sinker EDM, also called ram EDM, cavity type EDM or volume EDM, consists of an electrode and workpiece submerged in an insulating liquid such as, more typically, oil or, less frequently, other dielectric fluids. The electrode and workpiece are connected to a suitable power supply. The power supply generates an electric...
0
Metallurgy
Access to nucleosomal DNA is governed by two major classes of protein complexes: # Covalent histone-modifying complexes. # ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
When the B cells get activated, class switching can occur. The class switching involves switch regions that made up of multiple copies of short repeats (GAGCT and TGGGG). These switches occur at the level of rearrangements of the DNA because there is a looping event that chops off the constant regions for IgM and IgD a...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
At one level, biological cells can be thought of as "partially mixed bags" of biological chemicals – in the discussion of gene regulatory networks, these chemicals are mostly the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and proteins that arise from gene expression. These mRNA and proteins interact with each other with various degrees of...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Metallurgical failure analysis is the process to determine the mechanism that has caused a metal component to fail. It can identify the cause of failure, providing insight into the root cause and potential solutions to prevent similar failures in the future, as well as culpability, which is important in legal cases. Re...
0
Metallurgy
The Roman Bun Ingots are less pure than the earlier LBA examples and Tylecote suggests that they may be a direct product of smelting. Theoretically such an ingot could be formed in the base of the furnace. However, this is problematic in the case of the stamped examples as this would require the furnace to be dismantle...
0
Metallurgy
Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led sci...
0
Metallurgy
The borax method is a technique of artisanal gold mining, which uses borax as a flux to purify gold concentrates. By using borax, no mercury flour is produced, hence gold recovery increases.
0
Metallurgy
Both p90 and p70 Rsk phosphorylate ribosomal protein s6, part of the translational machinery, but several other substrates have been identified, including other ribosomal proteins. Cytosolic substrates of p90 include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule; Son...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
It has also been discovered that GLD2 has medical uses. For example, such enzyme is overexpressed in patients who suffer from cancer; that's why it can be used as a prognostic factor for early appearance in breast cancer patients. Moreover, PAP activity is used to measure the effect of anticancer drugs as etoposide and...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Due to its regulatory role in the cell cycle, targeting the DREAM complex might enhance anticancer treatments such as imatinib.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The kinesis strategy controlled by the locally and instantly evaluated well-being (fitness) can be described in simple words: Animals stay longer in good conditions and leave bad conditions more quickly. If the well-being is measured by the local reproduction coefficient then the minimal reaction-diffusion model of kin...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Operons occur primarily in prokaryotes but also rarely in some eukaryotes, including nematodes such as C. elegans and the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. rRNA genes often exist in operons that have been found in a range of eukaryotes including chordates. An operon is made up of several structural genes arranged und...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidate...
0
Metallurgy
The sigma-2 receptor takes part in a number of normal-function roles, including cell proliferation, autophagy, cholesterol homeostasis, and both non-neuronal and neuronal signaling. Much of sigma-2 receptor function relies on signaling cascades. The receptor's interaction with EGFR and PGRMC1 proteins allow for sigma-2...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Historians debate whether bloomery-based ironworking ever spread to China from the Middle East. One theory suggests that metallurgy was introduced through Central Asia. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BC, belonging to the period of Siwa cu...
0
Metallurgy
Some capillary techniques provide also a chamber like arrangement, however, there is no filter between the cells and the test substance. Quantitative results are gained by the multiwell type of this probe using 4-8-12-channel pipettes. Accuracy of the pipette and increased number of the parallel running samples is the ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Aside from use as decorative or utilitarian objects, gold was used throughout the Philippine archipelago as currency, whether in the form of gold dust, small beads, or barter rings.
0
Metallurgy
The Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP), is a professional association focused on the protection of assets and performance of materials. AMPP was created when NACE International and SSPC the Society for Protective Coatings merged in 2021. AMPP is active in more than 130 countries and has more th...
0
Metallurgy
Although ectopic expression can be caused by a natural condition, it is uncommonly seen in nature because it is a product of defects in gene regulation. In fact, ectopic expression is more commonly used for research purposes. Artificially induced gene expression helps to determine the function of a gene of interest. Co...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The simplest forge, known as the Corsican, was used prior to the advent of Christianity. Examples of improved bloomeries are the Stuckofen, sometimes called wolf-furnace,) which remained until the beginning of the 19th century. Instead of using natural draught, air was pumped in by a trompe, resulting in better quality...
0
Metallurgy
The pre-mRNA of this protein is subject to A to I RNA editing, which is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize adenosines within double-stranded regions of pre-mRNAs and deaminate them to inosine. Inosines are recognised as guanosine by the cell's translational ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, ...
0
Metallurgy
Ceramic anode materials include Ni-Fe, Sn, and Ni-Li based oxides. These anodes show promise as they are extremely stable during the reduction process at normal operating temperatures (~1000 °C), ensuring that the Al is not contaminated. The stability of these anodes also allows them to be used with a range of electrol...
0
Metallurgy
Barley yellow dwarf virus 5' UTR is a non-coding RNA element containing structural elements required for translation of the genome of the plant disease pathogen Barley yellow dwarf virus. Unlike eukaryotic mRNA, this virus lacks a 5 cap and a poly(A) tail but still circularises its mRNA through base pairing between two...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
In most of today's smelting, aluminum ore, also known as bauxite, is first smelted into alumina through the Bayer Process. This step could be replaced by the Pedersen process -- either result in alumina. Unlike the smelting processes of iron and coal into steel or copper and tin into bronze, which require thermal energ...
0
Metallurgy
Silicon carbide, dissolved in a basic oxygen furnace used for making steel, acts as a fuel. The additional energy liberated allows the furnace to process more scrap with the same charge of hot metal. It can also be used to raise tap temperatures and adjust the carbon and silicon content. Silicon carbide is cheaper than...
0
Metallurgy
Investigators have hypothesized that the PHLPP isoforms may play roles in cancer, for several reasons. First, the genetic loci coding for PHLPP1 and 2 are commonly lost in cancer. The region including PHLPP1, 18q21.33, commonly undergoes loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in colon cancers, while 16q22.3, which includes the...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The PDGF family consists of PDGF-A, -B, -C and -D, which form either homo- or heterodimers (PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB, -CC, -DD). The four PDGFs are inactive in their monomeric forms. The PDGFs bind to the protein tyrosine kinase receptors PDGF receptor-α and -β. These two receptor isoforms dimerize upon binding the PDGF dimer...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was one of the first national engineering societies in the co...
0
Metallurgy
Nickel monosilicide can be prepared by depositing a nickel layer on silicon and subsequent annealing. In the case of Ni films with thicknesses above 4 nm, the normal phase transition is given by NiSi at 250 °C followed by NiSi at 350 °C and NiSi at approximately 800 °C. For films with an initial Ni thickness below 4 nm...
0
Metallurgy
Prp24 interacts with the U6 snRNA via its RRMs. It has been shown through chemical modification testing that nucleotides 39–57 of U6 (40–43 in particular) are involved in binding Prp24. The LSm proteins are in a consistent configuration on the U6 RNA. It has been proposed that the LSm proteins and Prp24 in...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Mathematically, the stress at some point in the material is a plane stress if one of the three principal stresses (the eigenvalues of the Cauchy stress tensor) is zero. That is, there is Cartesian coordinate system in which the stress tensor has the form For example, consider a rectangular block of material measurin...
0
Metallurgy
* The results are aesthetically pleasing. * Creates a clean, smooth surface that is easier to sterilise. * Can polish areas that are inaccessible by other polishing methods. * Removes a small amount of material (typically 20-40 micrometre in depth in the case of stainless steel) from the surface of the parts, while als...
0
Metallurgy
Small quantities of hydrogen present inside certain metallic materials make the latter brittle and susceptible to sub-critical crack growth under stress. Hydrogen embrittlement may occur as a side effect of electroplating processes. Delayed failure is the fracture of a component under stress after an elapsed time, is a...
0
Metallurgy
This section is not concerned with sculpture in bronze, but rather with the many artistic applications of the metal in connection with architecture, or with objects for ecclesiastical and domestic use. Why bronze was preferred in Italy, iron in Spain and Germany and brass in the Low Countries cannot be satisfactorily d...
0
Metallurgy
All metals can be classified into a galvanic series representing the electrical potential they develop in a given electrolyte against a standard reference electrode. The relative position of two metals on such a series gives a good indication of which metal is more likely to corrode more quickly. However, other factors...
0
Metallurgy
There are two drivers for spalling of concrete: thermal strain caused by rapid heating and internal pressures due to the removal of water. Being able to predict the outcome of different heating rates on thermal stresses and internal pressure during water removal is particularly important to industry and other concrete ...
0
Metallurgy
If there are additional factors preventing boundary movement, such as Zener pinning by particles, then the grain size may be restricted to a much lower value than might otherwise be expected. This is an important industrial mechanism in preventing the softening of materials at high temperature.
0
Metallurgy
Many different proteins bind to particular TET enzymes and recruit the TETs to specific genomic locations. In some studies, further analysis is needed to determine whether the interaction per se mediates the recruitment or instead the interacting partner helps to establish a favourable chromatin environment for TET bi...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
There are three stages in the post-Soviet history of Ural metallurgy: * 1991-1994 - adaptation to market conditions, search for sources of raw materials and sales markets, accumulation of working capital. * 1994-2003 - formation of vertically integrated companies and their development. * since 2003 - modernization of e...
0
Metallurgy
Like any mechanical and physical entity there are scientific, industrial, and layman terminology. The following is a partial list of terms that are associated with mechanical screening. *Amplitude - This is a measurement of the screen cloth as it vertically peaks to its tallest height and troughs to its lowest point. ...
0
Metallurgy
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterised by hardening (sclero) of the skin (derma) that affects internal organs in its more severe forms. mTOR plays a role in fibrotic diseases and autoimmunity, and blockade of the mTORC pathway is under investigation as a tr...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The continuous process of applying up to three separate coating layers onto one or both sides of a metal strip substrate occurs on a coil coating line. These lines vary greatly in size, with widths from and speeds from ; however, all coil-coating lines share the same basic process steps. A typical organic coil coating...
0
Metallurgy
Upregulation refers to the increase in the number of receptor sites on the membrane. Estrogen upregulates FSH receptor sites. In turn, FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogens. This synergistic activity of estrogen and FSH allows for follicle growth and development in the ovary.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
By the 12th century the Italian craftsmen had developed a style of their own, as may be seen in the bronze doors of Saint Zeno, Verona (which are made of hammered and not cast bronze), Ravello, Trani and Monreale. Bonanno da Pisa made a series of doors for the duomo of that city, one pair of which remains. The 14th cen...
0
Metallurgy
There are two common mathematical descriptions of the work hardening phenomenon. Hollomon's equation is a power law relationship between the stress and the amount of plastic strain: where σ is the stress, K is the strength index or strength coefficient, ε is the plastic strain and n is the strain hardening exponent. Lu...
0
Metallurgy
Reciprocal silencing, a genetic phenomenon that primarily occurs in plants, refers to the pattern of redundant genes being silenced following a polyploid event. Polyploidy (wholesale genome duplication) is common in plants and constitutes an important method of speciation. When a polyploid species arises, its genome co...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
In 1982, a diver discovered a shipwreck off the shore of Uluburun, Turkey. The ship contained 317 copper ingots in the normal oxhide shape, 36 with only two corner protrusions, 121 shaped like buns, and five shaped like pillows. The oxhide ingots (ingots with two or four protrusions) range in weight from after being c...
0
Metallurgy
The principal mission of iron foundry is the conversion of iron oxides (purified iron ores) to iron metal. This reduction is usually effected using a reducing atmosphere consisting of some mixture of natural gas, hydrogen (H), and carbon monoxide. The byproduct is carbon dioxide.
0
Metallurgy
The patio process is a process for extracting silver from ore. Smelting, or refining, is most often necessary because silver is only infrequently found as a native element like some metals nobler than the redox couple 2 + 2 ⇌ (gold, mercury, ...). Instead, it is made up of a larger ore body. Thus, smelting, or refini...
0
Metallurgy
Roasting is a process of heating a sulfide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. It is a step in the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is often a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often befo...
0
Metallurgy
In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island. CpG islands are generally 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this oc...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
As the smelting stage is necessary to obtain alloys and shape the product, direct reduction processes are frequently combined with downstream smelting facilities. Most pre-reduced iron ore is smelted in electric furnaces: in 2003, 49 of the 50 Mt produced went into electric furnaces. Process integration is generally hi...
0
Metallurgy
To facilitate further preparation, the sawed specimen is usually embedded (or mounted or encapsulated) in a plastic disc, 25, 32 or 38 mm in diameter. A thermosetting solid resin, activated by heat and compression, e.g. mineral-filled epoxy, is best for most applications. A castable (liquid) resin such as unfilled epox...
0
Metallurgy
Bidirectional promoters are short (<1 kbp) intergenic regions of DNA between the 5 ends of the genes in a bidirectional gene pair. A “bidirectional gene pair” refers to two adjacent genes coded on opposite strands, with their 5 ends oriented toward one another. The two genes are often functionally related, and modifica...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The history of ferrous metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began in the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in Gangetic plains have yielded iron implements dated between 1800 and 1200 BC. By the early 13th century BC, iron smelting was practiced on a large scale in India. In Southern India (present day Mysore) ir...
0
Metallurgy
Nonsense mutations are changes in DNA sequence that introduce a premature stop codon, causing any resulting protein to be abnormally shortened. This often causes a loss of function in the protein, as critical parts of the amino acid chain are no longer assembled. Because of this terminology, stop codons have also been ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Early diagnosis and analysis of seemingly healthy concrete cover and reinforcement status allows pre-emptive corrosion control measures to reduce unwanted risks to structural safety. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany) has developed a sensor e...
0
Metallurgy
The collision rates for fine particles (50 - 80 μm) can be accurately modeled, but there is no current theory that accurately models bubble-particle collision for particles as large as 300 μm, which are commonly used in flotation processes. For fine particles, Stokes law underestimates collision probability while the p...
0
Metallurgy
The earliest and most diverse finds of metal artifacts are from West Mexico stretching in a belt along the Pacific coast from Guerrero to Nayarit. This indicates that this region was a regional nucleus of metallurgy, from which elements of technique, form and style could have diffused throughout Mesoamerica.
0
Metallurgy
TET processivity can be viewed at three levels, the physical, chemical and genetic levels. Physical processivity refers to the ability of a TET protein to slide along the DNA from one CpG site to another. An in vitro study showed that DNA-bound TET does not preferentially oxidize other CpG sites on the same DNA molec...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
The olfactory receptor neuron has a fast working negative feedback response upon depolarization. When the neuron is depolarizing, the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. The influx of calcium begins a cascade of events within the cell. Calcium first binds to calmodulin to form CaM...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Most genes considered master regulators code for transcription factor proteins, which in turn alter the expression of downstream genes in the pathway. Canonical examples of master regulators include Oct-4 (also called POU5F1), SOX2, and NANOG, all transcription factors involved in maintaining pluripotency in stem cells...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
In wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), also known as wire-cut EDM and wire cutting, a thin single-strand metal wire, usually brass, is fed through the workpiece, submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid, typically deionized water. Wire-cut EDM is typically used to cut plates as thick as 300mm and to make punches...
0
Metallurgy
Inclusions are usually other minerals or rocks, but may also be water, gas or petroleum. Liquid or vapor inclusions are known as fluid inclusions. In the case of amber it is possible to find insects and plants as inclusions. The analysis of atmospheric gas bubbles as inclusions in ice cores is an important tool in the ...
0
Metallurgy
The mining and mineral processing industry uses screening for a variety of processing applications. For example, after mining the minerals, the material is transported to a primary crusher. Before crushing large boulder are scalped on a shaker with thick shielding screening. Further down stream after crushing the m...
0
Metallurgy
Synapses are functional connections between neurons, or between neurons and other types of cells. A typical neuron gives rise to several thousand synapses, although there are some types that make far fewer. Most synapses connect axons to dendrites, but there are also other types of connections, including axon-to-cell...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
It is thought that early scleraxis-expressing progenitor cells lead to the eventual formation of tendon tissue and other muscle attachments. Scleraxis is involved in mesoderm formation and is expressed in the syndetome (a collection of embryonic tissue that develops into tendon and blood vessels) of developing somites...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
ChimerDB in computational biology is a database of fusion sequences. ChimerDB currently consists of three searchable datasets. *[http://203.255.191.229:8080/chimerdbv31/mchimerkb.cdb ChimerKB] is a curated knowledge base of 1,066 fusion genes sourced from publicly available scientific literature. *[http://203.255.191.2...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Electrometallurgy is the field concerned with the processes of metal electrodeposition. There are seven categories of these processes: *Electrolysis *Electrowinning, the extraction of metal from ores *Electrorefining, the purification of metals. Metal powder production by electrodeposition is included in this categor...
0
Metallurgy
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code (translation table 11) is the DNA code used by bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins. It is essentially the same as the standard code, however there are some variations in alternative start codons.
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Gene regulatory networks are generally thought to be made up of a few highly connected nodes (hubs) and many poorly connected nodes nested within a hierarchical regulatory regime. Thus gene regulatory networks approximate a hierarchical scale free network topology. This is consistent with the view that most genes have ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Quorum sensing has been engineered using synthetic biological circuits in different systems. Examples include rewiring the AHL components to toxic genes to control population size in bacteria; and constructing an auxin-based system to control population density in mammalian cells. Synthetic quorum sensing circuits have...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Communist party Chairman Mao Zedong disdained the cities and put his faith in the Chinese peasantry for a Great Leap Forward. Mao saw steel production as the key to overnight economic modernization, promising that within 15 years China's steel production would surpass that of Britain. In 1958 he decided that steel prod...
0
Metallurgy
*[http://www.efunda.com/ Diffusion Treatment Hardening]. eFunda. Retrieved 19 April 2008. *[http://steel.keytometals.com Surface Hardening of Steels]. Key to Metals. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
0
Metallurgy
Due to its involvement in cancer development, inhibition of β-catenin continues to receive significant attention. But the targeting of the binding site on its armadillo domain is not the simplest task, due to its extensive and relatively flat surface. However, for an efficient inhibition, binding to smaller "hotspots" ...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Fineness of silver in Britain was traditionally expressed as the mass of silver expressed in troy ounces and pennyweights ( troy ounce) in one troy pound (12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy. Britannia silver has a fineness of 11 ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about silver, whereas sterling silver has a fineness of 11...
0
Metallurgy
The rusticle consists of up to 35% iron compounds including iron oxides, iron carbonates, and iron hydroxides. Rusticles are found in a tube shapes of iron oxides which are vertical to one another. Rusticles are found to grow at approximately a year and are most often found in areas of sunken hulls underwater. The rem...
0
Metallurgy
Prickle is also known as REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein, which is a putative nuclear translocation receptor. Prickle is part of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that establishes planar cell polarity. A gain or loss of function of Prickle1 causes defects in the convergent extension movements of gastrula...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Initiation of translation is regulated by the accessibility of ribosomes to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This stretch of four to nine purine residues are located upstream the initiation codon and hybridize to a pyrimidine-rich sequence near the 3 end of the 16S RNA within the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit. Polymorphi...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
*C.F. Baes, [https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1028644/m2/1/high_res_d/4470742.pdf The chemistry and thermodynamics of molten salt reactor fuels], Proc. AIME Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Symposium, Ames, Iowa, USA, 1969 (August 25),
0
Metallurgy
Cells in tissues need to be able to sense and interpret changes in their environment. For example, cells must be able to detect when they are in physical contact with other cells in order to regulate their growth and avoid the generation of tumors (“carcinogenesis”). In order to do so, cells place receptor molecules on...
1
Gene expression + Signal Transduction
Both the legacy NACE and SSPC organizations were ANSI-accredited standards developers, which AMPP plans to continue. The merged standards program includes 25 standing standards committees that develop technical standards for industries including cathodic protection, coatings, defense, highways and bridges, rail, mariti...
0
Metallurgy