text stringlengths 105 6.5k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
In 2016 the first GaN CMOS logic using PMOS and NMOS transistors was reported with gate lengths of 0.5 μm (gate widths of the PMOS and NMOS transistors were 500 μm and 50 μm, respectively). | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Thermate composition is a thermite enriched with a salt-based oxidizer (usually nitrates, e.g., barium nitrate, or peroxides). In contrast with thermites, thermates burn with evolution of flame and gases. The presence of the oxidizer makes the mixture easier to ignite and improves penetration of target by the burning c... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Some alcohols are reduced to alkanes when treated with hydrosilanes in the presence of a strong Lewis acid. Brønsted acids may also be used. Tertiary alcohols undergo facile reduction using boron trifluoride etherate as the Lewis acid. Primary alcohols require an excess of the silane, a stronger Lewis acid, and long re... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The term methylation in organic chemistry refers to the alkylation process used to describe the delivery of a group. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Cubic zirconium tungstate (alpha-ZrWO), one of the several known phases of zirconium tungstate (ZrWO) is perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion. It has been shown to contract continuously over a previously unprecedented temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures ... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Transamination is a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.This pathway is responsible for the deamination of most amino acids. This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids (amino acids that can be synthesiz... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Barium chlorate is used to produce chloric acid, the formal precursor to all chlorate salts, through its reaction with dilute sulfuric acid, which results in a solution of chloric acid and insoluble barium sulfate precipitate:
:Ba(ClO) + HSO → 2 HClO + BaSO
Both the chlorate and the acid should be prepared as dilute so... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The mechanism of fluorination by SF is assumed to resemble chlorination by phosphorus pentachloride. Hydrogen fluoride, a useful solvent for these reactions, activates SF:
Species of the type ROSF are often invoked as intermediates. In the case of aldehydes and ketones, SF4 is thought to initially add across the doubl... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group,
the α-position, and involve the substitution of an α hydrogen atom
by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or enolate ion intermediate. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and ... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Aluminum-substituted tobermorite is understood to be a key ingredient responsible for the longevity of ancient undersea Roman concrete. The volcanic ash that Romans used for construction of sea walls contained phillipsite, and an interaction with sea water actually caused the crystalline structures in the concrete to e... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The requirement for a good leaving group is relaxed in conjugate base elimination reactions. These reactions include loss of a leaving group in the β position of an enolate as well as the regeneration of a carbonyl group from the tetrahedral intermediate in nucleophilic acyl substitution. Under forcing conditions, even... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Lanthanum(III) acetate forms colorless crystals.
Lanthanum acetate dissolves in water.
Lanthanum acetate forms hydrates of the composition , where n = 1 and 1.5.
Lanthanum acetate and its hydrates decompose when heated. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reactions pair tethered dienes and dienophiles in a [4+2] fashion, the most common being terminal substitution. These transformations are popular in total synthesis and have seen a wide spread use in advance to numerous difficult synthetic targets. One such use is the application of an... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Heteroleptic complexes containing chloride are numerous. Most hydrated metal halides are members of this class. Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride and Cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH)Cl) are prominent examples of metal-ammine-chlorides. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Transacetylation uses vinyl acetate as an acetyl donor and lipase as a catalyst. This methodology allows the preparation of enantio-enriched alcohols and acetates. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Diazo compounds may be explosive and should be handled with care. Very often, the diazocarbonyl compound is prepared and immediately used via treatment of the corresponding acid chloride with an excess of diazomethane (see Eq. (18) below for an example). Reactions mediated by copper are typically on the order of hours,... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Crystalline LaAlO has a relatively high relative dielectric constant of ~25. LAO's crystal structure is a rhombohedral distorted perovskite with a pseudocubic lattice parameter of 3.787 angstroms at room temperature (although one source claims the lattice parameter is 3.82). Polished single crystal LAO surfaces show tw... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Convenient generation of a directing group on the nitrogen of indoles is possible through treatment with an organolithium reagent and carbon dioxide. A similar method can be applied for lateral lithiations of ortho-tolyl anilines.
Oxazoles containing two methyl groups exhibit interesting selectivity patterns. In the ab... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specific reaction to its inventor or inventors and a long list of so-called named reactions exists, conservatively estimated at 1000. A very old named reaction is the Claisen rearrangement (1912) and a recent named reaction is the Bingel reaction (1993). When the nam... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Aluminium hydroxide finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications. It is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties. Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly. It decomposes at ... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The primary limitations of TMM cycloadditions employing diazenes are competitive MCP and dimer formation. To circumvent these problems, either very high concentrations of alkene must be used or the cycloaddition must be intramolecular. Stereoselectivity and site selectivity may also be higher in intramolecular variants... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
adopts an unusual “extreme cradle” structure, with D point group symmetry. It can be viewed as a derivative of a (hypothetical) eight-membered ring (or more simply a deformed eight-membered ring) of alternating sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The pairs of sulfur atoms across the ring are separated by 2.586 Å, resulting in a... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Macrocycles can access a number of stable conformations, with preferences to reside in those that minimize the number of transannular nonbonded interactions within the ring. Medium rings (8-11 atoms) are the most strained with between 9-13 (kcal/mol) strain energy; analysis of the factors important in considering larg... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Many analogues have been prepared from primary, secondary, and even tertiary amines:
* Borane tert-butylamine ()
* Borane trimethylamine ()
* Borane isopropylamine ()
The first amine adduct of borane was derived from trimethylamine. Borane tert-butylamine complex is prepared by the reaction of sodium borohydride with t... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Friedrich Wöhlers conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea in 1828 is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. In Wöhlers era, there was widespread belief that organic compounds were characterized by a vital spirit. In the absence of vitalism, the distinction between inorganic and organic chemist... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or glycan), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate. In biology (but not always in chemistry), glycosylation usually refers to an enzyme-catalysed reactio... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Fluoroantimonic acid is formed by combining hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride:
:SbF + 2 HF + HF
The speciation (i.e., the inventory of components) of "fluoroantimonic acid" is complex. Spectroscopic measurements show that fluoroantimonic acid consists of a mixture of HF-solvated protons, [ (such as ), and... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The vapor of cesium metaborate has neutral monomers and dimers as well as ionized versions thereof. The same situation holds for thallium metaborate . | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Other methods available for the preparation of 2,3-epoxy alcohols have the advantage that they do not begin with an existing 2,3-epoxy alcohol; however, they tend to involve more steps than epoxide migration. Asymmetric dihydroxylation may be used to synthesize epoxy alcohols with high stereoselectivity, and some of th... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A hydrogen on the α position of a carbonyl compound is weakly acidic and can be removed by a strong base to yield an enolate ion. In comparing acetone (pK= 19.3) with ethane (pK= 60), for instance, the presence of a neighboring carbonyl group increases the acidity of the ketone over the alkane by a factor of 10.
Abstra... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers (most commonly carbons). This transformation can be accomplished in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate w... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
On an industrial scale, barium chloride is prepared via a two step process from barite (barium sulfate). The first step requires high temperatures.
The second step requires reaction between barium sulfide and hydrogen chloride:
or between barium sulfide and calcium chloride:
In place of HCl, chlorine can be used. Bariu... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Early explanations for the deep red color of the salt were attributed to the special structure of the crystal lattice, albeit with little explanation. While Drew & Tess attempted to explain the deep color of this compound based on the assumption of a Pt(III) species, Jensen established the diamagnetism of the compound ... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the word for calcium hydroxide is nextli. In a process called nixtamalization, maize is cooked with nextli to become , also known as hominy. Nixtamalization significantly increases the bioavailability of niacin (vitamin B3), and is also considered tastier and easier to digest. Ni... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Diimide reductions result in the syn addition of dihydrogen to alkenes and alkynes. This observation has led to the proposal that the mechanism involves concerted hydrogen transfer from cis-diimide to the substrate. The cis isomer is the less stable of the two; however, acid catalysis may speed up equilibration of the ... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
GaN nanotubes and nanowires are proposed for applications in nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics and biochemical-sensing applications. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Sodium iodide activated with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionizing radiation, emits photons (i.e., scintillate) and is used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, and environmental measurements. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillation material. The crys... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Intramolecular cyclopropanation of a diazoketone is applied in a racemic synthesis of sirenin. A single cyclopropane diastereomer was isolated in 55% yield after diazoketone formation and cyclization. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Iodides (including sodium iodide) are detectably oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (O) to molecular iodine (I). I and I complex to form the triiodide complex, which has a yellow color, unlike the white color of sodium iodide. Water accelerates the oxidation process, and iodide can also produce I by photooxidation, therefo... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The equilibrium of this reaction shows a significant temperature dependence and the equilibrium constant decreases with an increase in temperature, that is, higher hydrogen formation is observed at lower temperatures. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of phosphates. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and its inhibitory effects can be reversed by dilution or the addition of ethylene... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide:
The salt features tetrahedral anion centers linked to octahedral cation sites. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Many low-valent and electron-rich transition metals effect stoichiometric dehalogenation. The reaction achieves practical interest in the context of organic synthesis, e.g. Cu-promoted Ullmann coupling.
The reaction is mainly conducted as stoichiometrically. Some metalloenzymes Vitamin B12 and coenzyme F430 are capab... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Hydrazines and hydroxylamines displace carbonyl oxygens much more readily than amines. Their equilibria strongly favor the dehydrated product, and the carbonyl is recovered only with difficulty. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The mechanism involves the addition of amine to dichlorocarbene, a reactive intermediate generated by the dehydrohalogenation of chloroform. Two successive base-mediated dehydrochlorination steps result in formation of the isocyanide. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
"Ionic" metal halides (predominantly of the alkali and alkali earth metals) tend to have very high melting and boiling points. They freely dissolve in water, and some are deliquescent. They are generally poorly soluble in organic solvents.
Some low-oxidation state transition metals have halides which dissolve well in w... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. Two German chemists also preceded Schlotterbeck in discovery of the... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Aerated solutions of Cr(CHCN)(NS) are highly photoactive and prone to rapid decomposition. Deaerated solutions of Cr(CHCN)(NS) in acetonitrile are stable as long as they are kept in the dark. Continuous photolysis using 366 nm light is slow, while using a 355 nm pulsed laser results in faster labilization of NS. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The Leuckart thiophenol reaction is the decomposition of a diazoxanthate, by gentle warming in a slightly acidic cuprous medium, to its corresponding aryl xanthates which give aryl thiols on alkaline hydrolysis and aryl thioethers on further warming.
This reaction was first reported by Rudolf Leuckart in 1890. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The mechanism of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis begins with enolization of α-pyridinium methyl ketone 4 followed by 1,4-addition to the α, β-unsaturated ketone 5 to form the Michael adduct 6, which immediately tautomerizes to the 1,5-dicarbonyl 7. Addition of ammonia to 7 followed by dehydration via 8 generates the imi... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
MIF with Borazocine linker was developed for hydrogen storage. Cu2I2Se6 has Se6 linkers. There are many MIFs with pnictogen linkers. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Lanthanum hydroxide does not react much with alkaline substances, however is slightly soluble in acidic solution. In temperatures above 330 °C it decomposes into lanthanum oxide hydroxide (LaOOH), which upon further heating decomposes into lanthanum oxide ():
: LaOOH
:2 LaOOH
Lanthanum hydroxide crystallizes in the ... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Enzymes, which are composed of chiral amino acids, catalyze chemical reactions with high stereoselectivity. Specifically, esterase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of esters to carboxylic acids. This transformation may be rendered asymmetric if two enantiotopic ester groups exist in the substrate or if a racemic mixture... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Gene expression is regulated by histone acetylation and deacetylation, and this regulation is also applicable to inflammatory genes. Inflammatory lung diseases are characterized by expression of specific inflammatory genes such as NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factor. Treatments with corticosteroids and theophylline for... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The basic mechanism of the Payne rearrangement involves deprotonation of the free hydroxyl group, invertive nucleophilic attack on the proximal epoxide carbon, and re-protonation of the newly freed alkoxide. Each step of the process is reversible.
Several observations suggest that this mechanistic picture is oversimpli... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
To effect dual activation by a single metal, the same metal species that activates the enolate also interacts with the alkyne. Though the precise mechanisms are poorly understood and likely vary from case to case, metals such as In, Zn, Fe, and Cu are proposed to operate via this mode. One reaction system thought to pr... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Deprotonation of enolizable ketones, aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and esters gives enolates. With strong bases, the deprotonation is quantitative. Typically enolates are generated from using lithium diisopropylamide (LDA).
Often, as in conventional Claisen condensations, Mannich reactions, and aldol condensations, e... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Cyclobutenone was originally synthesized from the 3-bromocyclobutanone and 3-chlorocyclobutanone precursors which were prepared from an allene and a ketene via two independent routes. Scheme 7 shows the preparation from cyclobutenone from an allene.
Activated alkyoxyacetylenes can be synthesized in a single-pot prepara... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A variety of methods for the generation of diimide exist. The most synthetically useful methods are:
* Oxidation of hydrazine with oxygen, in the presence of a copper(II) catalyst and/or a carboxylic acid
* Decarboxylation of dipotassium azodicarboxylate in the presence of an acid
* Thermal decomposition of sulfonylhyd... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
For this purpose an optical fiber tip of an optical fiber temperature sensor is equipped with a gallium arsenide crystal. Starting at a light wavelength of 850 nm GaAs becomes optically translucent. Since the spectral position of the band gap is temperature dependent, it shifts about 0.4 nm/K. The measurement device co... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Imine hydrogenation provides a practical route to chiral amines.
Metolachlor is the active ingredient in the widely used herbicide Dual Magnum. A key step in its industrial production involves the enantioselective reduction of an N-aryl imine. This reduction is achieved with extremely high turnover number (albeit moder... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Since directing groups are ligands, their effectiveness correlates with their affinities for metals. Common functional groups such as ketones usually are only weak ligands and thus often are poor DGs. This problem is solved by the use of a transient directing group. Transient DGs reversibly convert weak DGs (e.g., ket... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The Kröhnke methodology has also been utilized to generate a number of interesting metal-binding ligands since polypyridyl complexes such as bipyridine (bipy) have been used extensively as ligands. The Kröhnke synthesis was used to prepare a family of tetrahydroquinoline-based N, S-type ligands. 2-thiophenylacetophenon... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers. A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
A metaborate is a borate anion consisting of boron and oxygen, with empirical formula . Metaborate also refers to any salt or ester of such anion (e.g. salts such as sodium metaborate or calcium metaborate , and esters such as methyl metaborate ). Metaborate is one of the boron's oxyanions. Metaborates can be monomeri... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Indium(III) hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula . Its prime use is as a precursor to indium(III) oxide, . It is sometimes found as the rare mineral dzhalindite.
__TOC__ | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Shang et al. discovered the decarboxylative coupling of potassium oxalate monoesters with aryl halides to obtain aryl or alkenyl esters. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
N-demethylation of 3° amines is by the von Braun reaction, which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor- derivatives. A modern variation of the von Braun reaction was developed, where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate. The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction, ... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Barium azide may be prepared by reacting sodium azide with a soluble barium salt. Care should be taken to prevent large crystals from forming in the solution as barium azide crystals will explode if subjected to friction/shock or if fully dried. The product should be stored submerged in ethanol. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Magnesium oxalate has been found naturally near Mill of Johnston, which is located close to Insch in northeast Scotland. This naturally occurring magnesium oxalate is called glushinskite and occurs at the lichen/rock interface on serpentinite as a creamy white layer mixed in with the hyphae of the lichen fungus. A scan... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Bone ash is a material often used in cupellation, a process by which precious metals (such as gold and silver) are removed from base metals.
In cupellation, base metals in an impure sample are oxidized with the help of lead and are vaporized and absorbed into a porous cupellation material, typically made of magnesium o... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Chiral auxiliaries on the alkene partner have been used for stereoselective transformations. In the reaction of camphorsultam-derived unsaturated amides, lower temperatures were needed to achieve high selectivities.
In reactions of silyl-substituted allylic acetates, chiral sulfoxides can be used to enforce high diaste... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Although inexpensive, barium chloride finds limited applications in the laboratory and industry.
Its main laboratory use is as a reagent for the gravimetric determination of sulfates. The sulfate compound being analyzed is dissolved in water and hydrochloric acid is added. When barium chloride solution is added, the s... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Demethylation often refers to cleavage of ethers, especially aryl ethers.
Historically, aryl methyl ethers, including natural products such as codeine (O-methylmorphine), have been demethylated by heating the substance in molten pyridine hydrochloride (melting point ) at , sometimes with excess hydrogen chloride, in a ... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Modified aldol tandem reaction is a sequential chemical transformation that combines aldol reaction with other chemical reactions that generate enolates. Enolates are a common building block in chemical syntheses and are typically formed by the addition of base to a ketone or aldehyde. Modified Aldol tandem reactions a... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Catalysts for the lower temperature WGS reaction are commonly based on copper or copper oxide loaded ceramic phases, While the most common supports include alumina or alumina with zinc oxide, other supports may include rare earth oxides, spinels or perovskites. A typical composition of a commercial LTS catalyst has be... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
These advancements have produced five main types of Conia-ene reactions characterized by the operative activation mode: namely, enolate, alkyne, or ene-yne activation, and one- or two-metal dual activation. Note that though the mechanisms of Conia-ene variants differ from the initial ene-like cyclization, they are stil... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Seaborg Technologies is working on a nuclear reactor design in which NaOH is used as a neutron moderator. | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The peripheral attack model is based on predicting lowest energy conformations of an inherently complicated system, where nuanced perturbations can cause huge stereodifferentiating consequences. By modeling peripheral attack using the Curtin-Hammett scenario depicted above, the transition state is excluded from this c... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A solution of methyl(cyano)cuprate (Solution A) was prepared as follows: to a suspension of 0.35 g (3.91 mmol) of copper(I) cyanide in 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran under argon at 0° was added dropwise over about 5 minutes 2.76 mL of a solution of methyllithium in ethyl ether (1.4 M, 3.86 mmol). The colorless solution was st... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Generally, nucleophilic epoxidations are carried out under inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions. For zinc-mediated epoxidations, diethylzinc and ligand are first mixed and oxidized, then the enone is introduced. Lanthanide-mediated epoxidations typically require an additive to stabilize the catalyst; this is most c... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The reaction of iron powder with o-nitrocinnamic acid reduces the nitro group to a nitroso. The nitrogen then condenses with a carbon on the alkene chain with loss of a molecule of water to form a ring. Decarboxylation gives indole. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Because of its low toxicity and the mildness of its basic properties, slaked lime is widely used in the food industry:
* In USDA certified food production in plants and livestock
* To clarify raw juice from sugarcane or sugar beets in the sugar industry (see carbonatation)
* To process water for alcoholic beverages and... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
The high stereospecificity and stereoselectivity inherent in many TMM cycloaddition reactions is a significant advantage; for instance, the trans ring junction in TMM cycloaddition adduct 2 was carried through in a synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
DNA methylation is the conversion of the cytosine to 5-methylcytosine. The formation of Me-CpG is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase. In vertebrates, DNA methylation typically occurs at CpG sites (cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites—that is, sites where a cytosine is directly followed by a guanine in the DNA se... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Conformational analysis of medium rings begins with examination of cyclooctane. Spectroscopic methods have determined that cyclooctane possesses three main conformations: chair-boat, chair-chair, and boat-boat. Cyclooctane prefers to reside in a chair-boat conformation, minimizing the number of eclipsing ethane interac... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Jiao et al. enabled the formation of a C–N bond via cross-coupling using air as an oxidant and a copper catalyst. No conditions are known for a C–N cross-coupling that breaks a sp or sp C–COOH bond. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A transannular interaction in chemistry is any chemical interaction (favorable or nonfavorable) between different non-bonding molecular groups in a large ring or macrocycle. See for example atranes. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Dioxirane epoxidation is highly versatile, and compares favorably to related peracid oxidations in many respects. Peracids generate acidic byproducts, meaning that acid-labile substrates and products must be avoided. Dioxirane epoxidations using isolated oxidant can be carried out under neutral conditions without the n... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A classic example of transition metal-assisted dearomatization is the Buchner ring expansion. Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization reactions (CADA) are used in enantioselective synthesis. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
A glycosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of a glycosidic linkage to produce two smaller sugars. This process has important implications in the utilization of stored energy, like glycogen in animals, as well as in the breakdown of cellulose by organisms that feed on plants. In general, aspartic or glutami... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Enyne cycloisomerization, an alkyne variant of the Alder-ene reaction (figure 5), is an intramolecular rearrangement of 1,n–enynes to give the corresponding cyclic isomer.
Although the rearrangement may occur under thermal conditions, the scope of the thermal rearrangement is limited due to the requirement of high temp... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Different transition metals have been used to catalyze carboamination reactions, including palladium, copper, and rhodium etc. The reaction mechanism varies with different transition metals. For palladium-catalyzed carboamination reactions, Pd(0)/Pd(II) and Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycles are the most common mechanisms ... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
Zinc chloride is a common reagent in the laboratory useful Lewis acid in organic chemistry.
Molten zinc chloride catalyses the conversion of methanol to hexamethylbenzene:
Other examples include catalyzing (A) the Fischer indole synthesis, and also (B) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions involving activated aromatic rin... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Suggested by the idea that the structure of chromatin can be modified to allow or deny access of transcription activators, regulatory functions of histone acetylation and deacetylation can have implications with genes that cause other diseases. Studies on histone modifications may reveal many novel therapeutic targets.... | 0 | Organic Reactions |
The Adams decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that involved the decarboxylation of coumarins which have carboxylic acid group in the third position. The decarboxylation is achieved by aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite, heat and a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. | 0 | Organic Reactions |
HCN is the precursor to sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide, which are used mainly in gold and silver mining and for the electroplating of those metals. Via the intermediacy of cyanohydrins, a variety of useful organic compounds are prepared from HCN including the monomer methyl methacrylate, from acetone, the amino a... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Compounds of cobalt in the +3 oxidation state exist, such as cobalt(III) fluoride , nitrate , and sulfate ; however, cobalt(III) chloride is not stable in normal conditions, and would decompose immediately into and chlorine.
On the other hand, cobalt(III) chlorides can be obtained if the cobalt is bound also to other... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Since its invention by Dr. John T. Gleaves (then at Monsanto Company) in late 1980s,
TAP has been used to study a variety of industrially and academically relevant catalytic reactions, bridging the gap between surface science
experiments and applied catalysis.
The state-of-the-art TAP installations (TAP-3) do not onl... | 1 | Inorganic Reactions + Inorganic Compounds |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.