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2,869,038,154,828
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As the nearest large spiral galaxy to the Milky Way, M31 has been the subject of intense observational scrutiny, including recent detections at gamma-ray energies: While early gamma-ray telescopes were able to only set upper limits on the gamma-ray signal, the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) \ci...
2,869,038,154,829
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many objects, especially these made by humans, have intrinsic symmetry \cite{Rosen12,Hong04} and Manhattan properties (meaning that 3 perpendicular axes are inferable on the object \cite{Coughlan99,Coughlan03,Furukawa09}), such as cars, aeroplanes, see Fig~\ref{fig:symmetry_manhattan}. The purpo...
2,869,038,154,830
arxiv
\section{Introduction and notation} One of the most pressing questions in particle physics today is to determine whether or not the discovered Higgs-like particle \cite{:2012gk,:2012gu} is compatible with the Standard-Model expectations \cite{Djouadi:2005gi}, or whether it belongs to an enlarged scalar sector. The most...
2,869,038,154,831
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multiple choice questions provide the examinee with the ability to compare the answers, in order to eliminate some choices, or even guess the correct one. Even when validating the choices one by one, the examinee can benefit from comparing each choice with the query and infer patterns that woul...
2,869,038,154,832
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The focus of the present paper is to better detect significant variables in a linear model, with the possibility that the number of explanatory variables is greater than the number of observations and when the error distribution is asymmetrical or heavy-tailed. For this type of law, the using of...
2,869,038,154,833
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well known (see e.g. \cite{HS, DS}) that the classical minimal surfaces do not stick at the boundary. Namely, if~$\Omega$ is a convex domain and~$E$ is a set that minimizes the perimeter among its competitors in~$\Omega$, then~$\partial E$ is transverse to~$\partial\Omega$ at their interse...
2,869,038,154,834
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgment} \title{Reliable NLU} \begin{abstract} Humans understand language by extracting information (meaning) from sentences, combining it with existing commonsense knowledge, and then performing reasoning to draw conclusions. While large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT are able t...
2,869,038,154,835
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section:introduction} Co-representations of compact quantum groups correspond to certain involutive monoidal categories (\cite{Wo87}, \cite{Wo88}, \cite{Wo98}). Banica and Speicher showed how to construct examples of such categories by taking rows of points as objects and partitions of ...
2,869,038,154,836
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \noindent Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) is a classical differential equation model of infectious diseases \cite{anderson_may_1992}. It divides the total population into three compartments and models their evolution by the system of equations $$\frac{dS}{dt}=\, -...
2,869,038,154,837
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Computing the topological entropy of a one-dimensional dynamical system is in general a very difficult task. Motivated by this problem, in \cite{MR}, the entropy was computed following backward trajectories in a way that at each step every preimage can be chosen with equal probability introduc...
2,869,038,154,838
arxiv
\section{Motivation and history of the problem} \label{intro} The task for a general and useful classification of probability distributions with respect to the their tails seems to be still open. Embrechts et al. (1997) \cite{EMK} have made a very useful figure about the relations between different subclasses of heavy...
2,869,038,154,839
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Partition statistics are often defined with an eye toward proving a congruence property. An application of this principal can be found in the proofs of the famous congruence results of Ramanujan \textbf{\cite{raman}}, which were eventually established using the rank and crank statistics \textbf...
2,869,038,154,840
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Inferring user demographics from social media has been an active research topic, with works focusing on individual tasks regarding individual demographic factors, like gender~\cite{DBLP:conf/icdm/YouBSL14,Alowibdi:2013:EEP:2584692.2584886} and age~\cite{DBLP:conf/icwsm/ZhangHZL...
2,869,038,154,841
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The determination of the nuclear incompressibility $K$ is still a matter of debate, despite a remarkable number of works on the subject$^{1)}$. In the present contribution, we present self-consistent calculations of the nuclear collective modes associated with a compression and expansion of the...
2,869,038,154,842
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A general class of fundamental problems in physics can be described as an impurity particle interacting with a quantum reservoir. This includes Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe \cite{Anderson1967}, the Kondo effect \cite{Kondo1964}, lattice polarons in semiconductors, magnetic polarons in st...
2,869,038,154,843
arxiv
\section{Introduction} All groups in this paper are finite. A group of prime power order is called a primary group. Let~$H$ be a subgroup of a group~$G$. The permutizer of~$H$ in $G$ is the subgroup generated by all cyclic subgroups of~$G$ which permute with $H$, i.\,e. $$ P_G(H)=\left\langle x\in G\mid \lan...
2,869,038,154,844
arxiv
\section{The statistical hadronization model} The main idea of the SHM is that hadrons are emitted from regions at statistical equilibrium. No hypothesis is made about how statistical equilibrium is achieved; this can be a direct consequence of the hadronization process~\cite{beca_bari}. In a single collision event...
2,869,038,154,845
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Numerical simulations play a major role among studies of the glass transition since, unlike in experimental works, the individual motion of a large number of particles can be followed at all times~\cite{hans}. Computer simulations usually study Newtonian dynamics (ND) by solving a discretize...
2,869,038,154,846
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{SecIntro} We consider the isoperimetric problem for hypersurfaces, $\Sigma$, embedded in a slab, $M=[0,d]\times\mathbb{R}^n\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, such that $\partial\Sigma\subset\partial M$. The free boundary critical points of the area function under a volume constraint are the constant...
2,869,038,154,847
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{one} Much attention has been given in recent years to the classification of curves in projective space. Here we define a curve to be a purely one-dimensional locally Cohen-Macaulay (i.e. without embedded points) closed subscheme of $ \pso_k$, the projective three-space over an alg...
2,869,038,154,848
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many-body phenomena in the strong coupling regime of light--matter interactions, in particular Bose-Einstein condensation, have attracted considerable attention in recent years\cite{deng10a,kavokin_book11a}. The photon, one of the intrinsic components of the polariton, has an inevitable interact...
2,869,038,154,849
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Conventional time series analysis is heavily dependent on the assumption of stationarity. But this assumption is unsatisfactory for modelling many real-life phenomena that exhibit seasonal behaviour. Seasonal variations in the mean of time series data can be easily removed by a variety of methods...
2,869,038,154,850
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Globular clusters are ideal sites for the formation of binary systems hosting a compact object thanks to the frequent dynamical interaction caused by their dense environment \citep{1997A&ARv...8....1M}. Low mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) formed by a neutron star (NS) that accretes matter lost by a...
2,869,038,154,851
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \subsection{Motivation} \label{subsec:motivation} A hyperspectral image is a three-dimensional (3D) image cube comprised of a collection of two-dimensional (2D) images (slices), where each 2D image is captured at a specific wavelength. Hyperspectral images allow us to analyze ...
2,869,038,154,852
arxiv
\section{Related Work} We surveyed existing studies from two aspects: 1) detection of concept drifts, and 2) visualization of time-series data. \subsection{Detection of Concept Drifts} Concept drifts are defined as the changes in the joint distribution between the environment variables (\textit{i.e.}, the time-ser...
2,869,038,154,853
arxiv
\section{\bf Heron and Heinz Means} Let $a,b>0$ and $\lambda\in[0,1]$ be real numbers. The following expressions \begin{equation}\label{eq1} a\nabla_{\lambda}b=(1-\lambda)a+\lambda b,\;\; a\sharp_{\lambda}b=a^{1-\lambda}b^{\lambda} \end{equation} are known as the $\lambda$-weighted arithmetic mean and $\lambda$-...
2,869,038,154,854
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \let\thefootnote\relax\footnotetext{Electronic address: {\tt mark.hertzberg@tufts.edu}\\Electronic address: {\tt ali@cosmos.phy.tufts.edu}} A range of cosmological observations indicate that the current expansion rate of the universe is accelerating \cite{Riess:1998cb}. This is accommodated wit...
2,869,038,154,855
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Learning to translate between two image domains is a common problem in computer vision and graphics, and has many potentially useful applications including colorization \cite{pix2pix}, photo generation from sketches \cite{pix2pix}, inpainting \cite{inpainting}, future frame prediction \cite{frame...
2,869,038,154,856
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The interplay between dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and color confinement in a hot/dense medium has not been sufficiently understood, and remains one of the central subjects in QCD~\cite{review,qm:fuku}. The chiral symmetry breaking and its restoration are well characterized by the quark-a...
2,869,038,154,857
arxiv
\section{Introduction and main result} Let $\BC_+=\{z\in\BC: \Im z>0\}$ be the upper half-plane in the complex plane $\BC$. We recall that the classical Hardy space $H^p(\BC_+)$ consists of analytic functions $f$ in $\BC_+$ such that $\|f\| \defn \Big( \sup_{y>0}\int_{\BR}|f(x+iy)|^p\,dx \Big)^{1/p} $ is finite. It...
2,869,038,154,858
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure*} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth,page=1]{imgs/QG-formal.pdf} \caption{Model overview.} \label{fig:model_overview} \end{figure*} Knowledge-Based Question Generation (KBQG) is a task that aims to generate natural language questions given a knowle...
2,869,038,154,859
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{T}{he} field of robotics has made remarkable progress in providing diverse sets of robotic platforms with different physical properties, sensor configurations, and locomotion capabilities (e.g., climbing, running, or flying). Thus, developing new planning algorithms that can be ubiq...
2,869,038,154,860
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Recent advances in deep learning and more specifically in sequence-to-sequence modeling have led to dramatic improvements in ASR~\cite{chan2016listen, chiu2017state} \todo{more references?} and MT~\cite{sutskever2014sequence, cho2014properties, bahdanau2014neural, wu2016google,...
2,869,038,154,861
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the last few decades it has become apparent that many problems in Information Theory have analogies to certain problems in the area of statistical physics of disordered systems. Such analogies are useful because physical insights, as well as statistical mechanical tools and analysis technique...
2,869,038,154,862
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Primordial inflation is the most convincing paradigm for the early Universe~\cite{infl}. The vacuum fluctuations created during inflation also explain the observed temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation~\cite{WMAP}. However inflation leaves the Universe cold an...
2,869,038,154,863
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The high sensitivity of optically trapped Brownian particles, combined with long integration times available, makes optical traps outstanding metrological systems. They have therefore been involved in many weak force experiments and have been recognized as outstanding systems for implementing an...
2,869,038,154,864
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well known that metric spaces are widely used in analysis. There are several common metric spaces, such as the numerical straight line $\mathbb{R}$, the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$, the continuous function space and the Hilbert space. Therefore, every metric space is an ...
2,869,038,154,865
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The vorticity-velocity formulation of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) reads \begin{equation}\label{vorticity} \partial_t \omega + (u \cdot \nabla)\omega = (\omega \cdot \nabla)u + \triangle \omega \end{equation} where $u$ is the velocity and $\omega = \, \mbox{curl} \, u$ is the vorticity o...
2,869,038,154,866
arxiv
\section{Acknowledgements} \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} \section{Introduction} Singing voice synthesis (SVS) uses music score and lyrics to generate natural singing voices of a target singer. Recently, SVS has attracted much research attention in the speech and music processing communities. However, due to high da...
2,869,038,154,867
arxiv
\section{Introduction. Description of main results}\label{S1} Three-dimensional Zakharov--Kuznetsov equation (ZK) \begin{equation}\label{1.1} u_t+bu_x+ u_{xxx}+u_{xyy}+u_{xzz}+uu_x=f(t,x,y,z) \end{equation} ($u=u(t,x,y,z)$, $b$ -- real constant) for the first time was derived in \cite{ZK} for description of ion...
2,869,038,154,868
arxiv
\section{Window Sort}\label{sec-algorithm} \textsc{Window Sort}\xspace\ consists of multiple iterations of the same procedure: Starting with a permutation $\sigma$ and a \textit{window size} $w$, we compare each element $x$ in $\sigma$ with its left $2w$ and right $2w$ adjacent elements (if they exist) and count its...
2,869,038,154,869
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Common envelopes (CEs) are events that often occur in binary systems when one component, the primary, evolves off the main-sequence \citep{Paczynski1976,Ivanova2013,Kochanek:2014aa}. Significant radial expansion of the primary during post-main-sequence evolution can lead to direct engulfment of...
2,869,038,154,870
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, under the basic characteristics of mMTC, i.e, a large number of user devices and sporadic user traffic, the grant-free access strategy has been considered to allow the active devices to access the wireless network without a grant \cite{GraFrA2017, SenelGrant-Free2018}, which redu...
2,869,038,154,871
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} A \emph{grain boundary} (GB) is the interface between two grains or crystals in a polycrystalline material, and has an atomic configuration significantly different from that of a single crystal. Since this results in peculiar mechanical and electrical properties of ma...
2,869,038,154,872
arxiv
\section{1\quad Introduction} \noindent Recent years have witnessed the promising development of Visual Question Answering (VQA) task\cite{vqa}, which is required to infer the answers based on an image and its relevant question text. Promoted by the continued researches on multimodal inference, the previously proposed ...
2,869,038,154,873
arxiv
\section{One Dimensional Linear Model} \label{sec:1d-linear} In order to clarify our method for nonlinear hyperbolic systems \eqref{equ:1d-sediment} and \eqref{equ:2d-sediment}, we first present our basic idea by studying the one dimensional linear hyperbolic system as follows \begin{equation} \label{equ:linear} \le...
2,869,038,154,874
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Being one of the first space geodetic techniques, lunar laser ranging (LLR) has routinely provided observations for more than 35 years. The LLR data are collected as normal points, i.e.\ the combination of lunar returns obtained over a short time span of 10 to 20 minutes. Out of $\approx 10^{19}...
2,869,038,154,875
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The MUNICS project is a wide area $K'$-band selected photometric survey in the $VRIJK'$ passbands aiming at two main scientific goals, namely \begin{itemize} \item the identification of galaxy clusters at redshifts around unity, and \item the selection of a fair sample of field early-type galaxie...
2,869,038,154,876
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{s:1} For $n\geq 3$, let $r=r(n)$ and $\ell$ be integers such that $r=r(n)\geq 3$ and $2\leq\ell\leq r-1$. A hypergraph ${H}$ on vertex set $[n]$ is an \textit{$r$-uniform hypergraph} (\textit{$r$-graph} for short) if each edge is a set of $r$ vertices. An $r$-graph is called a partial ...
2,869,038,154,877
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we shall study the motion in a 3D composite galaxy model described by the potential \begin{equation} {{V}_{t}}\left( x,y,z \right)={{V}_{g}}\left(x,y,z \right) +{{V}_{h}}\left(x,y,z \right) , \end{equation} where \begin{equation} {{V}_{g}}\left(x,y,z \right) =\frac{\upsilon _{0}^{2...
2,869,038,154,878
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Properties of the spectrum of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a manifold are closely related to the properties of the underlying classical dynamical system. For example ergodicity of the geodesic flow on the unit tangent bundle $T_1 X$ of a compact Riemannian manifold $X$ implies quantum er...
2,869,038,154,879
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The goal of this paper is to generalise Toffoli's fundamental results about reversible computation. There are several motivations for an interest in reversible computation, some related to physics and engineering, others of a more algebraic nature. The engineering perspective notes that destroyi...
2,869,038,154,880
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A \emph{$\delta$--hyperbolic space} is a geodesic metric space where geodesic triangles are \emph{$\delta$--slim}: the $\delta$--neighborhood of any two sides of a geodesic triangle contains the third side. Such spaces were introduced by Gromov in~\cite{col:Gromov87} as a coarse notion of negat...
2,869,038,154,881
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A contact manifold $(M,\xi)$ is a $2n+1$ dimensional manifold equipped with a completely non-integrable distribution of rank $2n$, called a contact structure. Complete non-integrability of $\xi$ can be expressed by the non-vanishing property $$ \lambda \wedge (d\lambda)^n \neq ...
2,869,038,154,882
arxiv
\section{\bf Introduction}\label{sect-1} \subsection{Weyl geometry} Let $N$ be a smooth manifold of dimension $n\ge3$. Let $\nabla$ be a torsion free connection on the tangent bundle $TN$ of $N$ and let $g$ be a semi-Riemannian metric on $N$. Then the triple $\mathcal{W}:=(N,g,\nabla)$ is said to be a {\it Weyl manifo...
2,869,038,154,883
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent Structured light beams have wide applications in technologies such as lithography, nanoscopy, spectroscopy, optical tweezers and quantum cryptography~\cite{grosjean:07,hell:07,he:95,paterson:01,molina:07}. Among these, beams with helical phase fronts $\exp{(i\ell\phi)}$, where $\ell$ is...
2,869,038,154,884
arxiv
\section{Introduction} From the optical spectra of AGNs, one can generally distinguish two main types: those that show broad emission lines (BLAGNs) and those that show only narrow emission lines (NLAGNs). With an absolute magnitude M$_V\geq -23$, the local BLAGNs are called Seyfert~1 (Sy1), while the NLAGNs are called...
2,869,038,154,885
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Arising as the leading saddle point for the gravitational Euclidean path integral with a positive cosmological constant, the sphere plays a dominant role in the study of quantum gravity in de Sitter space \cite{PhysRevD.15.2752, Gibbons:1978ji, Christensen:1979iy,Fradkin:1983mq, Allen:1983dg,Tay...
2,869,038,154,886
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{S}{ensitivity} factors play an important role in power systems operations and control. In transmission systems, linear sensitivity distribution factors are traditionally utilized in power systems analysis -- for e.g., contingency analysis, generation re-dispatch, and security asses...
2,869,038,154,887
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $X$ and $K$ be two separable Hilbert spaces and ${\mathscr L}(K, X)$ the space of all bounded and linear operators from $K$ into $X$. We also denote by ${\mathscr L}_{HS}(K, X)$ the space of all Hilbert-Schmidt operators from $K$ into $X$. The goal of this paper is to consider the existen...
2,869,038,154,888
arxiv
\subsection*{Methods: perturbations and the base flow} Perturbations are defined as \begin{equation}\label{eq:def_pert} \uvph = \uvp - \Uvp, \,\,\, \php = \pp, \end{equation} to place focus on the deviation between the instantaneous flow $(\uvp$, $\pp)$ and the laminar fixed point $\Uvp$. The laminar fixed point is t...
2,869,038,154,889
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction} Panel data allows researchers to better account for individual heterogeneity and estimate richer models than cross-sectional data. Traditionally, the literature on panel data models focused on fully parametric models. Popular textbooks written by \citet{arellano_2003}, \citet...
2,869,038,154,890
arxiv
\section{Introduction} From the early work of \cite{biermann32r} onwards research on convection has remained a major challenge in stellar astrophysics, in particular as convection turned out to be one of the most important mechanisms of energy transport and mixing in stars. As is described, for instance, in \cite{canu...
2,869,038,154,891
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In network inference applications, it is important to detect community structure, i.e., cluster vertices into potential blocks. However, it can be prohibitively expensive to observe the entire graph in many cases, especially for large graphs. Thus it becomes essential to identify vertices that ha...
2,869,038,154,892
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The pandemic spreading of the Coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19)~\cite{oms,who,hopkins} is forcing billion of people to live in isolation. The related economical degrowth is producing dramatic conditions for workers, trade and industry. In all Countries the political decisions aim to r...
2,869,038,154,893
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} We model a social-encounter network where linked nodes match for reproduction in a manner depending probabilistically on each node's attractiveness. The developed model reveals that increasing either the network's mean degree or the ``choosiness'' exercised during pair-formation increases the stre...
2,869,038,154,894
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Sergey Fomin and Andrei Zelevinsky have introduced and studied cluster algebras in a series of four articles~\cite{FZ1,FZ2,BFZ3,FZ4} (one of which is coauthored by Arkady Berenstein) in order to study Lusztig's canonical basis and total positivity. Cluster algebras are commutative algebras whi...
2,869,038,154,895
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since Maxwell and Boltzmann predictions in 1860-70, it is well-known that molecules of a gas move erratically with a Gaussian velocity distribution, as experimentally verified later \cite{Miller55}. This allows thermodynamic and transport properties of molecular gases to be described. However, t...
2,869,038,154,896
arxiv
\chapter{Back Reaction} \label{ch:BR} In this section we make some general comments on how one can include the effect of back reaction for an infalling observer during gravitational collapse. In this section we do not completely solve the equations of motion for the included back reaction, we merely set up the situati...
2,869,038,154,897
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we consider the question of integrability of the quantum model related to the 1D Heisenberg chain with non-nearest, variable range exchange interaction. It is defined by the Hamiltonian $$H=h_{0}\sum_{\tiny\begin{array}{c}j,k=1\\ j\neq k\end{array}}^{N}h(j-k)P_{jk},\eqno(1)$$ whe...
2,869,038,154,898
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Given graphs $G$ and $H$, the Ramsey number $R(G,H)$ is the minimum $N$ such that whenever the edges of the complete graph on $N$ vertices $K_N$ are coloured with red and blue, there exists either a red copy of $G$ or a blue copy of $H$. The study of Ramsey numbers has a long history, and in gen...
2,869,038,154,899
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The so-called isochrone spherical models were introduced by Michel H\'enon in the fifties \cite{MH1,MH2,MH3} in the study of the dynamics of globular clusters, see \cite{JBY} for a brief review on the subject. {Globular clusters are dense, roughly spherically symmetric, distributions of s...
2,869,038,154,900
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In their seminal paper \cite{DiPerna-Lions}, R. J. DiPerna and P.-L. Lions proved the existence and uniqueness of solutions to transport equations on $\mathbb{R}^d$. We recall here a slightly simplified version of their statement. \begin{theorem}[DiPerna-Lions] Let $d \geq 1$ be an integer. Le...
2,869,038,154,901
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Solving quadratic eigenvalue problems commonly leads to numerical instabilities, and is computationally inefficient. In the literature, there are certain numerical solution strategies to linearize the polynomial eigenvalue problems to increase the computational efficiency, without sacrificing acc...
2,869,038,154,902
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Convolutional neural network (CNN) based super resolution (SR) \cite{dong2015image} is getting popular in recent years because of better reconstructed high resolution images over traditional interpolation methods. These SR models are getting deeper and wider and use complicated structure to get b...
2,869,038,154,903
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \textbf{\textit{Introduction.}} Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are regarded as a key building block in quantum information science and technology. One of their notable functionalities is the generation of quantum entangled photon pairs \cite{Benson_PRL00}, which will provide long-distance fully ...
2,869,038,154,904
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The gas in the solar atmosphere goes from mostly neutral in the photosphere to highly ionized in the corona. In the dynamic interface of these two regimes, the chromosphere and transition region, atoms will ionize and recombine on various timescales. The ionization will be out of equilibrium if ...
2,869,038,154,905
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Regular languages are precisely the behaviours of finite automata. A machine-\penalty0\hskip0pt\relax independent characterization of regularity is the starting point of algebraic automata theory (see e.g.~\cite{pin13}): one defines recognition via preimages of monoid morphisms $f: \Sigma^* \to M...
2,869,038,154,906
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The discovery of gravitational waves (GW) has given us the new probe for observing the universe~\cite{PhysRevLett.116.061102}. The typical strain sensitivity, $h$, of second generation interferometric detectors, such as Advanced LIGO~\cite{0264-9381-32-7-074001}, Advanced Virgo~\cite{0264-9381-...
2,869,038,154,907
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Albert algebras are exceptional Jordan algebras. Over fields, any simple Jordan algebra is either \emph{special}, i.e.\ a subalgebra of the anticommutator algebra $B^+$ of an associative algebra $B$, or an Albert algebra \cite{MZ}. Albert algebras over rings have attracted recent interest, as is...
2,869,038,154,908
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The basic problem alluded to the title is as follows:\\ \textit{Given a Hilbert module ${\mathscr M}$ and a submodule ${\mathscr M}_0$ over the algebra of holomorphic functions ${\mathcal A}(\Omega)$ on a bounded domain $\Omega$ in ${\mathbb C}^m$, satisfying the exact sequence $$0 \rightarrow {...
2,869,038,154,909
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, results from several high-statistics measurements of $\eebar$ annihilation into multipion states have been published \cite{FOCUS,BABAR,BABAR2,CMD,CMD2}. One of the striking features in the data is a pronounced structure in the vicinity of the antinucleon-nucleon ($\NNbar$) threshold...
2,869,038,154,910
arxiv
\section{Acknowledgments} We thank the anonymous PKC 2022 reviewers for their valuable comments. Rohit Chatterjee and Xiao Liang are supported in part by Omkant Pandey's DARPA SIEVE Award HR00112020026 and NSF grants 1907908 and 2028920. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this...
2,869,038,154,911
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Intro} Blazars are jetted active galaxies with the jet aligned along our line of sight. Due to the beamed relativistic motion of material in the jet, this component dominates the observable spectrum from radio to $\gamma$-rays. The majority of the observed emission is thought to originat...
2,869,038,154,912
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gravitational lensing has become a versatile tool to probe the cosmological model and scenarios of galaxy evolution. From the coherent distorsions, generated by the intervening matter along the line of sight, of the last scattering surface \citep[eg][]{Planck18-8} or intermediate redshift galaxie...
2,869,038,154,913
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Intro} The importance of the pair correlation has been widely recognized for nucleon many-body systems in various circumstances, in particular in open-shell nuclei and in neutron stars. The pairing gap varies with system parameters such as $N$, $Z$ and the rotational frequency in the c...
2,869,038,154,914
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:0} These lectures are intended as a pedagogical introduction to the attractor mechanism. With this mission in mind we will seek to be explicit and, to the extent possible, introduce the various ingredients using rather elementary concepts. While this will come at some loss in mathemat...
2,869,038,154,915
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is clear that the tensor \cite{Starobinsky} and scalar \cite{Mukhanov} power spectra from primordial inflation are quantum gravitational effects by how the approximate tree order results depend upon Planck's constant $\hbar$ and Newton's constant $G$, \begin{equation} \Delta^2_{h}(k) \approx ...
2,869,038,154,916
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $M_m$ denote $\mathbb R^2$ equipped with a smooth, complete, rotationally symmetric Riemannian metric given in polar coordinates as $g_m:=dr^2+m^2(r)d\theta^2$; let $o$ denote the origin in $\mathbb R^2$. We say that $M_m$ is a {\it von Mangoldt plane\,} if its sectional curvature $G_m:=...
2,869,038,154,917
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} In addition to its unique electronic properties and optical transparency, that render it potential applications in spintronics and photovoltaic devices\cite{Zhang2014a}, graphene has been recognized as the ultimate mono-atomic protective membrane of metal surfaces against corrosion\cite{Dedkov20...
2,869,038,154,918
arxiv
\section{} \section{Suspensions and equivalent fluid} The particles are dispersed in a mixture of water (74\% w/w), glycerol (25\% w/w) and polyethylene oxide with a molar weight of \unit{300}\kilo\gram\per\mole\ (PEO, 1\% w/w, from Sigma Aldrich). The water/glycerol mixture has a shear viscosity of $\ensure...
2,869,038,154,919
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} \emph{Hybrid systems} exhibit both discrete \emph{jump} and continuous \emph{flow} dynamics. Quality assurance of such systems are of paramount importance due to the current ubiquity of \emph{cyber-physical systems (CPS)} like cars, airplanes, and many others. For...
2,869,038,154,920
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, deep reinforcement learning has enabled neural network policies to achieve state-of-the-art performance on many high-dimensional control tasks, including Atari games (using pixels as inputs) \cite{Mnih2015, Mnih2016}, robot locomotion and manipulation \cite{Schulman2006, Levine2016, Li...
2,869,038,154,921
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The emission-line stars are spread over the entire HR digram. They concern young, not evolved stars or at the opposite evolved stars and of course Main Sequence stars. They are or not massive stars. For instance, among others, one can found TTauri stars, UV Ceti stars, flare stars, Mira sta...
2,869,038,154,922
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Mathematical models involving partial differential equations (PDEs) depending on a set of parameters are ubiquitous in applied sciences and engineering. These input parameters are defined to characterize, e.g., material properties, loads, boundary/initial conditions, source terms, or geometrica...
2,869,038,154,923
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec_introduction} \revision{Distributed learning is a branch of machine learning in which large datasets are stored on several client devices, and a central server controls the learning process \cite{NIPS2010_abea47ba,MLSYS2019_c74d97b0}. In this setting, the local data is never shared or...
2,869,038,154,924
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Consider the following result. \begin{theorem} \label{thm:field-family} Suppose that $\alpha \pm 8$ is squarefree, where $\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then the field $K_\alpha = \mathbb{Q}(\theta)$ where $\theta$ is a root of the irreducible polynomial $T^4 - 6T^2 - \alpha T - 3$ has ring of in...
2,869,038,154,925
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The upcoming construction and commissioning of SKA Phase 1 will bring with it a slew of blind HI surveys to be carried out by precursor facilities. While many of these surveys will be shallow or medium depth, wide area surveys, there are several ultra deep single pointing and s...
2,869,038,154,926
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last 20 years, there is a dramatic rise in the use and misuse of opioids in the United States, including misuse of prescription opioids, resurgence in heroin use and increase in abuse of illicit synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, which led to the current opioid epidemic and caused a ris...
2,869,038,154,927
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The elicitation of requirements is one of the key phases in the requirements engineering process \cite{paetsch2003requirements}. In this phase, requirements from all relevant stakeholders must be considered. However, in situations where key aspects of the system to be developed are still unclear,...