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3,212,635,539,206 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The quiet-Sun magnetic field, the so-called magnetic carpet \citep{tit98}, is
thought to be divided into two main parts: closed field lines and open field
lines \citep[see e.g.][]{gab76}. The closed field lines are low-lying
intertwined field lines responsible for the complexity of the field. In... |
3,212,635,539,207 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Int}
In the analysis of the count data, the presence of at least overdispersion or excess of zeros deserves special attention for the choice of the count model (e.g., Dem\'etrio and Hinde 1998; Akantziliotou et al. 2008; Sellers and Raim 2016; del Castillo and P\'{e}rez-Casany 2005). The ov... |
3,212,635,539,208 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{introduction}
Superfluid $^4$He has received a great deal of recent attention owing to the newfound ability to image micron-sized tracer particles in the bulk of the fluid. Polymer micro-spheres and hydrogen isotopes have been used for particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements \cite{z... |
3,212,635,539,209 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Liquid jets appear in a vast range of applications. A very active field of application is that of fuel jet injection engines, widely used in the automotive and aerospace industry; other fields of application include medical apparatuses, so-called ``atomizers'' used by commercial... |
3,212,635,539,210 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
All graphs considered in this paper are simple, finite and undirected. We follow the
terminology and notation of Bondy and Murty \cite{Bondy}. For a graph $G$, we use $V(G)$, $E(G)$,
$n(G)$, $m(G)$, $\delta(G)$, $\kappa(G)$, $\kappa'(G)$, $\delta(G)$ and $diam(G)$ to denote the vertex set, e... |
3,212,635,539,211 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}
Particle laden turbulent flows are ubiquitous and challenging due to the multi-scale
physics involved, see \cite{vanderhoef_rev}.
Turbulence has an important role in the motion of particles.
The transport, entrainment and redeposition,
\cite{soldati_rev}, of solid pa... |
3,212,635,539,212 | arxiv | \section{Motivation, principal problems and results}
This paper was motivated by the following open problem posed by I.V.~Protasov in the Kourovka Notebook \cite[13.44]{Kourov}.
\begin{problem}\label{prob1} Is it true that for any partition $G=A_1\cup\dots \cup A_n$ of a group $G$ into $n$ pieces there is a piece... |
3,212,635,539,213 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The long-distance physics of supersymmetric field theories is generically described by
superconformal field theories (SCFTs). In this paper we study superconformal blocks,
which capture the universal features of correlation functions of
SCFTs. The superconformal blocks are also crucial inputs t... |
3,212,635,539,214 | arxiv | \section{THE MULTIVERSE}
\subsection{Sociology}
When dealing with the fundamental interactions, one of the key science questions at the moment is whether the underlying theory of Nature has a unique ground state, a few possible ground states, or very many ground states. As we will see, this simple question leads ... |
3,212,635,539,215 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Crystallizing biomolecules is of central importance for determining their three-dimensional structure through X-ray or neutron diffraction~\cite{PDB,mcpherson:1999}, but remains notoriously difficult to achieve~\cite{khafizov:2014}.
Fortunately, increasing the number of new structures deposited ... |
3,212,635,539,216 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
{\em All rings and algebras in this paper are
assumed associative with a two-sided identity element. As usual, in a direct sum of rings or algebras the operations are defined componentwise. When we discuss the ring $M_n(R)$
of $n$-by-$n$ matrices with entries in a ring $R$, we assume that $n \geq... |
3,212,635,539,217 | arxiv | \section{Related Work}
\section{Preliminaries}\label{sec:preliminaries}
\paragraph{Precision and Recall}
Precision and recall are commonly used performance metrics in many areas including classification tasks or natural language processing. In specific, to quantify the performance of the generative models, precision ... |
3,212,635,539,218 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\noindent
In this paper, we investigate a spatio-temporal discretization of
a class of nonlinear stochastic evolution equations with monotone drift.
To be more precise, let $(\Omega,\F,(\F_t)_{t \in [0,T]},\P)$ be a filtered
probability space satisfying the usual conditions for... |
3,212,635,539,219 | arxiv | \section{The Promise of X-ray Binaries}
X-ray binaries are systems made of a compact object and a non-collapsed star. When dealing with high-energy emission however, it is more correct to say that they are made of a compact object and matter orbiting around it and falling onto/into it. They therefore
constitute an id... |
3,212,635,539,220 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the past a few years, we have witnessed a remarkable progress in deep convolutional neural network design. Despite networks getting more powerful by increasing depth and width~\cite{resnet,zagoruykoK16wideresnet}, the meta-architecture design has not been changed since the invention of convolu... |
3,212,635,539,221 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A century ago, one might have hoped that quantum mechanics would one day be replaced by a theory compatible with the deterministic and local pre-quantum ontology. No such theory is known today: Neither Bohmian mechanics \cite{Bohm}, nor models with spontaneous collapse \cite{GRW, Bassi:2003gd}... |
3,212,635,539,222 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For $\ell\in\NN$, an {\it $\ell$-factor} in a graph or multigraph is an
$\ell$-regular spanning subgraph. Let $f_i(G)$ denote the maximum number of
vertices in an $i$-regular subgraph of $G$. A graph or multigraph is
{\it cubic} if every vertex has degree $3$.
A classical theorem by Petersen~... |
3,212,635,539,223 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many areas assessing the regularity of a Gaussian process represents still and always an important issue. In a straightforward way, it allows to give accurate estimates for approximation or integration of sampled process. An important example is the kriging, which becomes more and more popular... |
3,212,635,539,224 | arxiv | \section*{\large{\textsf{Acknowledgements}}}
The author is very grateful to Prof Soon Wanmei for help with
numerical work.
|
3,212,635,539,225 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the problem session of the 38th ISFE held in 2000 in Hungary,
N. Brillou\"{e}t-Belluot (\cite{Belluot}) proposed the second order iterative equation
\begin{eqnarray}\label{speciallinear}
\varphi^2(x)=\varphi(x+a)-x,~~~~ x\in \mathbb{R},
\end{eqnarray}
and asked: {\it What are its solutions... |
3,212,635,539,226 | arxiv | \section{MOTIVATION: SUSY PHENOMENOLOGY}
\label{susypheno}
At the end of 2007, first physics data are expected to be delivered
by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This experiment may probe the
mechanism of electroweak (EW) symmetry breaking and possibly find
signals of new physics. There are many theoretical argument... |
3,212,635,539,227 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The dissolution process of star clusters is an old problem in stellar dynamics.
Once a star cluster has formed somewhere in a galaxy, it tends to lose mass
due to dynamical interactions until it has completely dissolved.
It turned out that the physics behind the dissolution of star clusters is... |
3,212,635,539,228 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
In our current picture of the universe, the bewildering variety of structures that we see throughout the universe all began as tiny inhomogeneities in an otherwise featureless space-time. These tiny ripples in the background are perhaps the most ancient relics left from the very e... |
3,212,635,539,229 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Data freshness is of paramount importance in real-time communication applications, such as automatic driving, remote sensing and control. Age of information (AoI) is a widely used metric to quantize the information freshness at the receiver \cite{ref1}. The pioneer works \cite{ref2}\cite{ref3}\c... |
3,212,635,539,230 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of Dark Matter (DM) explanation has been in the center of fundamental physics attention for a long time. The existence of the DM is followed from astrophysical data and
remains the essential phenomenological evidences of New Physics' manifestations beyond the Standard Model (SM) \ci... |
3,212,635,539,231 | arxiv |
\section{The VEGAS survey}
\label{sec:1}
The VST Elliptical GAlaxies Survey (VEGAS) is a deep multi-band ($g,
r, i$) imaging survey of early-type galaxies in the Southern
hemisphere carried out with VST at the ESO Cerro Paranal Observatory
(Chile). The survey goal is to map the surface brightness of galaxies
with $V_{... |
3,212,635,539,232 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent In 1999 Merino and Welsh \cite[Conjecture 7.1]{merino-welsh} posed the following conjecture.
\begin{conj}\label{conj:merino-welsh-graphs-max}
For every connected graph $G$ without loops and bridges, the following inequality holds.
\[
\max(\alpha(G), \alpha^*(G)) \geq \t... |
3,212,635,539,233 | arxiv | \section*{\textbf{Introduction}}
\begin{Maple Normal}
In this work we derive, step-by-step, the SO(4) symmetry of the hydrogen atom and its spectrum using a computer algebra system (CAS). To the best of our knowledge, such a derivation using symbolic computation has not been shown before. The goal was to see whether th... |
3,212,635,539,234 | arxiv | \section{\small{INTRODUCTION}} Let $k$ be a perfect field of characteristic $p >0.$ The stacky approach to de Rham cohomology due to Drinfeld recovers the theory of de Rham cohomology via cohomology of the structure sheaf of certain stacks \cite{drinfeld2018stacky}. More precisely, for a smooth scheme $X$ over $k,$ he ... |
3,212,635,539,235 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Taking advantage of the spin degree of freedom in non-magnetic materials relies on our ability to leverage the combination of strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and structural asymmetries. Prototypical examples where this combination occurs include free surfaces of heavy metals\cite{LaShell.PhysR... |
3,212,635,539,236 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
M87 has been the poster child for black hole studies due to its
central jet, large central velocity dispersion, and having the largest
measured black hole mass. Sargent et al. (1978) and Young et
al. (1978) estimate a black hole mass of $5\times10^9M_\odot$ using the
surface brightness and veloc... |
3,212,635,539,237 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}
Active learning is a technique for improving model performance over a fixed annotation budget \cite{10.5555/1622737.1622744}. Generally, the data is obtained for labeling iteratively after alternating training phases until the desired performance is achieved. This contras... |
3,212,635,539,238 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
AGN environment studies, from host galaxy to galaxy cluster scales, provide
information on the link between AGN activity and tidal interactions and of
differences of the environments due to intrinsic AGN properties or an
evolution with z. Obtained results have to be considered in particular
w... |
3,212,635,539,239 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quasars are very luminous objects residing at the centers of galaxies
believed to be powered by accretion of matter onto a supermassive
black hole. The high luminosity makes them identifiable out to very
high redshift where they can be used to study black hole growth,
galaxy evolution and the in... |
3,212,635,539,240 | arxiv | \section*{Version fran\c{c}aise abr\'eg\'ee}
\selectlanguage{english}
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}
As a long-standing challenge in
classical physics \cite{Ric22,Kol41,Bat53,TenLum72,Kra74,MonYag75,Fri95,Pop00,Tsi01}, fully developed turbulence is an archetypical non linear and non ... |
3,212,635,539,241 | arxiv | \section{Introduction, Notations and Preliminaries}
We work with the field $\mathbb{R}$ of real numbers throughout. The vector space of all $n \times n$ matrices
with real entries will be denoted by $M_n(\mathbb{R})$. The subspace of real symmetric matrices will be denoted
by $\mathcal{S}^n$. For $A \in M_n(\mathbb{R... |
3,212,635,539,242 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\zeta@}%
{-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex
{2.3ex \@plus.2ex}%
{\normalfont\large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\zeta@}%
... |
3,212,635,539,243 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For many years it was commonly assumed that dilute electrolytes, very well described by the Debye-H\"{u}ckel (DH) theory, are more suitable for electrochemical devices than the concentrated ones. For this reason,
neither experimentalists nor theoreticians paid much attention to the concentrated... |
3,212,635,539,244 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A new type of luminous transient has been identified in recent years through the use
of deep, wide surveys searching for supernovae in the local Universe (Quimby et al.
2005, 2007; Quimby 2006; Smith et al. 2007; Drake et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009; Kaiser et
al. 2010; Gal-Yam 2012; Baltay et ... |
3,212,635,539,245 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Microlensing is one of the most efficient ways to measure the amount of (sub)stellar matter, dark or luminous, in our Galaxy.
By measuring the amplification
of the flux of a source star, one can derive statistically the mass, distance and transverse velocity of the deflector.
When a deflector pa... |
3,212,635,539,246 | arxiv |
\section{Architectures}\label{app:architectures}
In this section, we provide an overview over all the architectures evaluated in \Secref{sec:experiments}.
The fully connected networks with the naming format \texttt{AxB} have \texttt{A} hidden layers with \texttt{B} neurons each and additionally an input and output lay... |
3,212,635,539,247 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent technological advancements are changing the way we view urban mobility systems and are set to bring about a host of opportunities to improve mobility, accessibility, and livability. This is evident from the advent of transportation networking companies (TNC) and ride-sourcing services, her... |
3,212,635,539,248 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Phase ordering kinetics is a phenomenon classically describing the growth of an ordered phase as a domain
coarsening for a quenched system, from the homogeneous phase toward a broken phase \cite{Livi}. It has been investigated for $O(N)$ field theory models \cite{Bray,Emmot} from the methods use... |
3,212,635,539,249 | arxiv | \section{Proof of Theorem~\ref{main1}}\label{s:proof}
Theorem~\ref{main1} will be proved by a standard back-and-forth argument. But first we need to introduce some notation and prove some auxiliary results.
A family $\U$ of subsets of a set $X$ is called {\em disjoint} if $U\cap V=\emptyset$ for any distinct sets... |
3,212,635,539,250 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent\textbf{Background.} In the last decades, temporal logics
have become established as a well-known framework for verification of dynamic, reactive systems.
The first to systematically introduce time into modern logic was
Arthur Prior, who used the framework of modal logic \cite{prior57}.... |
3,212,635,539,251 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main results}
\label{sec:intro}
The main goal of the present paper is to obtain the gradient estimates of solutions to following quasilinear divergence form elliptic equations:
\begin{align}\label{eq:diveq}
\begin{cases}
\mathrm{div}(A(x,\nabla u)) &= \ \mathrm{div}(f) \quad \text{in} \ \ \Ome... |
3,212,635,539,252 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
This article is devoted to the description of topological quantum deformations of a large
class of low dimensional Lie groups. It mainly concerns the groups `$az+b$' and '$ax+b$'
of affine (orientation preserving) transformations of the complex and real line respectively.
They form a family ... |
3,212,635,539,253 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
During attachment to a substrate, most cell types actively
sense the adhesive geometry and stiffness of their environment
by generating contractile forces in their actin cytoskeleton
that are transmitted to the substrate through cell-matrix
contacts \cite{Geiger2009}.
The resulting traction forc... |
3,212,635,539,254 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
For $k_1,\dots,k_{r-1} \geq 1, k_r \geq 2$ the multiple zeta value $\zeta(k_1,\ldots,k_r)$ is defined by
\begin{equation} \label{eq:mzv}
\zeta(k_1,\ldots,k_r)=\sum_{0<m_1<\cdots<m_r} \frac{1}{m_1^{k_1}\cdots m_r^{k_r}} \,.
\end{equation}
The ${\mathbb Q}$-vector space spanned by all m... |
3,212,635,539,255 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cosmological perturbation theory is an essential tool which connects
theories of the early universe with observation. Until recently
it was sufficient to use linear perturbation theory to make and compare
theoretical predictions with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
experiments and data from la... |
3,212,635,539,256 | arxiv |
\section{Applications and simulations}
In this section we illustrate the use of evolving surface finite element methodology on triangular meshes obtained from image data
of neutrophil cells. These were labelled with cell mask orange dye to stain the plasma membrane.
The neutrophils are quiescent initially and then... |
3,212,635,539,257 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent Let $\mathbb{K}$ be a field of positive characteristic $p$.
By the \textit{general linear algebra} $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\FK)$ we mean the vector space of all $n\times n$ matrices over $\mathbb{K}$ together with a unary operation $X \mapsto X^p$, called the \textit{$p$-map}, and a binary op... |
3,212,635,539,258 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) is a new and fast-rising community sensing paradigm to fulfill the increasing demand of diverse urban sensing data. The recent proliferation of mobile smart devices (e.g., smart phones, smart watches, etc.) provides increasingly capable sources of sensors (e.g., GPS, gy... |
3,212,635,539,259 | arxiv | \section{Introduction: The Gaia space mission}
The Gaia space mission will be launched in 2011/2012. It will orbit at the anti-solar L2 point. Its lifetime is
expected to be 5 years. Onboard, there are 3 different instruments: ASTRO, which will provide astrometric
measurements (parallaxes, proper-motions) for all sta... |
3,212,635,539,260 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Random matrix theory (RMT) was introduced in physics by Wigner \cite{Wi-55} and the tripartite classification of classical random matrices (Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE), Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) and Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble (GSE)) was given by Dyson \cite{Dy-62}. R... |
3,212,635,539,261 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Several problems from computer vision, such as
motion segmentation and face clustering, give rise to modeling data by multiple subspaces.
This is referred to as Hybrid Linear Modeling (HLM) or alternatively as ``subspace clustering''.
In tracking-based motion segmentation, extracted feature point... |
3,212,635,539,262 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
\input{texfiles/actionability_dl_introduction}
\section{Related Work}
\label{section:related}
\input{texfiles/actionability_dl_related_work}
\section{Methodology}
\label{section:system_overview}
\input{texfiles/actionability_dl_system_overview}
\section{Actionabili... |
3,212,635,539,263 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The contemporary description of the high energy evolution of QCD scattering
amplitudes, given by the B-JIMWLK equations, has been developed over the last
decade
\cite{McLerran:1993ni,McLerran:1993ka,McLerran:1994vd,Jalilian-Marian:1996xn,Jalilian-Marian:1997jx,Jalilian-Marian:199... |
3,212,635,539,264 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathrm{Mor}_\beta (\mathbb{P} ^1, Y)$ denote the moduli
space of morphisms $f$ from a complex projective line $\mathbb{P}
^1$ to a smooth complex projective variety $Y$ such that
$f_*[\mathbb{P} ^1]=\beta$ where $\beta$ is a given second
homology class of $Y$. We study the irreducibili... |
3,212,635,539,265 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\makeatletter
\if@twocolumn
\IEEEPARstart{I}{n}
\else
In
\fi
\makeatletter
this paper, we consider a source (sequence of random variables ($\mathop{\mathrm{RV}}$s)) that is given to the sender.
The receiver does not have access the source, but it has access to a correlated seq... |
3,212,635,539,266 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is widely accepted that gamma-ray burst (GRB) physics can be well described by the fireball model (e.g., Piran 1999). Although synchrotron radiation is often adopted to explain a power-law feature in a general GRB afterglow spectrum, a thermal component fitted by a blackbody shape has been id... |
3,212,635,539,267 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
The purpose of these lecture notes is to introduce some general and simple ideas about slow relaxation and non-equilibrium dynamics in many-body systems, both classical and quantum. The aim is not to be comprehensive, but rather to describe particular ways in which to address certain interesti... |
3,212,635,539,268 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
According to Donaldson \cite{art:donaldson1984}, the moduli space of gauge equivalence classes of framed $SU(r)$-instantons of charge $n$ on $\mathbb R^4$ is isomorphic to the moduli space $\mathrm{M}^{reg}(r,n)$ of isomorphism classes of {\em framed vector bundles} of rank $r$ and second Chern... |
3,212,635,539,269 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
Correspondence with Bert Janssen, Sudipta Mukherji and Makoto Natsuume is
gratefully acknowledged. Work supported by EPSRC through grant
GR/L38158 (UK), and by grant UPV 063.310-EB187/98 (Spain).
|
3,212,635,539,270 | arxiv | \section{Tool for achieving a better bound}
\label{sec:alpha}
This section is an attempt to be more precise on the evaluation of \textit{rps}-chains which will lead to a further improvement in the bound. We will first discuss about the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:new_singleton_bound} and Lemma~\ref{lemma:rpschain_stepbo... |
3,212,635,539,271 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\noindent
The scaling relations (hereafter SRs), {\em i.e.}\ the 2D/3D correlations among the
parameters describing the stellar systems, are very important tools to understand their formation and evolution.
These relations do not enter in any physical theoretical model or
numer... |
3,212,635,539,272 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:introduction}INTRODUCTION}
The $(e,e'p)$ reaction, also known as a proton-knockout reaction, is a fundamental tool for studying the propagation of nucleons in the nuclear medium. Specifically, the electromagnetic probe is able to sample the full nuclear volume (as compared to hadronic probes). The k... |
3,212,635,539,273 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Linear time invariant (LTI) state-space models provide a useful approximation of dynamical system behavior in a
multitude of applications. In situations where models cannot be derived from first principles, some form of data-driven modeling, i.e. system identification, is appropriate \cite{Ljun... |
3,212,635,539,274 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Local Lipschtz geometry of complex algebraic sets has been intensively studied in the last years. One of the recent works on this subject, the paper \cite{BirbrairFLS:2016} (see also \cite{Sampaio:2016}), somehow, showed a kind of rigidity of such a local geometric structure of algebraic sets. ... |
3,212,635,539,275 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The observation of large asymmetries, predominantly an elliptic
$\cos(2\varphi)$ asymmetry, in the azimuthal distribution of
particles produced in heavy-ion collisions has been one of the main
indication for the formation of a ``nearly perfect QCD
liquid''~\cite{RHICv2AuAu}. For particles with t... |
3,212,635,539,276 | arxiv |
\section{Method}
\label{sec:method}
To spur progress toward better understanding of intrinsic objectives, we empirically compared the three objective families in terms of their correlation with human behavior and with the task rewards of three Atari games and Minecraft. First, we trained several well-known RL ... |
3,212,635,539,277 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The simplest generalization of Einstein's theory of gravity are
scalar-tensor theories, which contain the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$,
and an additional scalar field $\phi$. The strength of the coupling
between gravity and the scalar field is determined by an arbitrary
coupl... |
3,212,635,539,278 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sect:1}
Among various human-computer interaction technologies, most people prefer to interact with computers in a more personal way, e.g. by using voice, touch and gesture rather than a mouse or a keyboard. In particular, people take an interest in gesture-computing technology since it ena... |
3,212,635,539,279 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
The study of the origins and the growth of structures that form galaxies is one of the main topics of modern cosmological research. The structure formation paradigm states that the seeds of galaxies reside in the primordial density perturbations \cite{blumenthal84,da... |
3,212,635,539,280 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec_intro}
Let $\mathcal{G}$ be a graph, and for a set of vertices
$X\subset V(\mathcal{G})$, denote by $\partial X$ the set of
edges that connect a vertex in $X$ to one in $V(\mathcal{G})\backslash X$.
Define
\[
c(\mathcal{G})=\min_{X\subset V(\mathcal{G}),\;\;|X|\le|V(\mathcal{G})|/2}
\f... |
3,212,635,539,281 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Background}
The connection between systems of interacting particles and kinetic-type PDEs was first investigated by Kac in his study of the motion of a tagged molecule in a bath of identical molecules \cite{kac1959probability}, which arose as a simplified model of a Maxwellian gas \c... |
3,212,635,539,282 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The renewed interest in the theoretical research on systems of a few trapped ultracold bosons or fermions is strongly related to the recent experimental achievements in this direction~\cite{He:10,Serwane:11,Zurn:12,Wenz:13,Bourgain:13,Pagano:14}. In the pioneering works in this topic, the energy... |
3,212,635,539,283 | arxiv | \subsubsection*{Method summary}
We collected from the literature \totalprof DM density profiles for \total
unique objects ranging from dSphs to galaxy clusters. For each DM profile
found in our sample we have applied uniform selection criteria:
\begin{itemize}[--]
\item If for an object several independently dete... |
3,212,635,539,284 | arxiv | \section{#1}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}
\newcommand{\frac}{\frac}
\newcommand{\bar{\rho}}{\bar{\rho}}
\newcommand{\partial}{\partial}
\newcommand{Fun({\rm\bf R}_q^N)}{Fun({\rm\bf R}_q^N)}
\newcommand{Dif\!f({\rm\bf R}_q^N)}{Dif\!f({\rm\bf R}_q^N)}
\newcommand{Fun(SO_q(N))}{Fun(SO_q(N))... |
3,212,635,539,285 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Induced coactions of a locally compact group from its closed subgroup on C*-algebras
were studied by Rieffel~\cite{Rieffel:ind},
with a motivation coming from Mackey's works on imprimitivity.
Induced coactions from compact subgroups play an essential role in the ref... |
3,212,635,539,286 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\section{Introduction}
LoRa is a wireless technology, which is employed for achieving a long-range communication with diverse Internet of things (IoT) applications distributed over a wide geographical area. Some of the LoRa-based IoT applications include smart meter applications, inf... |
3,212,635,539,287 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we deal with multidimensional stochastic differential equations of the form
\begin{equation}\label{intro general SDE}
\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} x_t = b_1(t,x_t)\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} t+b_2(t,x_t)\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} \beta_t+\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d} w_t,\qquad x_0\in \mathbb{R}^d,
\end{... |
3,212,635,539,288 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The ultradiscrete QRT (uQRT) maps form an eight-parameter family of integrable two-dimensional piecewise linear maps, which includes reductions of the ultradiscrete KP equation \cite{QCS01,Nobe06,KIMS07} and the ultradiscretization of non-autonomous limit of the discrete Painlev... |
3,212,635,539,289 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The nonperturbative (first principle) numerical
computation of the field propagators is important for various reasons.
There are scenarios of confinement based on infrared behavior of the
gauge dependent propagators.
In particular, in the Gribov-Zwanziger
(GZ) ... |
3,212,635,539,290 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Perovskite materials with chemical composition $RM$O$_3$ ($R$ is a trivalent rare-earth ion and $M$ is a $3d$ transition metal) are in a focus of attention in modern solid-state physics and materials science, because they exhibit interesting magnetic~\cite{white,plakhty1983Yb,Nikitin2018,Wu2019}... |
3,212,635,539,291 | arxiv | \section{Introduction {and light Dark Matter theory}}
The standard model of particle physics (SM) has passed its last test with the recent discovery of the Higgs boson,
but it is still incomplete as a full theory of nature. The most urgent claim of physics beyond the SM
is the existence of non-baryonic dark matter ... |
3,212,635,539,292 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Based on Grothendieck's anabelian philosophy, the Galois-module
structure of outer automorphism group of the geometric
fundamental group of a smooth hyperbolic curve should contain all
the arithmetic information coming from $X$. Particularly, the so
called "Hom" conbjecture, which is one of Gro... |
3,212,635,539,293 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
A normal neutron star is bound by gravitational interactions.
Global characteristics of neutron stars follow from the equations
for the hydrostatic equilibrium in the general relativity, see \cite {Tolman}.
A neutron star can be divided into several layers: the crust, the outer
and the inner c... |
3,212,635,539,294 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly to countries around the world since 2019.
In March 2020, it was declared by World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic \cite{roosa2020real}.
The pandemic has presented severe challenges to routine daily life, the global ... |
3,212,635,539,295 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Geometric random graph models play an emerging role in the modelling of
real-world networks such as on-line social networks \cite{bon1}, wireless
networks \cite{frieze}, and the web graph \cite{bon,FFV}. In such
stochastic models, vertices of the network are represented by points in a
suitably ch... |
3,212,635,539,296 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The field of cold atomic gases has witnessed an explosion of
experimental and theoretical research in the last ten years. The
study of these systems has combined ideas from various disciplines
of physics such as atomic physics, condensed-matter physics,
optics etc. Cold atomic systems have provi... |
3,212,635,539,297 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{}
The hypernova explosions accompanying GRBs are Type I$_{bc}$;
i.e., they show no hydrogen lines and no helium lines.
Arguments have been given that the helium lines would not be seen
even if the helium were present, that helium would have to mix
with $^{56}$Ni if the lines were to be see... |
3,212,635,539,298 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Gravitational lensing describes the deflection of light rays from a
background source caused due to the presence of a foreground
concentration of mass (Refsdal 1964; Blandford \& Narayan 1986;
Schneider et al. 1992). The source can be a star, a galaxy, or a
quasar, while the matter concentration... |
3,212,635,539,299 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent{\it a) General considerations}:
The formulation of the Ashtekar variables\cite{Ash} has led to a considerable
body
of work applying them to problems of quantum gravity. These
variables are the result of a complex canonical transformation on a set of
3+1 Hamiltonian variables of gene... |
3,212,635,539,300 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The appearance of cracks is an effective mechanism for a mechanical system under load to release elastic energy and to relax towards equilibrium.
It is therefore not surprising that aging processes in a broad class of materials can lead to the emergence of microcracks that weaken a specimen.
The... |
3,212,635,539,301 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There is now a great deal of theoretical and practical interest in the
possibility of basing unconditionally secure cryptographic tasks on
some form of no signalling principle as well as, or even instead of, the laws
of non-relativistic quantum theory. The earliest examples of which we ... |
3,212,635,539,302 | arxiv | \section{Technical Lemmas}
\begin{lemma}[Lemma 11 of \citep{abbasi2011improved}] \label{lem:sum_sqr_log_det}
Let $\{\mathbf{x}_{t}\}_{t=1}^{\infty}$ be a sequence in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, $V \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times d}$ a positive definite matrix, and define $V_{t}=V + \sum_{s=1}^{t} \mathbf{x}_{s} \mathbf{x}_{s}^{\top}$.... |
3,212,635,539,303 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thank Angela Zhou for introducing us to the works of \citep{zhao2019sensitivity} and \citep{dorn2021sharp}.
These works use the percentile bootstrap for finite sample uncertainty estimation within their sensitivity analyses methods.
We would also like to thank Lewis Smith f... |
3,212,635,539,304 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a very broad range of applications -- many of them being led by e-commerce leaders (Amazon \cite{linden_amazoncom_2003}, Netflix \cite{koren_matrix_2009}) -- recommendation algorithms have been increasingly used over the past decade. These algorithms are capable of showing users a personalize... |
3,212,635,539,305 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The spatial (and color) distribution of star light in a galaxy is thought to encode information about its formation history, so there has been considerable interest in developing accurate descriptions of the projected surface brightness distribution of galaxies.
One approach to this problem is... |
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