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3,212,635,539,406
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Thesauri and classification systems are two different kinds of \emph{Knowledge Organisation Systems (KOS)} which are widely used in Library and Information Science for annotating documents and other artifacts in (digital) libraries, archives or information systems \cite{weller2010kn...
3,212,635,539,407
arxiv
\section{Supersymmetric deformation of the moduli space} A convenient starting point for lattice $\ensuremath{\mathcal N} = 4$ SYM is the direct discretization of the continuum action produced by topological twisting,\cite{Marcus:1995mq, Kapustin:2006pk} \begin{align} S_{\rm formal} & = S_{\rm exact} + S_{\rm closed...
3,212,635,539,408
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, with the detection of a gravitational wave (GW) event \cite{LIGOScientific:2016,{LIGOScientific:2017}} from a black hole binary merger with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) the era of GW-astronomy has begun. The production of GW can also be associated with ...
3,212,635,539,409
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \label{sec:intro} The luminosity function of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) is one of the principal constraints on the growth of supermassive black holes over the age of the Universe \markcite{kau00}(e.g., {Kauffmann} \& {Haehnelt} 2000). Ideally, we would measure the bolometric luminosity fun...
3,212,635,539,410
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Sec:intro} \setcounter{footnote}{0} Measurements of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have played a central role in the development of the current concordance cosmological model \citep[e.g.,][]{smoot/etal:1992,miller/etal:1999,deBernardis/etal:2000,hanany/etal:2000,...
3,212,635,539,411
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{{img/bug-knot}.pdf} \caption{Simplified overview of the tangle of interactions between bugs \& flaws described in this paper. A bug in the Linux implementation of Proportional Rate Reduction causes und...
3,212,635,539,412
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Motivation} The AdS/CFT correspondence \cite{malda,kleb,witten1,witten2} relates conformal field theory on a manifold $\cal B$ to supergravity or string theory on ${\cal M} \times {\cal K}$, where $\cal K$ is a compact space, and $\cal M$ denotes an Einstein manifold with negative cosmologica...
3,212,635,539,413
arxiv
\section{A Perfect wavepacket transmission} We start from the expression for the temporal output pulse as the Fourier transform \begin{equation} \label{Fourier-transform} \vec{\psi}\!\left(t \right) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int \! d\omega \, \vec{\psi}\!\left(\omega\right) \phi \! \left(\omega\right) e^{-i\omega t}, \end{equ...
3,212,635,539,414
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} Between November 2005 and September 2006 Wikipedia had an article about Porchesia, a 300,000-inhabitant island in the Mediterranean sea~\cite{porc-06}. No such place was ever mentioned in the article on the Mediterranean sea or those of Europe, Asia or Africa. It took ten mo...
3,212,635,539,415
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Motivation} \IEEEPARstart{I}MAGE saliency detection aims at locating the most eye-catching regions in a given scene~\cite{TIP15:2015,OurTIP15}. As a pre-processing tool, its subsequent applications frequently include various computer vision applications, e.g., adaptive image retargeting~\cite...
3,212,635,539,416
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Ever since the original result on intersecting families of sets by Erd\H{o}s, Ko and Rado \cite{EKR61}, an abundance of similar `EKR-theorems' in different settings has appeared, with a fitting concept of `intersecting' in each. Along with these results came a plethora of techniques to prove the...
3,212,635,539,417
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Anomalous statistical systems which exhibit an asymptotic power law behavior in the probability distribution function (pdf) are ubiquitous in nature.\cite{Abe}\tocite{Kaniadakis00} Although not in equilibrium these distributions characterize a metastable configuration in which the system remains ...
3,212,635,539,418
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Two weak decay modes of $\Lambda$ Hypernuclei are known, mesonic and Non-Mesonic (NM). The latter gives a unique tool to study the baryon-baryon weak interactions. Relatively little information about NM decays can be inferred by alternative processes, such as nucleon ...
3,212,635,539,419
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The thermal phase curve observations collected by \textit{Spitzer} have been one of its greatest scientific legacies. \textit{Spitzer} demonstrated that we can detect the variations in disk-integrated flux from an exoplanet as a function of orbital phase \citep[e.g.,][]{harrington2006,deming2020...
3,212,635,539,420
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider the following Cauchy problem for an nonlinear Dirac Hartree-type equation: \begin{eqnarray}\label{maineq} \left\{\begin{array}{l} (-i\partial_t + \al\cdot D + m\beta) \psi = (V* \left<\psi,\beta\psi\right>)\beta\psi \;\; \mathrm{in}\;\; \mathbb{R}^{1+2}\\ \psi(0) = \psi_0 \in...
3,212,635,539,421
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Lenz--Ising model is probably the oldest and most simple non--trivial model for cooperative behavior which shows spontaneous symmetry breaking~\cite{Ising,Domb}. It has a vast number of applications ranging from solid state physics to biology. Its Hamiltonian is given by \begin{equation} {\...
3,212,635,539,422
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Ontologies are wide-spread in the field of biology and biomedicine, as they facilitate the management of knowledge and the integration of information, as in the \emph{Semantic} Web~\citep{Bermejo2007}. Additionally, biological data are not only heterogeneous but also req...
3,212,635,539,423
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:introduction} \subsection{Observations} Turbulence crucially influences various stages of the formation of planets: (1) the vertical settling of dust grains to a mid-plane layer, whose thickness is determined by the equilibrium between sedimentation and turbulent diffusion \citep{Dubr...
3,212,635,539,424
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduzione} The present interest in noncommutative space(time) algebras has various motivations. In particular, such algebras may describe spacetimes at microscopic scales, regularizing ultraviolet divergencies in quantum field theory (QFT) and/or allowing the quantization of grav...
3,212,635,539,425
arxiv
\subsection{Reflection measurement} The cross-Kerr interaction manifests as photon-number splitting~\cite{Schuster2007} in the measured microwave reflection $S_{11}$ (Fig.~1D). Distinct peaks correspond to the first transition frequency of the HF mode $|g,n\rangle\leftrightarrow|e,n\rangle$, with frequencies $\omega_\t...
3,212,635,539,426
arxiv
\section*{Derivation of Eqs. 6 and 7} In this section, we derive our main result given in Eqs.~6 and 7 of the main text. This derivation is based on a dynamical programming argument (also known as a backward approach). We consider evolving the system from time $t$ to $t+dt$. According to the equations of motion in Eq...
3,212,635,539,427
arxiv
\section{Our Algorithm and Its Overview} \label{sec:overview} This section provides the overview of our algorithm, which is based on the {\em connectivity augmentation} framework plus the Halo-set decomposition method. To be specific, our algorithm starts with an empty graph called $H_0=(V,\emptyset)$. Then we add ed...
3,212,635,539,428
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent Lorentzian spacetimes for which all polynomial scalar invariants constructed from the Riemann tensor and its covariant derivatives are constant are called $CSI$ spacetimes \cite{CSI}. For a Riemannian manifold every $CSI$ space is locally homogeneous $(CSI \equiv H)$ \cite{prufer}. ...
3,212,635,539,429
arxiv
\section{The second law puzzle} Let me begin my talk\footnote{This article is a written version of a talk given at the 18th UK and European Conference on Foundations of Physics (16-18 July 2016, LSE, London)} by recalling one version of the second law of thermodynamics: \medskip \noindent \textit{The entr...
3,212,635,539,430
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Correlated insulating behaviour and unconventional superconductivity was recently observed in twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) at a 'magic' angle of 1.1$^\circ$ \cite{Nature.Cao,Nature.Cao2,PNAS.MacD}. While the nature of superconductivity is still contested, formation of ultraflatbands near the...
3,212,635,539,431
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Artificial Intelligence for Science~\cite{stevens2020ai} is concerned with the use of AI methods to accelerate our understanding of the natural world, and to assist the application of this understanding to the development of areas of engineering, medicine, healthcare, a...
3,212,635,539,432
arxiv
\section{Arcs on $cA$-type singularities}\label{sec.irreds} \begin{defn}[$cA$-type singularities] In some coordinates write a hypersurface singularity as $$ X:=\bigl(f(x_1,\dots, x_{n+1})=0\bigr)\subset \c^{n+1}. $$ Assume that $X$ is singular at the origin and let $f_2$ denote the quadratic part of $f$. If $\mult...
3,212,635,539,433
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Notation} For the purpose of this paper, a \emph{digraph} exclusively means a simple, directed graph without loops or multiple edges (including edges in the same direction and antiparallel edges).\\ \indent For any pair of vertices $u,v$ in a digraph $D$, the length of the shortest...
3,212,635,539,434
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} It is known that Painlev\'e \cite{Painleve}, Gullstrand \cite{Gullstrand} and (some years later) Lema{\^{\i}}tre \cite{Elmestre} used a non-orthogonal curvature coordinate system which allows to extend the Schwarzschild solution inside its horizon, see Eq. (\ref{PG-form}) b...
3,212,635,539,435
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \begin{tabular}{ccccc} Blurry & \multicolumn{4}{c}{ Iterations 10, 30, 100 and 250} \\ $23.12dB$ & $24.17dB$ & $26.43dB$ & $29.1dB$ & $29.9dB$ \end{tabular} \includegraphics[width=.19\columnwidth]{{vis1_23.12map-0.png.png}.jpeg} \includegraphics[width=.19\columnwid...
3,212,635,539,436
arxiv
\section{introduction} Massive nuclear clusters~(NCs) are observed at the center of many galaxies, over the whole Hubble sequence. The frequency of nucleation among galaxies less luminous than $\sim10^{10.5}~L_\odot$ is close to $90~\%$ as determined by ACS HST observations of galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax gala...
3,212,635,539,437
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Understanding the dynamics of quasiparticle excitations in a superconductor and how they interact with the superconducting condensate is important for understanding dissipation mechanisms responsible for decoherence in superconducting devices \cite{Lutchyn2006,Zgirski2011}. For example, thermall...
3,212,635,539,438
arxiv
\section{Space objects in LEO are proliferating rapidly}\label{sec1} Orbital space near the Earth has been transformed radically since the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957. The number of functional satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) has more than doubled since early 2019 due to the advent of large gro...
3,212,635,539,439
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \blfootnote{ % % % % \hspace{-0.65cm} This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Licence details: \url{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}. } Rec...
3,212,635,539,440
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Ever since the discovery that the universe is undergoing a late-time accelerated expansion \citep{acc_universe} the biggest challenge within the field has been to argue why this is happening. The two main hypothesis are that the expansion is driven by some unknown exotic component known as dark e...
3,212,635,539,441
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are frequently used in computational materials science to study the behaviour of both molecular and bulk systems. These simulations assume that the energy of an atom can be defined as a function of the local atomic environment, and the way th...
3,212,635,539,442
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Scatterers in a homogeneous medium can be imaged by probing the medium with a wave emanating from a point source, and recording the reflected waves at one or more receivers. An image of the scatterers can be generated by repeating this experiment while varying the position of th...
3,212,635,539,443
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Until now, the primary way that stars and galaxies have been classified in large sky surveys has been a morphological separation \citep[e.g.,][]{kron80,yee91,vasconcellos11a,henrion11a} of point sources (presumably stars) from resolved sources (presumably galaxies). At bright apparent magnitude...
3,212,635,539,444
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Magic Squares (MS's), arrays of Lie algebras enjoying remarkable symmetry properties under reflection with respect to their main diagonal, were discovered long time ago by Freudenthal, Rozenfeld and Tits \cite{fr1, tits, rz}, and their structure and fascinating properties have been studied exten...
3,212,635,539,445
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The classification problem for extremal traces on direct limits of finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebras has a decennia long history in mathematics that is intertwined with many different fields such as probability theory, symmetric functions, $K$-theory or representation theory \cite{BO16} just to ...
3,212,635,539,446
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The {\em generalised Khovanov algebra} $H^n_m$ is a certain positively graded symmetric algebra defined via an explicit calculus of diagrams. It was introduced by Khovanov in the case $m=n$ as part of his ground-breaking work categorifying the Jones polynomial \cite{K,K2}. In \cite{CK, S}, the ...
3,212,635,539,447
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{submission} Federated learning (FL) has been widely applied to different applications given its high efficiency and privacy-preserving properties~\cite{smith2017federated,mcmahan2016communication,zhao2018federated}. However, recent studies show that it is easy for the local client to add ...
3,212,635,539,448
arxiv
\section{Electronic Submission} \label{submission} Submission to ICML 2019 will be entirely electronic, via a web site (not email). Information about the submission process and \LaTeX\ templates are available on the conference web site at: \begin{center} \textbf{\texttt{http://icml.cc/}} \end{center} The guidelines b...
3,212,635,539,449
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Fierz identities are relations among elements of the Clifford algebra, spinors, and the exterior algebra associated with the vector space $\mathbb{R}^n$ with metric $g$. They have been used in Dirac's treatment of electron spin in signature (1,3) \cite{lounesto} as well as in M-theory (which...
3,212,635,539,450
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\vspace{-0.2cm} MillimetterWave (mmW) communications utilize the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 30 and 300~GHz, which corresponds to wavelengths from 10~mm to 1~mm~\cite{Smulders07}. MmW wireless networks in the 60 GHz unlicensed band are considered one of the key technologies for en...
3,212,635,539,451
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Ramsey's Theorem, regarding colorings of tuples of $\omega$, is a fundamental result in combinatorics. Naturally, set theorists have studied generalizations of this theorem which concern colorings of pairs of countable ordinals, that is to say, colorings on $\omega_1$. The most straightforward ...
3,212,635,539,452
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\indent This paper is a contribution to the study of the interactions between descriptive set theory and theoretical computer science. These interactions have already been the subject of many studies, see for instance \cite{Landweber69,Wagner79,LescowThomas,Staiger97,Selivanov03b,NW03,PerrinPin,S...
3,212,635,539,453
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Fluctuations are important observables in relativistic heavy-ion collisions for the search for the QCD critical point and the phase transition to the deconfined medium~\cite{Asakawa:2015ybt,Luo:2017faz}. In particular, non-Gaussianity of fluctuations characterized by the high...
3,212,635,539,454
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Uncertainty quantifications in physical and engineering applications often involve the study of partial differential equations (PDE) with random coefficient field. To understand the behavior of a system in the presence of uncertainties, one can extract PDE-derived physical quantities as functiona...
3,212,635,539,455
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Collisions and interactions between galaxies in groups almost inevitably lead to mergers, with orbital energy converted into random motions of the constituents, and into the kinetic energy of tidal tail ejecta. However, this process is not direct; the initial and final relaxed states are separ...
3,212,635,539,456
arxiv
\part{0} \pagerange{\pageref{firstpage}--\pageref{lastpage}} \doi{S0963548301004989} \begin{document} \label{firstpage} \maketitle \begin{abstract} This guide is for authors who are preparing papers for the {\em Journal of Plasma Physics\/} using the \LaTeXe\ document preparation system and the Cambridge...
3,212,635,539,457
arxiv
\section{Experiment Details}\label{appendix:experiments} In Appendix \ref{ssec:dataset}, we describe the datasets utilized. In Appendix \ref{ssec:params}, we describe the various algorithms we compare with as well as the choice of hyper-parameters used for each of them. \subsection{Datasets} \label{ssec:dataset} We ...
3,212,635,539,458
arxiv
\section{Copyright} All papers submitted for publication by AAAI Press must be accompanied by a valid signed copyright form. They must also contain the AAAI copyright notice at the bottom of the first page of the paper. There are no exceptions to these requirements. If you fail to provide us with a signed copyright for...
3,212,635,539,459
arxiv
\section{Introduction% \label{introduction}% } The moduli space $M_{g,n}$ of smooth Riemann surfaces is a topological space which has been subject of much research both in algebraic geometry and in string theory. It is known since the '90s that this space has a triangulation indexed by a special kind of graphs \ci...
3,212,635,539,460
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the Ramond- Neveu - Schwarz theory \cite{rnshw} the superstring interaction amplitudes are obtained by a summation of the spinning (fermion) string interaction amplitudes. The string world-sheet carries the zweibein $e_m^a$ and the 2D-gravitino field $\phi_m$. Due to the local 2D-...
3,212,635,539,461
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In these proceedings we review some recent developments in integrand reduction methods for two-loop amplitudes and their application to five particle amplitudes in massless QCD. NNLO QCD corrections to processes such as $pp\to 3j$, $pp\to H+2j$ and $pp\to W+2j$ are currently a high priority with...
3,212,635,539,462
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cosmic structure forms hierarchically, with smaller structures merging to form bigger ones. On the largest scales, clusters of galaxies merge releasing energies of the order of $10^{64}$ erg on time scales of 1--2 Gyr \citep[e.g.][]{Hoeft2008}. During such merger events, large-scale shock waves ...
3,212,635,539,463
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{s.introduction} The next few years promise new constraints on the dense matter inside neutron stars. Progress on the equation of state may come from the detection of gravitational waves from merging neutron stars \cite{Lackey2012,Chatziioannou2015}, discovery of a neutron star with mass ab...
3,212,635,539,464
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For several reasons, massive neutrinos are important in modern particle physics. The theoretical extensions in form of grand unified theories of the very successful standard model may be checked by their prediction of \nue masses. Moreover massive neutrinos would open up a variety of new phen...
3,212,635,539,465
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the last few years there has been a renewed interest on soft theorems. Although the latter were first investigated long time ago~\cite{Low:1954kd,GellMann:1954kc,Low:1958sn,Weinberg:1965nx,Burnett:1967km,Bell:1969yw} and they are well established in phenomenological applications, the new ent...
3,212,635,539,466
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Light can exert a force. Although this statement is uncontroversial today, its confirmation was a remarkable triumph a little over a century ago\cite{Nichols1903}, only a couple of centuries after scientists had finally managed to show that light moves at all (as opposed to ap...
3,212,635,539,467
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Since the monolayer graphene was isolated~\cite{Novoselov2004} and shown to exhibit the quantum Hall effect~\cite{Novoselov2005tdg, Zhang2005eoq} a few years ago, ultrathin carbon systems have attracted tremendous attention.~\cite{graphene_review} Their electron properti...
3,212,635,539,468
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The Ginzburg-Landu theory of superconductivity \cite{ginzburg1950theory} describes the transient behavior and vortex motions of superconductors in an external magnetic field. The time dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations are widely used in the simulations, where the nondim...
3,212,635,539,469
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since Lotka and Volterra's seminal and pioneering works \cite{Lotka,Volterra}, many decades ago, modeling of interacting, competing species has received considerable attention in the fields of biology, ecology, mathematics \cite{Haken,Neal,May1,Maynard,Murray,Kolmogorov,Montroll,Picard,Sigmund...
3,212,635,539,470
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Brown dwarfs form the extended low-mass tail of the stellar initial mass function, and brown dwarfs as low-mass as four Jupiter-masses ($M_{\rm Jup}$) have been found in young clusters and associations \citep[e.g.,][]{Best2017,Esplin2017}. The difference between giant planet and brown dwarf form...
3,212,635,539,471
arxiv
\section*{Supplemental Materials} \renewcommand{\theequation}{A\arabic{equation}} \setcounter{equation}{0} \renewcommand{\thefigure}{A\arabic{figure}} \setcounter{figure}{0} \subsection{A. Continuously-parameterized HS transformations} Continuous parametrization of HS transformations is essential to the ADSM frame...
3,212,635,539,472
arxiv
\section{Introdcution} Completely integrable quantum field theories on two-dimensional Minkowski space have attracted the interest of physicists and mathematicians for a long time. On the one hand, such models are interesting in their own right, as they provide examples of non-trivial quantum field theories which are ...
3,212,635,539,473
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Cosmology observations from Type Ia supernovae (SNIe) gave the first evidence for a late-time acceleration in the expansion of the Universe \citep{Perlmutter1999,Riess1998}. A Type Ia supernova (SNIa) is the cataclysmic explosion of a white dwarf star that occurs when the white ...
3,212,635,539,474
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Interferometry is not indispensable to the experiments that seek to detect gravitational waves (GWs) by monitoring the displacement of freely falling test masses. Sensitivity is set by disturbances to free fall (acceleration noise) and by the precision of the distance measurement (position noi...
3,212,635,539,475
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Consider the sequential reduction in rank of the symmmetry group $E_6$: \begin{eqnarray} E_6 &\rightarrow& SO(10) ~[\times U(1)_\psi] \\ &\rightarrow& SU(5) ~[\times U(1)_\chi] \\ &\rightarrow& SU(3)_C \times SU(2)_L ~[\times U(1)_Y]. \end{eqnarray} At each step, a U(1) gauge factor ma...
3,212,635,539,476
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Planetary Nebulae (PNe) have been studied for decades, and through those efforts an understanding has come of the final phases of stellar evolution of stars with masses in the $\sim$1 -- 8 M$_{\odot}$ range (also called the low- and intermediate-mass stars, or LIMS). Planetary nebulae are e...
3,212,635,539,477
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{INTRO} Graph coloring, as a special case of the graph homomorphism problem, is widely known to be among the most fundamental problems in graph theory and combinatorics. Based on some recent deep non-approximability results (see e.g. \cite{ARO09,GON07,GHS02,HENE04,JETO95,RASU07} and referenc...
3,212,635,539,478
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This is a continuation of series of papers \citet{Pdot}, \citet{Pdot2}, \citet{Pdot3}, \citet{Pdot4}, \citet{Pdot5}, \citet{Pdot6}, \citet{Pdot7} and \citet{Pdot8} reporting new observations of superhumps in SU UMa-type dwarf novae. SU UMa-type dwarf novae are a class of cataclysmic variables...
3,212,635,539,479
arxiv
\section*{Nomenclature} \vspace{-0.4cm} \begin{table}[h!] \centering \begin{tabular}{lll} $\alpha$ & Penalty coefficient for ESS charging \\ $\beta$ & Penalty coefficient for ESS discharging \\ $c_{e}$ & Cost of $P_{\rm grid}$ (\$/kWh)\\ $E$ & ESS state of charge (kWh)\\ $E_{\rm max}$ & Maximum ...
3,212,635,539,480
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In recent years, transformers have been gaining ground versus traditional convolutional neural networks in a number of computer vision tasks. The work of Dosovitskiy et al~\cite{dosovitskiy2020image} demonstrated the use of the pure transformer model for image classification. Th...
3,212,635,539,481
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Considering Euclid's proof for the existence many infinity primes, we can get the following inequality for many infinite values of $n$: $$ 1\leq\pi\big((n+1)^2\big)-\pi(n^2), $$ in which $\pi(x)=\#[2,x]\cap{\mathbb P}$, and ${\mathbb P}$ is set of all primes. Now, we have some strong results, whi...
3,212,635,539,482
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Data plays a central role in the modern economy, and demand for it by individuals, organizations, and businesses has grown substantially due to the increasing value it provides. It has thus become the subject of trading, and designing and understanding markets for data (or more generally, informa...
3,212,635,539,483
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, vision-language grounded embodied agents have received increased attention~\cite{minos,kolve2017ai2,embodiedqa} due to their popularity in many intriguing real-world applications, \eg, in-home robots and personal assistants. Meanwhile, such an agent pushes forward visual and language gr...
3,212,635,539,484
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The particle physics community is eagerly awaiting the start-up of the LHC. The measurements at this proton-proton collider with a center of mass system energy of 14 TeV will shed light on the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking and are expected to provide collider signatures of dark m...
3,212,635,539,485
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro1} Factor Analysis (FA)~\citep{anderson2003, Bartholomew_Knott_Moustaki_2011,mardia}, a widely used methodology in classical and modern multivariate statistics is used as a tool to obtain a parsimonious representation of the correlation structure among a set of variables in terms o...
3,212,635,539,486
arxiv
\section{\bf 1. Introduction} For specially symmetric situations it is often possible to relate the eigenvalue problem on a bounded region, ${\cal M}}\def\mwilde{{\widetilde{\cal M}}$, to one on a covering space, the method of images being an example. As Pockels [\putref{Pockels}] has pointed out, in the case of the bo...
3,212,635,539,487
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Some fission fragments located on neutron-rich side of the nuclear chart emit neutrons after the $\beta$-decay, which are the so-called delayed neutrons. Delayed neutron yields resulting from neutron induced fission of actinide nuclides are crucial to making a light water reactor ...
3,212,635,539,488
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:Intro}Introduction} Quantum spin liquid (QSL) materials exhibit an unusual magnetic ground state that is characterized by long-range quantum entanglement of the spins without long-range magnetic order.\cite{Balents2010} While they have been theoretically predicted for many years,\cite{Anderson1973,...
3,212,635,539,489
arxiv
\subsection{Aggressive Selection Algorithm} \label{sec:Aggressive} Now we present a new approach to selecting which vertices from the graphs $G^-_\rho(v)$ should be carried over to graphs $G_\rho(v)$. In \cite{santacruz:2013} we proved that the conservative selection algorithm in the previous subsection ensures that ...
3,212,635,539,490
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Decision-making under uncertainty is of fundamental importance, but it is computationally hard, especially under partial observability~\cite{papadimitriou1987complexity}. In a partially observable world, the agent cannot determine the state exactly based on the current observati...
3,212,635,539,491
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \input{sections/intro.tex} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related_work} \input{sections/related.tex} \section{Methodology} \label{sec:approach} \input{sections/methods.tex} \section{Experiments} \label{sec:experiments} \input{sections/exp.tex} \section{Conclusion} \input...
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arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure} \centering \begin{minipage}[b]{1.0\linewidth} \centering \subfloat[][Real-World Data With In-Distribution and Out-of-Distribution Data]{\label{fig1_a}\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{jpgs/fig1_a.png}} \end{minipage} \medskip \begin{minipage}[b]{1.0\linewidth} \ce...
3,212,635,539,493
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Power system state estimation (PSSE) is a critical component of modern Energy Management Systems (EMSs) for multiple purposes, including monitoring, analysis, security, control, and management of the power delivery \cite{Abur_Gomez_book}. The PSSE is conducted using topological informati...
3,212,635,539,494
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Transit and radial velocity surveys have found an increasing number of planets with low mass and/or radius orbiting other suns \citep{BoruckiCandidates2,MayorTwins,Dumusque}. Some of these planets may even be found in the habitable zones around their parent stars \citep{Pepe,Quin...
3,212,635,539,495
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Among the most fundamental and classical results in mathematics is the fact that every univariate polynomial of degree $d$ over ${\mathbb C}$ splits into $d$ linear factors (i.e., ${\mathbb C}$ is algebraically closed), and that there is no closed formula to determine their roots in terms of rad...
3,212,635,539,496
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Discovered by the \emph{Voyager} spacecraft in 1980 and 1981, Prometheus and Pandora are two small moons of Saturn. Properties of their orbits are summarized in Table \ref{tab:eqterms}. A series of observations starting in 1995 found that the orbital longitude of each satellite deviated by about...
3,212,635,539,497
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There have been many developments in the field of exactly solvable models. Various models were found to be exactly solvable and various methods were invented to solve these models \cite{McWu, Bax, Gaudin, IK, Sm, JM}. The vertex operator approach \cite{JM, DFJMN} provides a powerfu...
3,212,635,539,498
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Unity of physics dictates that various physical phenomena and the principles underlying them are related to one another. But some of the concepts, phenomena and structures found in physics are more fundamental than others. I believe spacetime foam (arising from quantum fluctuations of spacet...
3,212,635,539,499
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro} The adjoint method has proved to be an indispensable tool in computational modelling and optimization, enabling sensitivity analysis, goal-oriented error estimation and data assimilation, for example (see \cite{Gunzburger2003}). It is used to compute the derivative of an objecti...
3,212,635,539,500
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interactions. Its most important properties are the confinement of quarks and gluons at low energies and asymptotic freedom at high scales. Lattice simulations of QCD have unambiguously shown that at zero quark densities these two, fund...
3,212,635,539,501
arxiv
\section{High Granularity Readout Simulation} In this section, the effect of a higher granularity of readout of a TPC on the \dEdx{} resolution is investigated in simulation and quantified. \subsection{Motivation} \label{sec_motivation} As laid out in~\autocite[][chapter 10]{BlumRolandi08}, previous gaseous detectors...
3,212,635,539,502
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Photometric redshifts are a key component for the exploitation of large imaging surveys \citep[see, e.g.,][for a review]{Salvato19}. They are a cheap alternative to spectroscopic surveys for the measurement of distances of millions of galaxies. They have been widely used to study the evolution ...
3,212,635,539,503
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper derives from first principles the extra ghost terms which must be added to the classical Hamiltonian in the BRST quantization of systems with secondary (and higher) constraints. BRST cohomology provides a systematic approach to the path integral quantization of systems with symmetry...
3,212,635,539,504
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, we review some extensions of the Anti de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence to describe the gluonic sector of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). More precisely, we emphasize main concepts used in the holographic computation of the scalar glueball mass. By the way, th...
3,212,635,539,505
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} The dust content of galaxies, and specifically the effects this has on photometric observations, is of great importance in the field of galaxy formation and evolution. Within this framework, the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) are arguably two of the most studied galaxies, due prima...