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3,212,635,540,206 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Heterogeneous treatment effects are often estimated with a decision problem in mind--- should a particular individual be treated? This question has fostered much research in econometrics, statistics, and machine learning. However, to date there has been relatively little guidance on another i... |
3,212,635,540,207 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
There are many categories of prominent radio, millimeter-wave, and submillimeter sources, including Galactic sources such as \ion{H}{ii} regions and supernovae remnants, and extragalactic systems such as quasars and dusty star-forming galaxies. The brightest of these so... |
3,212,635,540,208 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{S.intro}
All algebraic varieties considered in this paper are over~$\C$.
Following Bauer~\cite{Bauer:conics},
define $\Nmax{2n}(d)$ as the maximal number of
smooth rational curves of degree~$d$
that can lie on a smooth degree~$2n$ $K3$-surface
$X\subset\Cp{n+1}$.
The numbers $\Nm... |
3,212,635,540,209 | arxiv | \section{Introduction
\subsection{Motivation and main contributions}
An active area of research in Bayesian nonparametrics is the
construction and the statistical learning of so-called dependent
processes. These aim at accommodating weaker forms of dependence than exchangeability among the data, such as partial exch... |
3,212,635,540,210 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Multi-armed bandit (MAB) \citep{slivkins_tutorial} can model a broad
range of applications, such as selecting the best website layout for users, or
choosing the most profitable stocks among many. Stochastic bandits is an
important setting in which MAB problems have been studied extensively. One... |
3,212,635,540,211 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider the oscillation of solutions of
\begin{equation}\label{ode}
f'' + A(z)f=0
\end{equation}
and the growth of solutions of
\begin{equation}\label{ode1}
f''+A(z)f'+B(z)f=0
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ are entire functions. It is well known that all solutions of either equation
... |
3,212,635,540,212 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\textbf{\ }\setcounter{equation}{0}The concept of hierarchical lattice and
hierarchical distance was proposed by F.J. Dyson in his famous papers on the
phase transition for $\mathbf{1D}$ ferromagnetic model with long range
interaction~\cite{Dyson1,Dyson2}.
The notion of hierarchical Lapl... |
3,212,635,540,213 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The ability of coherently controlling the properties of photons, such as
their storage and propagation, is crucial for many important technological
applications in various fields, ranging from optical communications \cite{thevenaz2008slow, vlasov2008high, takesue2013chip}, data storage \cite... |
3,212,635,540,214 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The meson-photon and photon-meson transition form factors contain
interesting physics concerning the QCD structure of both photons
and mesons. The pion-photon transition form factor provides a very
simple example for the perturbative QCD (pQCD) analysis to
exclusive processes, and was first anal... |
3,212,635,540,215 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Dispersion relations (DR's) provide a powerful tool for calculating
higher-order radiative corrections.
To evaluate the matrix element, ${\cal T}_{fi}$, which describes the
transition from some initial state, $|i\rangle$, to some final state,
$|f\rangle$, via one or more loops, one can, in pri... |
3,212,635,540,216 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this work we study the \emph{Fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov-(FZK) }equation
\begin{equation}\label{zk4}
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
\partial_{t}u-\partial_{x_{1}}(-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}u+u\partial_{x_{1}}u=0, & 0<\alpha< 2, \\
u(x,0)=u_{0}(x), \quad x=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots,x_{n})\in \m... |
3,212,635,540,217 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stochastic dynamics that can be described by a Markov process embody a rich thermodynamic structure. Recently, inspired by the discovery of the fluctuation theorem \citep{Evans:1993fk, Evans:1994uq,Gallavotti:1995,kurchan:1998,lebowitz,crooks,Wang:2002kx}, there is a growing interesting in conce... |
3,212,635,540,218 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Iterative reconstruction algorithms \cite{Beister-2012} for X-ray computed tomography (CT) \cite{Natterer-2001} have been extensively applied and studied recently as an approach for lowering radiation exposure to X-rays \cite{Beister-2012} during clinical examinations. Iterative techniques have b... |
3,212,635,540,219 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Chemical reaction mechanisms have the functionality and the diversity to create
materials, synthesize medications, and sustain life.
These kinetic mechanisms can be difficult to classify, however, in part because of this diversity and, in part, because of their nonequilibrium nature.
By contrast... |
3,212,635,540,220 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{The problem and previous approaches for a solution}
It is well known that finitely presented residually finite groups are much simpler algorithmically than arbitrary finitely presented groups. For example, the word problem in every such group is decidable. Moreover the most ``... |
3,212,635,540,221 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Contour integration schemes have become popular in recent years as a
broadly applicable spectral filtering approach to interior eigenvalue
problems.
Two of the most well-known of these are Sakurai--Sugiura methods (SSM),
the first of which was introduced by Sakurai and Sugiura in 2003
\cite{saku... |
3,212,635,540,222 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{omitted}
While constructive and in particular intuitionistic proofs have a computational content by design, this is not the case for proofs in classical logic.
In general it is not possible to give a computational content to any classically provable statement: for instance,
giving a ... |
3,212,635,540,223 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Gross and Keating \cite{GK} introduced a certain invariant for a quadratic form over $\ZZ_p$.
This invariant is called the Gross-Keating invariant, and has applications to arithmetic geometry (see ARGOS seminar \cite{ARGOS}, Bouw \cite{Bouw}, Gross and Keating \cite{GK}, Kudla, Rapoport,... |
3,212,635,540,224 | arxiv | \section*{Appendix \thesection\protect\indent \parbox[t]{11.15cm}
{#1} }
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix \thesection\ \ \ #1}
}
\overfullrule=0pt
\parskip=2pt
\parindent=12pt
\headheight=0in \headsep=0in \topmargin=0in
\oddsidemargin=0in
\vspace{ -2cm}
\begin{flushleft}
\hfill hep-th/0503201
\end{flushle... |
3,212,635,540,225 | arxiv | \section{A case of Langevin dynamics}
The Langevin equation (LE) is another fundamental model, complementary to random walks, used for microscopic description of diffusive transport.
A close relationship between the LE and random walk models suggests that the results obtained for the last should stay
valid for the ... |
3,212,635,540,226 | arxiv | \section*{APPENDIX A: Materials and methods}
\textbf{Cell cultivation.} \emph{Chlamydomonas reinhardtii}, strain SAG 77.81, were grown axenically in BG-11 medium at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at a light intensity of $\approx18\,\upmu\mathrm{mol}/ \mathrm{m^{2}}\mathrm{s}$. Samples from the culture were taken during its l... |
3,212,635,540,227 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
The Generalised Differential Image Motion Monitor (GDIMM) was proposed a few years ago as a new generation instrument for turbulence monitoring. It measures integrated parameters of the optical turbulence, i.e the seeing, isoplanatic angle, scintillation index, coherence time and wavefront coherence... |
3,212,635,540,228 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Determining the number of hadronic resonances and their corresponding properties has
been a fundamental question in nuclear physics for decades. Experimentally, new
resonances (and their decay channels) are measured through spectroscopy and an up-to-date compilation of those searches can be foun... |
3,212,635,540,229 | arxiv | \subsection{Bayesian Lasso}
\label{subsec:lasso}
The Lasso is a popular linear regression method that also provides variable selection \citep{tibshirani_regression_1996}.
For a model with Gaussian likelihood, the Lasso tries to estimate the regression coefficients by minimizing
\begin{equation}
\sum_{i=1}^N \le... |
3,212,635,540,230 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Humans can generate complex sequential behaviors such as speech and musical performance. These sequences are typically composed of sequences of actions with complex sequencing rules. How our brain generates such complex sequences is difficult to understand in a straightforward manner since under... |
3,212,635,540,231 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
A quadrotor is one of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), it does not need a pilot to be controlled. Quadrotor has four arms each one has a rotor on it. Every two rotors on the same axis rotate in the same direction and opposite to the other two rotors direction of rotation. T... |
3,212,635,540,232 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s1}
It is a pleasure and an honor to dedicate this article to the memory
of Professor J\"urgen Ehlers, a model teacher, mentor and friend. I
was fortunate to have had him as a teacher already for my first
graduate course in cosmology and he continued to educate me on
almost all aspects of... |
3,212,635,540,233 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s:introduction}
We predict a new phenomenon to be observed in experimental data on heavy-ion collisions: a rise of the mean transverse momentum of charged hadrons, $\langle p_t \rangle$, in ultracentral collisions. The idea is that in the 0.1\% most central collisions the quark-gluon pla... |
3,212,635,540,234 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In this paper, we are interested in solving the following DC (difference of convex functions) optimization problem:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:P}\tag{$\mathcal{P}$}
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\displaystyle\min_{x\in\mathbb{R}^n}& \phi(x) := g(x) - h(x) \vspace{1ex}\\
\text{s.t.} &\i... |
3,212,635,540,235 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The term \textit{quantum codes} is a shorthand for quantum error-correcting codes.
Quantum codes have been garnering a lot of interest since they protect
information-carrying quantum states against decoherence and play an
important part in making fault-tolerant quantum computation possible.
Qu... |
3,212,635,540,236 | arxiv | \section{$\mathbf{d}$-fixed ideals.}
In the following $\mathbf{d}: 1=d_{0}|d_{1}|\cdots|d_{s}$ is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers. We say that
$\mathbf{d}$ is a $\mathbf{d}$-sequence.
\begin{lema}
Let $\mathbf{d}$ be a $\mathbf{d}$-sequence. Then, for any $a\in \mathbb N$, there exists an unique s... |
3,212,635,540,237 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Laser interferometric detectors of gravitational waves such as the LIGO
\cite{LIGO} and VIRGO \cite{VIRGO} are expected to be operational by the
turn of the century.
Gravitational waves from coalescing binary systems of black holes and neutron
stars are relatively `clean' waveforms in the sense ... |
3,212,635,540,238 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hyperplane arrangements form the geometric counterpart of combinatorial objects such as matroids. The shape of the sequence of Betti numbers of the complement of a hyperplane arrangement is of particular interest in combinatorics, where they are known, up to a sign, as Whitney numbers of the fir... |
3,212,635,540,239 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Large software systems have become increasingly commonplace. As these repositories grow, they become more and more complex. Malfunctions (aka bugs) in such systems need to be tackled in a timely fashion. Such bugs can be reported by the end-users (who are using the service), the... |
3,212,635,540,240 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\bigskip
Traditionally, as it is claimed in the Segre's book~\cite{segre},
``the study of the general cubic surface
dates from 1849, in which year the $27$ lines were found by Cayley and
Salmon''. Nevertheless, as pointed out by~\cite{dol}, cubic surfaces were considered for the first time i... |
3,212,635,540,241 | arxiv | \section{Standard model (Eqs.\ \ref{epsilon} and \ref{delta1})}
\noindent This model can be represented using one equation by substituting Eq. \ref{delta1} into Eq. \ref{epsilon}. This becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{stmodel}
\epsilon^{(i)}_{n+1}=(1-\beta)\epsilon^{(i)}_n + \eta^{(i)}_n +\xi^{(i)}_n.
\end{equat... |
3,212,635,540,242 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A key property of low-dimensional semiconductors with spatial degrees of freedom is their inherent capability to facilitate transport of photoexcitations\,\cite{ivchenko05a}.
In addition, effects of quantum confinement and reduced dielectric screening can result in exceptionally strong Coulomb ... |
3,212,635,540,243 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this work we begin an exploration of the Standard Model's flavor symmetries incorporating the novel effects of higher symmetries \cite{Gaiotto:2014kfa}. While the flavor symmetries are at best approximate, it is an experimental fact that flavor-violating processes are anything but generic. W... |
3,212,635,540,244 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Weak quantum measurements have attracted widespread theoretical and experimental interest \cite{Dressel:2014:uu,Gao:2014:cu}. In contrast with standard impulsive measurements, they allow one to obtain information about a quantum system without appreciably affecting its state during the measureme... |
3,212,635,540,245 | arxiv | \section{ Model}
In an isolated (e.g., graphene-like) two-dimensional layer the electrons are subject to hopping when we assume that the
Coulomb interaction within the layer is screened and renormalizes only the hopping parameters~\cite{Vozmediano1994,Vozmediano1999,Vozmediano2012}.
In the case of two parallel layers... |
3,212,635,540,246 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Milky Way is a galaxy of stars radiating most of their energy at optical
wavelengths. But from stellar birth to stellar death, from the vast reaches of
interstellar space to the tiniest of stellar corpses, radio and X-ray
observations provide crucial diagnostics in our quest to understand th... |
3,212,635,540,247 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Entangled systems shows some bizzare correlations between its sub-systems, that has no classical counterparts. These have proven to be a useful physical resource for performing many useful tasks such as quantum computing \cite{deutsch1985quantum}, quantum teleportation \cite{bennett1993teleportin... |
3,212,635,540,248 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
In this paper we study collections of edge-disjoint paths in a network,
also called \textit{paths packings} or \textit{multiflows}, addressing an optimization problem
of the following form. Let $G = (N, E)$ be a multigraph with node-set $N$
and edge-set $E$, and let $T\subseteq N$ be a set of ... |
3,212,635,540,249 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we consider the problem of two-way source encoding
with a fidelity criterion in a situation where both users receive a
common message from a helper.
\begin{figure}[h]{
\psfrag{b1}[][][1]{$X$} \psfrag{box1}[][][1]{User X}
\psfrag{box3}[][][1]{Helper } \psfrag{a2}[][][1]{$R$}
\psfra... |
3,212,635,540,250 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction \label{sec:intro}}
\input{sec1}
\section{General formalism for neutrino-nucleus scattering \label{sec:xs}}
\input{sec2}
\section{Theoretical models \label{sec:models}}
\input{sec3}
\section{Strange nucleon form factors \label{sec:strange}}
\input{sec4}
\section{Comparison with experimental... |
3,212,635,540,251 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Many problems in classical mechanics can be formulated as geodesic problems
in curved space(-time)s.
For instance, Euler's equations for a rigid body such as Euler top are described
as the geodesic equations on the Lie groups with the corresponding metrics
(see, e.g. ... |
3,212,635,540,252 | arxiv | \section{Jets in a thermal medium}
Dijets are the aftermath of $2\to2$ scattering in perturbative QCD: when the scattering is at a momentum scale significantly above $\Lambda_{{\rm QCD}}$, perturbation theory works well to
determine the inclusive cross section. The two outgoing partons are born high in virtuality and... |
3,212,635,540,253 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The search for supersymmetry (SUSY) is one of the main goals of present and future colliders since it is one of the best motivated extensions of the Standard Model (SM). An important feature of SUSY models is the possibility of introducing many new sources of CP violation. A careful analysis of ... |
3,212,635,540,254 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\noindent
Given a set $A$ write $\mathfrak{S}_A$ for the symmetric group
on $A$, i.e., the group of bijections of $A$. For $\sigma \in \mathfrak{S}_A$
and $a \in A$ we always write $a\sigma$ for the image of $a$ under
$\sigma$. In other words, we choose to write maps in $\mathfrak{S}_A$ on the
ri... |
3,212,635,540,255 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{SecI}
Recently, spectra of ordered eigenvalues of finite random matrices have been studied as time series \cite{Fossion13,Torres17,Torres18}. In particular, by applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) to standard Gaussian ensembles~\cite{Fossion13,Torres17}, and also to nonstandard... |
3,212,635,540,256 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The magnetic moments of the nucleon (proton and neutron) are important
structure constants and their understanding represents a challenge for any
model or theory of the strong interactions. The measured values of the proton
magnetic moment $\mu_p =1+\kappa_p = 2.792847356(23)$ and the neutron ... |
3,212,635,540,257 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
The classic Hartmann test consists of an array of holes to reconstruct the wavefront from the local deviation of each focal spot, and Shack-Hartmann sensor improved that with an array of microlenses. This array of microlenses imposes practical limitations when the wavefront is not into of visible w... |
3,212,635,540,258 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the seminal works by \cite{Colgate66} and
\cite{Arnett67} more than 50 years ago,
the computational modeling of supernova (SN) explosions has
experienced enormous progress with respect to the numerical methods,
input physics, computational accuracy, and dimensionality.
Nevertheless, despi... |
3,212,635,540,259 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec_introduction}
The energy-momentum dispersion of graphene, a zero-bandgap two-dimensional semiconductor, is linear near the Dirac points; this leads
to a constant carrier speed. The fact that the speed of the carriers
is independent of crystal momentum results in an interesting nonlinea... |
3,212,635,540,260 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Special relativity guarantees that all inertial frames of reference are equivalent. However, we do not know which body is inertial and which is accelerated since there is no apparent connection of the classical microscopic laws of physics to a global class of inertial reference frames, which prov... |
3,212,635,540,261 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Topological phases of matter have received a lot of attention in the past decades. They are interesting for fundamental physical reasons, but are also seen as being instrumental for devising schemes for topological quantum computing. The classification of phases of matter
is a challenging task d... |
3,212,635,540,262 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Flares are short-lived but intense releases of energy, caused by the reconnection of loops of magnetic field in the outer atmospheres of active stars. During these reconnection events, the field geometry reconfigures to a lower energy state, often accelerating energetic particles down towards th... |
3,212,635,540,263 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The nature of dark matter (DM) is one of the most important open questions in particle astrophysics. DM candidates span a range of mass scales, from several solar masses to below an eV, with varying types of new interactions. Many popular DM candidates, \emph{e.g.} axions, condense into compact o... |
3,212,635,540,264 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Solving partial differential equation (PDE) has long been an inevitable problem when dealing with real-world applications of physics and engineering. Though some of the PDEs can be solved analytically, most of them rely on numerical methods to cope with. Traditional methods such as the finite ele... |
3,212,635,540,265 | arxiv | \@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
\makeatother
\newcommand{\begin{eqnarray}}{\begin{eqnarray}}
\newcommand{\end{... |
3,212,635,540,266 | arxiv | \section{Discussion of Results}
The numerical results for the ten generalized proton
polarizabilities are presented in Fig.\ref{gpols}.
Therein, the contribution from the anomalous Wess--Zumino--Witten interaction
only arises in the spin--dependent sector and is plotted separately.
Let us first discuss the electric... |
3,212,635,540,267 | arxiv | \section*{}
{\it Chaos has been empirically found in the brain at several spatio-temporal scales\cite{therechaos1, therechaos2}. In fact, individual neurons in the brain are known to exhibit chaotic bursting activity and several neuronal models such as the Hindmarsh-Rose neuron model exhibit complex chaotic dynamics~\c... |
3,212,635,540,268 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices have become a powerful and flexible
experimental tool for studying strongly correlated quantum systems. The
unique degree of experimental control makes them an ideal model system to
investigate fundamental quantum phenomena which have an impact on sev... |
3,212,635,540,269 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An SKT structure on a complex manifold is a generalization of the more familiar notion of K\"ahler structure in the following precise sense.
Consider a Hermitian manifold $E$ with Riemannian metric $g$ and integrable complex structure $\mathcal{J}$. Consider a tangential connection $\nabla$ ... |
3,212,635,540,270 | arxiv | \section{Various extension groups}
The aim of this section is to describe the computations of the bigraded $\mathrm{Ext}$-groups of $\mathbb{F}$ over the Hopf algebras $D(2)$, $C(2)$ and $\mathcal{A}(2)$. The May spectral sequence is the most suitable tool for these sorts of computations which we briefly recall. It i... |
3,212,635,540,271 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The physics of clusters formed by a small number of atoms or molecules
is basic to many branches of science\cite{baletto_ferrando_2005}. Clusters are the primary nanosystem
where matter behaves differently from its usual bulk aggregation.
In condensed matter physics it has long been of interest ... |
3,212,635,540,272 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
At tree level, $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\xspace K^{*}\pi$ decays are sensitive to $\gamma$ through the
relation
\begin{equation}
e^{-2i\gamma}\propto\frac{\bar{A}\left(K^{*-}\pi^{+}\right)+\sqrt{2}\bar{A}\left(\bar{K}^{*0}\pi^{0}\right)}{A\left(K^{*+}\pi^{-}\right)+\sqrt{2}A\left(K^{*0}\pi^{0... |
3,212,635,540,273 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec_intro}
Let $T = (V,E)$ be a tree, where $V=\{1,2,\dots, N\}$.
For $i,j \in V$, denote by $d_{ij}$
the number of edges of the unique path between $i$ and $j$ in $T$.
With an indeterminate $t$, define the matrix $A = (a_{ij})$ by
\begin{align*}
a_{ij} := t^{d_{ij}} \quad (i,j \in... |
3,212,635,540,274 | arxiv | \section{{#1}}}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{defintiion}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote} {\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\hbox... |
3,212,635,540,275 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $G$ be a simple graph with $n$ vertices. Denote by $\Delta$ the
maximum degree of a graph. The eigenvalues $\lambda_{1},
\lambda_{2},\ldots, \lambda_{n}$ of the adjacency matrix $A(G)$ of
$G$ are said to be the eigenvalues of the graph $G$. The nullity of
$G$, denoted by $n_{0}(G)$ (or simpl... |
3,212,635,540,276 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph{The problem of sampling a bipartite graph for given vertex degrees} occurs in many fields and ways under several names. In the classical ecological book of Gotelli \cite{gotelli1996null} randomly sampled graphs with fixed degrees are proposed as null model for ecological networks (food... |
3,212,635,540,277 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For every integer $k$, pick $p_k$ independently from a fixed
probability measure on $[0,1]$. Then, keeping the $p_k $'s fixed,
consider a nearest-neighbor random walk $S(n)$ on $\D{Z}$, with $S(0)=0$ and with
probabilities $p_k, 1-p_k$ of going right and left from $k$,
respectively. This... |
3,212,635,540,278 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stellar metallicity is a good proxy of the initial metallicity of the protoplanetary disks, which in turn has an important impact on planet formation. Together with the disk mass, the disk metallicity determines the amount of solids available in protoplanetary disks for planet formation.
Higher m... |
3,212,635,540,279 | arxiv | \section{Acknowledgements}
I thank Charlie Bennett, Lajos Di\'{o}si, Vittorio Giovannetti, Claus Kiefer, Gordan Krnjaic, Lorenzo Maccone, Igor Pikovski, Graeme Smith, John Smolin, Dan Sank, Mark Srednicki, Shuyi Zhang, Wojciech Zurek, and Michael Zwolak for discussion. Research at the Perimeter Institute is supporte... |
3,212,635,540,280 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The majority of X-ray binaries that are known to contain a stellar-mass black
hole are transient X-ray sources. They spend most of their time in the
quiescent
state, in which the mass accretion rate is thought to be extremely low.
Occasionally, they undergo an outburst during which they may be... |
3,212,635,540,281 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Tomorrow, a gamma ray burst (GRB) may be observed that originates from
the death of one of the first stars, during the epoch of reionisation.
Despite the great distance to this burst, it will be the brightest
gamma ray source on the sky for several tens of seconds, one of the
brightest cosmologi... |
3,212,635,540,282 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The scale of Internet is ever increasing. Today there are more than 1 billion hosts connected to Internet. Since IPv4 addresses are exhausted in 2011~\cite{exhausted}, the move to IPv6 seems inevitable. However, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 requires updating not only the Internet infrastructu... |
3,212,635,540,283 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
For any materials problem, breaking out of ``local optima'' in composition space to discover entirely new chemistries remains a notoriously difficult challenge.\cite{jain2013commentary} Many of the most notable materials classes under investigation today--from Na$_x$CoO$_2$ der... |
3,212,635,540,284 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this article we study of the statistical behavior of two
non-equilibrium systems. The first one is a quasi one-dimensional gas
introduced in Ref.~\cite{mettetal}. There, the authors studied the
biased diffusion of two species in a fully periodic $2\times L$
rectangular lattice half filled with... |
3,212,635,540,285 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
}
\IEEEPARstart{S}oftware bugs are inevitable in modern software systems and result in fatal consequences,
such as costing trillions of dollars in financial loss and affecting billions of people around the world~\cite{gazzola2017automatic,benton2021evaluating}.
It is incredibly... |
3,212,635,540,286 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theory of primordial perturbations \cite{perturbations1, perturbations2,HalliwellHawking,ShiraiWada} in a spatially homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lema\^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model is the cornerstone of modern cosmology, since it allows us to connect theories of the very early... |
3,212,635,540,287 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION} \label{Sec:Intro}
Many nonlinear dissipative systems that are driven away from
thermal equilibrium show selforganization out of an unstructured state: A
structured one appears when the driving exceeds a critical threshold
\cite{CH93}. The driving might be realized by imposing a field
gradien... |
3,212,635,540,288 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{Intro}
String vacua with magnetic fields along the extra dimensions (`flux compactifications') have been intensively
studied in recent years (see \cite{Grana} for a recent review). One reason for their relevance is that, since the flux contribution to the energy depends on the geometrica... |
3,212,635,540,289 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The security of many cryptographic protocols used for authentication, key exchange, encryption, or signature, depends on the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in a given cyclic group~\cite{ODLY84}. For instance, we can rely on the hardness of the DLP in a multiplicative s... |
3,212,635,540,290 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\emph{Entanglement in many-body systems.}
Entanglement properties of quantum many-body states physics has emerged as one of the most active fields in the study of complex quantum systems \cite{many-body,RMP-area-laws}.
The classification of quantum many-body states according to their en... |
3,212,635,540,291 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s:intro}
Let $M$ be a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold, and $T$ a torus component of $\partial M$. Let $M(\alpha)$ be the result of Dehn filling $M$ along a slope $\alpha$ on $T$. How does the set of 2-sided, closed, essential surfaces in $M$ relate to the set of 2-sided, close... |
3,212,635,540,292 | arxiv |
\section{Related Work} \label{sec:related_work}
Scene flow and odometry estimation are closely related.
First, we describe scene flow estimation methods which establish feature correspondences.
Then, we provide an overview on odometry estimation methods which operate based on these correspondences.
\subsection{Scene ... |
3,212,635,540,293 | arxiv | \section{Using Patches for Image Forensics}
Rather than training a network to predict a global ``real'' or ``fake'' decisions for an image, we use shallow networks with limited receptive fields that focus on small patches of the image. This approach allows us to localize regions of the image that are detected to be ma... |
3,212,635,540,294 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This work studies the generalization performance of current chest X-rays prediction models when trained and tested on X-rays image datasets from different institutions that were annotated by different clinicians or labelling tools. By doing so, we aim to provide supporting evidence for which tas... |
3,212,635,540,295 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fair division \cite{cakecut} is an important problem facing society today as
increasing economical, environmental, and other pressures require us
to try to do more with limited resources.
Much previous work in fair division assumes the problem is offline
and fixed. That is, we suppose that the ... |
3,212,635,540,296 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Given a manifold $M$, the {\it virtual first Betti number} of $M$ is defined to be
$$vb_1(M)=\max\left\{b_1(\widetilde M)\left|\widetilde M \text{ is a finite cover of } M\right.\right\}\in\mathbb Z_{\ge0}\cup\{\infty\}.$$
Virtual first Betti numbers naturally arise in many geometric and topo... |
3,212,635,540,297 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we give a correspondence between the three seemingly different concepts \emph{toric varieties}, \emph{horofunction compactifications} and \emph{polyhedral norms}. Toric varieties provide a basic class of algebraic varieties which are relatively simple. The nonnegative part and the... |
3,212,635,540,298 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{intro}
Special attention has been devoted to polytropes since more than a century,
and is continuing to be devoted at present. In fact, polytropic models are
useful not only for the rough estimates of some processes in real stars, but
also in the precise investigation of some matter... |
3,212,635,540,299 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thank Lorenzo Bernardi for his contribution for programming.
The numerical calculations were carried out thanks to a time allocation
provided by the Institut du Developpement et des Ressources en Informatique
Scientifique (IDRIS). N.L. is supported by a CNPq scholarship.
\... |
3,212,635,540,300 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Models of stellar evolution and their predictions in terms of nucleosynthesis in stars form the basis of many studies in modern astrophysics. Measurements of chemical abundances from stellar spectra provide the most detailed and accurate observational diagnostic of chemical composition of stella... |
3,212,635,540,301 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec-into}
Let $(M,g_0)$ be a compact manifold without boundary of dimension $n \geq 3$. If $g = \bar \varphi^{\frac 4{n-2}} \, g_0$
is a metric conformal to $g_0$, the scalar curvature $R$ of $g$ is given in terms of the
scalar curvature $R_0$ of $g_0$ by
$$R= \bar \varphi^{-\frac {n+2}{... |
3,212,635,540,302 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by C.D.C.H.T.,
Universidad de Los Andes, M\'erida, Venezuela.
|
3,212,635,540,303 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Competing risks data are commonly observed in randomized trials and observational studies when the occurrence of the event of primary interest is precluded by a different event. Without assuming independence between events of different causes, censoring participants who fail fr... |
3,212,635,540,304 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The well-known classes of $3$-Sasakian and $3$-cosymplectic
manifolds belong to the wider family of almost $3$-contact metric
manifolds. Nevertheless, both classes sit also perfectly into the
narrower class of $3$-quasi-Sasakian manifolds which, as we will
see, is a very natural framework for a u... |
3,212,635,540,305 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Only a relatively short time has elapsed since the introduction of the first fiat-to-bitcoin exchange (Mt. Gox), in July 2010, and of the first rules-free decentralized marketplace (Silk Road), in February 2011~\cite{berentsen2018}. Nevertheless, evidence has already accumulated indicating that, ... |
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