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2,877,628,089,454
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Erd\H{o}s first used the probabilistic method in 1947 to prove the existence of so-called \textit{Ramsey graphs}, i.e., $n$-vertex graphs with no clique or independent set of size $O(\log n)$~\cite{Erdos:47}. Since then, the probabilistic method has been a popular technique for demonstrating the...
2,877,628,089,455
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Knowledge graphs (KGs) store structured information of real-world entities and facts. A KG usually consists of a collection of triplets. Each triplet $(h, r, t)$ indicates that head entity $h$ is related to tail entity $t$ through relationship type $r$. Nonetheless, KGs are often incomplete an...
2,877,628,089,456
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Green Bank North Celestial Cap (GBNCC; \citealt{slr+14}) pulsar survey began in 2009 and, when complete, will cover the entire sky accessible to the 100\,m Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT; $\delta\geq-40\degr$, or 85\% of the celestial sphere) at 350\,MHz. As of mid-2019, the survey ...
2,877,628,089,457
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Hypergraph Turán Problems} Given a $k$-graph $H$, write $\pi\left(n, H\right)$ for the maximum density of $k$-uniform edges among $H$-free hypergraphs with size $n$, and let $\pi \left(H \right) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \pi\left(n, H\right)$. It is known that the limit alway...
2,877,628,089,458
arxiv
\section*{{\normalsize \bf #2}}\list {[\arabic{enumi}]}{\settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]}\leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \usecounter{enumi}} \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em} \sloppy \sfcode`\.=1000\relax} \let\endthebibliograph=\endlist \newcommand{\...
2,877,628,089,459
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \indent Disk-resolved imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the origin and collisional history of asteroids. This has been remarkably illustrated by fly-by and rendezvous space missions \citep{Belton:1992jq, Belton:1996ka, Zuber:2000km, Fujiwara:2006ca, Sie...
2,877,628,089,460
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} \emph{Federated Learning} (FL) \citep{ konevcny2015federated, mcmahan2017communication, kairouz2019advances, bonawitz2019towards} is a distributed machine learning paradigm where training data resides at autonomous client machines and the learning process is facilitated by a cen...
2,877,628,089,461
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The local quantum field theory (QFT) is understood as a canonical Quantum Field Theory in flat space-time \cite{Ryder}--\cite{Wein-2}. But in what follows it is demonstrated that a flat geometry of space-time in the processes of high energy physics is not ensured from the start, being base...
2,877,628,089,462
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum entanglement has recently been a central topic in theoretical physics. Many aspects of the dynamics of entanglement have been recently studied, such as ballistic spreading of the entanglement in integrable \cite{amico,Calabrese:2005,Chiara:2006,Hartman:2013} and nonintegrable \cite{Kim:20...
2,877,628,089,463
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Having computers able to recognize text from images is an old problem that has many practical applications, such as automatic content search on scanned documents. Transcribing \textit{printed} text is now a reliable technology. However, automatically recognizing \textit{handwritten} text is sti...
2,877,628,089,464
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{section:introduction}} Since the 125~GeV/$c^2$ Higgs boson was discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012~\cite{Chatrchyan:2012xdj,Aad:2012tfa}, its properties have been tested more and more precisely~\cite{Sirunyan:2018koj,Tao:2018zeu,Magnan:2018spp}. Even though no new physics ...
2,877,628,089,465
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sect1} Variable selection in regression models is one of the big challenges in the era of high-dimensional data where the number of explanatory variables might largely exceed the sample size. During the last two decades, many classical variable selection algorithms have been proposed which...
2,877,628,089,466
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} In the last two decades, owing to the advent of powerful new space and ground-based telescopes for imaging and spectroscopic observations, many new strong gravitational lensing (SGL) systems have been discovered. The sample size of available SGL systems has grown to be l...
2,877,628,089,467
arxiv
\chapter*{Introduction} The classification of all irreducible unitary representations of a semisimple Lie group is a natural problem in representation theory which is still unsolved for most groups. A guiding principle for the classification is the orbit philosophy which proposes a tight relation between the unitary d...
2,877,628,089,468
arxiv
\section{Introduction} After they decouple from the plasma at recombination, the CMB photons move freely along the null geodesics of the curved spacetime. Obviously, the exact geodesic lines are slightly modified by cosmological perturbations as compared to the unperturbed geodesics. In general, this small change can ...
2,877,628,089,469
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\mathcal{G}$ be a group and let $(\tau,V)$ be an irreducible representation of $\mathcal{G}$. If $\tau$ is self-dual, i.e., it is isomorphic to its contragradient $\check{\tau}$, then there exists a non-degenerate $\mathcal{G}$-invariant bilinear form $B:V\times V\rightarrow\mathbb{C}$ whic...
2,877,628,089,470
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@} \newcommand{\myvector}[1]{\boldsymbol{#1}} \newcommand{\mymatrix}[1]{\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\mytensor}[1]{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{#1}}} \newcommand{\myset}[1]{\mathrm{#1}} \newcommand{\gaussian}[3]{\mathcal{N}(#1 | #2, #3)} \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min} \DeclareMathOpe...
2,877,628,089,471
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Munn algebras appeared in the theory of semigroups as semigroup algebras of \emph{completely $0$-simple} semigroups \cite{ClifPres1,Okninski}. They were immediately used for the study of representations of such semigroups. An important input was made by Ponizovski{\u\i} in the paper \cite{P...
2,877,628,089,472
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sintro} {\em Gravity Probe B} (\mbox{\em GP-B}) is the spaceborne relativity experiment developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two predictions of general relativity. The experiment used four superconducting gyroscopes, contained in a low-altitude, polar orbiting spacecraft, to ...
2,877,628,089,473
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\mathbb{H}:=\{z=x+i y\in\mathbb{C}\,\vert\,y>0\}$ denote the upper half-plane and $\Gamma\subset\mathrm{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$ a Fuchsian subgroup of the first kind, which acts by fractional linear transformations on $\mathbb{H}$. Let $\mathcal{S}_{k}(\Gamma)$ denote the space of cusp forms...
2,877,628,089,474
arxiv
\section{Algorithm for \textsf{MAX-2-LIN($k$)}\label{sec:recursion}} \newcommand{\textsc{RecursiveConstruct}}{\textsc{RecursiveConstruct}} Theorem~\ref{thm:sparsification} tells us that, given an instance $\mathcal{I}^*$, we can find a sparse instance $\mathcal{I}$ so that the quadratic forms of the corresponding L...
2,877,628,089,475
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the major focuses in the study of nuclear matter has recently been to understand the equation of state (EOS) of asymmetric nuclear matter and the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. The nuclear symmetry energy is a fundamental quantity which determines several important p...
2,877,628,089,476
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The use of mathematical models to study the spreading of infectious diseases within a population has a long history within the field of epidemiology~\cite{brauer2008mathematical}. One key use of such models is to determine the long term dynamics of the disease of interest as a function of vari...
2,877,628,089,477
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The {\it fuzzball} program (see \cite{Mathur0} for reviews) is an approach to understand the microscopic origin of the entropy of black holes, and also to provide a solution of the {\it Black Hole Information Loss} problem. Fuzzballs are the microstates inside of the black hole, and the number ...
2,877,628,089,478
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $K$ be a number field and $A/K$ an abelian variety. The completed $L$-series, $L^\star(A/K,s)$, of $A/K$ conjecturally has an analytic continuation to the whole of the complex plane and satisfies a functional equation \[L^\star(A/K,s)=w(A/K)L^\star(A/K,2-s)\] where $w(A/K)\in\{\pm 1\}$ is ...
2,877,628,089,479
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Experiments at high-energy particle colliders have been integral to unraveling the structure of our universe and have confirmed the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics at an unprecedented accuracy. Going beyond the current level of precision and possibly revealing new fundamental p...
2,877,628,089,480
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, we will correct a theorem in \cite{Top_paper} by the author, and second, study a problem which arises from the correction. G. Hector and D. Peralta-Salas found out the error in the theorem in \cite{Top_paper} and informed the author ...
2,877,628,089,481
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Strong magnetic fields have been observed in a number of stars, including classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) (Basri, Marcy \& Valenti 1992; Johns-Krull 2007), magnetic white dwarfs (e.g., Warner 1995; Euchner et al.\ 2002), and various types of neutron stars (e.g., Ghosh \& Lamb 1978; Ghosh 2007). ...
2,877,628,089,482
arxiv
\section{introduction} It is well known that galaxies are not distributed uniformly within (at least) the virialized region, and most of their properties are influenced by their local environments. Early-type galaxies are usually spheroidal, red, star-formation passive, and occupy the inner regions of clusters, wherea...
2,877,628,089,483
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The multimedia industry is growing rapidly and consumers are expecting videos of higher quality. On the one hand, video is becoming the main form of information carrier in increasing applications, including remote education, telemedicine, live broadcasting, digital TV, ...
2,877,628,089,484
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} {\bf Several tensor networks are built of isometric tensors, i.e.\ tensors satisfying $W^{\dagger} W = \mathbbm{1}$. Prominent examples include matrix product states (MPS) in canonical form, the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA), and quantum circuits in general, such as t...
2,877,628,089,485
arxiv
\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conc} We have formalized and studied in this paper the problem of ``query-by-explanation", where queries are inferred from example output tuples and their explanations. We have proposed a generic model, based on the framework of semiring provenance, allowing explanations of varyin...
2,877,628,089,486
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1} In a new series of papers we present the results obtained with the recent ESC08c-version of the Extended-Soft-Core (ESC) model \cite{Rij93} for nucleon-nucleon (NN), hyperon-nucleon (YN), and hyperon-hyperon (YY) interactions with $S=0,-1,-2...
2,877,628,089,487
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gain, bandwidth, and noise performance ultimately dictate the quantum efficiency and speed of quantum measurements performed at microwave frequencies in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture. Improving these three properties of an amplifier has been the driving force for Josephson ju...
2,877,628,089,488
arxiv
\section{Joint Feature Set Using DTW} Dynamic time warping (DTW) is an efficient algorithm for handling the matching of non-linearly expanded or contracted signals \cite{Sakoe1978}. The optimal alignment between the two sequences is efficiently calculated using dynamic programming. Given two time sequences $X=\langle ...
2,877,628,089,489
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Intro} An essential role in the function theory of the unit disk of the complex plane is played by the property that any function in the Hardy space factorizes (uniquely) as the product of an inner and an outer function. The connections of inner and outer functions are ubiquitous in math...
2,877,628,089,490
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In \cite{khovanov1}, Mikhail Khovanov developed a link homology theory categorifying the Jones polynomial. That homology theory utilized a particular rank-2 Frobenius extension to define the boundary operator of its chain complex. Utilizing the well-known correspondence between Frobenius exte...
2,877,628,089,491
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The formation and evolution of massive ($\mathcal{M}$$>$10$^{11}$~$\mathcal{M}_\sun$) galaxies is one of the most studied topics in extragalactic astronomy during the last decade. Early expectations from hierarchical galaxy formation models considered that star formation began in low mass system...
2,877,628,089,492
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The spatial degrees of freedom offered by a MIMO system with a transmit and receive antenna array can be exploited in the presence of a rich scattering environment. However, in LOS MIMO channels with little or no scattering, the channel responses can become highly correlated, leading to a MIMO ch...
2,877,628,089,493
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The hot ($T\sim10^6$\,K), X-ray emitting plasma observed in the disk of our Galaxy is an important factor when considering the energy balance and enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM). Energised by the winds of young massive stars and supernovae, its properties r...
2,877,628,089,494
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \input{introduction} \section{Methods} \input{methods} \section{Experiments} \input{experiments} \section{Discussion} \input{discussion} \vfill \pagebreak \subsubsection*{Acknowledgments} This work was supported by the ERC-StG NeuroLang ID:757672. We would like to warmly thank Dr. Thomas Yeo an...
2,877,628,089,495
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:int} Dark matter, dark energy, and the theory of gravitation dictate the evolution of large-scale structure in the Universe. The physical conditions allowing for the formation of galaxies, ultimately lead to a bias between the distribution of galaxies and the underlying mass density. H...
2,877,628,089,496
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The current consensus is that the Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) and Giga-hertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources are young radio sources, evolving in the Inter-Stellar Medium (ISM) of the host galaxy \citep[cf.][]{fanti.etal95, carvalho98, odea98, murgia.etal99, sjk.etal05}. These classes of radi...
2,877,628,089,497
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $F$ be a field and let $k$ be a Galois extension of $F$ of degree $n$ with cyclic group generated by $\sigma$. For $a\in F^{\times}$, we let $(k,\sigma, a)$ denote the cyclic $F$-algebra generated over $k$ by a single element $y$ with defining relation $ycy^{-1}=\sigma(c)$ for $c\in k$ and $y...
2,877,628,089,498
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} The so-called Plummer model was introduced by \citet{p11} as a description of the stellar density distribution in Galactic globular clusters \citep{p11}. Subsequently, \citet{e16} showed that this spherically symmetric density profile could be derived from a phase-space distribution...
2,877,628,089,499
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The directed movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus is known in biology as chemotaxis. More specifically, if the cells move towards regions of high chemical concentration, the motion is called chemoattraction, while if the cells move towards regions of lower chemical concentration, ...
2,877,628,089,500
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}INTRODUCTION} Machine learning (ML) means, essentially, computer programs that improve their performance automatically with increasing exposition to data. The algorithmic improvements over the years combined with faster and more powerful hardware \cite{aaron,highbias,breiman,altman,breiman_dt...
2,877,628,089,501
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Planetary nebulae (PNe) arise from intermediate- and low-mass stars, which makes them an excellent probe of the dynamics of these stars in nearby galaxies. Their bright emission lines can provide accurate line-of-sight velocities with a minimum of telescope time. Therefore spectroscopy of PNe c...
2,877,628,089,502
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The linear polarization of optical light is an important element in the study of quasars and other active galatic nuclei (AGN). Polarization is a key feature in AGN unification models since it provides a periscopic view of the AGN core \citep{1985Antonucci,1993Antonucci,2005Za...
2,877,628,089,503
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years, Gaussian graphical model has been an important tool to capture the conditional dependency structure among variables. The edges of the Gaussian graphical network are characterized by the inverse covariances for each pair of nodes. To be more specific, for Gaussian graphical model,...
2,877,628,089,504
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Throughout all groups considered are finite. $G$ always denotes a group and its derived subgroup is denoted by $G'$; $p$ is a prime number, and $\mathbb{Z}_p=\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$ is a cyclic group of order $p$ as well as a finite field with $p$-elements. To find all the groups of a given orde...
2,877,628,089,505
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Alongside with the realization that the quark gluon plasma (QGP) created at RHIC should be described as a strongly coupled liquid rather than a gas of weakly interacting quasiparticles \cite{Tannenbaum}, holographic methods have become a standard tool in making qualitative --- and i...
2,877,628,089,506
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe, as traced for example by the distribution of galaxies, is the focus of several ongoing and upcoming observational campaigns. In addition to furthering our understanding of the cosmic web these projects seek to inves...
2,877,628,089,507
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1} The emergence of high-throughput technologies has\break made it feasible to measure molecular signatures of thousands of genes/\break proteins simultaneously. This provides scientists an opportunity to study the global genetic regulatory networks, shedding light on the function...
2,877,628,089,508
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sec:intro} The TRENDS ({\bf T}a{\bf R}getting b{\bf EN}chmark-objects with {\bf D}oppler {\bf S}pectroscopy) high-contrast imaging survey is a dedicated ground-based program that uses adaptive optics and related technologies to directly detect and study faint companions orbiting nearby star...
2,877,628,089,509
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{s:intro} In this note we study new traveling-wave solutions, that we call \emph{convective waves}, of the recently-introduced Richard-Gavrilyuk model (RG) of inclined (incompressible) shallow-water flow \cite{R,RG1,RG2}, of a type not present in the classical Saint-Venant equations (SV) f...
2,877,628,089,510
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The future of large-scale quantum communications will almost certainly involve distribution and manipulation of entangled pairs of photons within a quantum network; such a quantum network is likely to include small clusters of quantum processors (perhaps in a local network of quantum computers)...
2,877,628,089,511
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} FermiQCD~\cite{DiPierro1,DiPierro2,DiPierro3} is a library for fast development of parallel applications for Lattice Quantum Field Theories and Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics~\cite{DiPierro4}. It was designed both to be easy to use, with a syntax very similar to common mathematical notation, and...
2,877,628,089,512
arxiv
\section{Introduction} To determine the equation of state (EoS) of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter (ANM) has been a longstanding goal shared by both nuclear physics and astrophysics\,\cite{EPJA}. Usually one uses the so-called empirical parabolic law for the energy per nucleon, i.e., $E(\rho,\delta)=E_0(\rho)+E_{\rm{...
2,877,628,089,513
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The predominant cause of stellar collisions is thought to be random encounters between stars in dense clusters. These collisions, where stars pass within a single stellar radius of each other, may result in a wide range of outcomes, most notably the formation of close and eccentric compact...
2,877,628,089,514
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Violation of the combined charge-parity symmetry ($CP$ violation) in the standard model (SM) arises from a single irreducible phase in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixing matrix~\cite{Cabibbo,KM}. A main objective of the Belle experiment at KEK, Japan, is to over-constrain the unitar...
2,877,628,089,515
arxiv
\section{Introduction} According to Alfv\'en's theorem, magnetic fields lines are frozen into highly conducting plasmas and are advected with the plasmas as they move under the influence of external forces. This freeze-in effect operates near black holes when the accreting plasma falls onto the hole, and thus it is na...
2,877,628,089,516
arxiv
\section{Introduzione. Scelta metodologica} \begin{scriptsize} \begin{flushright} « L'aver avuto un passato è sempre stato, nella storia delle istituzioni italiane, un motivo sufficiente per domandare un pezzetto d'avvenire che poi si sarebbe sommato, accrescendolo, al passato, e avrebbe fornito i titoli per richieder...
2,877,628,089,517
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The first multimessenger detection of a neutron star (NS) merger was jointly detected in gravitational waves (GWs) and $\gamma$-rays \citep{GW170817_LVC,GW170817_GBM,GW170817_INTEGRAL,GW170817-GRB170817A}. The aftermath was detected in follow-up observations across the electromagnetic (EM) spectr...
2,877,628,089,518
arxiv
\section{Conclusion} In this paper, we show that phrase retrieval models also learn passage retrieval without any modification. By drawing connections between the objectives of DPR and DensePhrases, we provide a better understanding of how phrase retrieval learns passage retrieval, which is also supported by several e...
2,877,628,089,519
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[here] \includegraphics[scale=0.43]{figure1.eps} \caption{\label{figure1} (Color online) Magnetic sites of (a) the trillium lattice and (b) the distorted windmill lattice. In both cases three corner-shared equilateral triangles meet at each spin. The unit cell of the trillium la...
2,877,628,089,520
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We tackle long-range video understanding, specifically anticipating not-yet observed but upcoming actions. When developing intelligent systems, one needs not only to recognize what is \emph{currently} taking place -- but also predict what will happen \emph{next}. Anticipating human actions is ess...
2,877,628,089,521
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:intro} \begin{figure}[t!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{example_vv} \caption{ Two real essays generated by a strong model CTEG and our TegFormer method. In light of the final texts, we made a few marks on the English translations. First, we use...
2,877,628,089,522
arxiv
\section{Experimental Evaluation} In this section, we present experimental results on real-world datasets. We compare our methods with several state of the art methods, in particular, those analyzed in section 4 (see the methods in the first column of Table 3) together with {\textsc{ADMM}}, the accelerated alternating...
2,877,628,089,523
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\VM{A}(\VM{\omega}), \VM{B}(\VM{\omega})$ be $n \times n$ symmetric matrices which smoothly depend on a parameter $\VM{\omega}$ in a compact subset $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^d$. We impose that $\VM{B}(\VM{\omega})$ is positive definite, for $\VM{\omega} \in \Omega$, so all eigenval...
2,877,628,089,524
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The study of galaxies at high redshifts opens an important window on the process of galaxy formation and conditions in the early universe. The detection of populations of galaxies at high redshifts is one of the great challenges in observational cosmology. Currently three main observational techn...
2,877,628,089,525
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In spite of the steadily increasing precision of the N-body simulations of astronomical systems, spherical analytic models are still ubiquitous in astrophysics and cosmology, ranging from globular clusters to galaxies, and from regular galaxy clusters to dark matter halos. Examples are many. Whi...
2,877,628,089,526
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Non-equilibrium phenomena in strongly interacting many-body systems often provide complex interactions between fluctuation and dissipation processes, which constitutes an important field of ongoing research~\cite{benA00,Henk08}. Fluctuations in one dimension are so large that mean field methods...
2,877,628,089,527
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Precise stellar parameters, such as effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, stellar mass, and stellar radius, are crucial for several reasons in astronomy. Amongst these, there are the precise characterization of planetary systems \citep[e.g.][]{Tor12,ME13c}, discovery of the possib...
2,877,628,089,528
arxiv
\section{Background and results} Let $X$ be a topological space consisting of functions which are analytic in the unit disk $\mathbb{D} = \{ z \in \mathbb{C} : |z| < 1\}$ and which satisfies some customary desirable properties, such as that the evaluation $f \mapsto f(\lambda)$ is a continuous functional on $X$ for ea...
2,877,628,089,529
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The classical Perron-Frobenius theorem guarantees that an irreducible nonnegative matrix always has a unique (up to scaling) entrywise positive eigenvector with eigenvalue equal to the spectral radius of the matrix. There is a long history of nonlinear extensions of the Perron-Frobenius theorem...
2,877,628,089,530
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Transportation networks \cite{albert2002review,newman2003review,newman_book2006,dorogovtsev_book2006,cohen_book2010,barrat_book2012}, like computer networks, railway systems, water pipelines or energy grids, are ubi\-quitous in highly technological societies. Since the well f...
2,877,628,089,531
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In 1967 Winfree proposed a model for coupled oscillators that spontaneously synchronize \cite{winfree2001geometry}. Beyond a critical coupling strength, the oscillators overcome the disordering effect of the dissimilarities in their natural frequencies and spontaneously lock their cycles. Kuramot...
2,877,628,089,532
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multipole moments for static asymptotic flat spacetimes have been first defined by Geroch \cite{GerochI,GerochII}. Later on, Hansen \cite{Hansen} extended this result to the stationary case. Other authors have also interpreted and proposed novel approaches to compute the multipole moments \cit...
2,877,628,089,533
arxiv
\section{Historical Background} Today we know that galactic globular clusters are old stellar systems and people are therefore often surprised by the presence of hot stars in these clusters. As the following paragraphs will show hot stars have been known to exist in globular clusters for quite some time: Barnard (1...
2,877,628,089,534
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Black-box optimization is the problem of optimizing an objective function $f : \mathcal{X} \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ within the constraints of a given evaluation budget $B$. In other words, the objective is to obtain a point ${\bf x} \in \mathcal{X}$ with the lowest possible evaluation value $f({\bf x...
2,877,628,089,535
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The knowledge of star's ages is important for many areas of modern astrophysics. For example, the studies of the structure and dynamic of our Galaxy or formation and evolution of planetary systems require precise stellar ages. There are several technics for age-dating of stars ...
2,877,628,089,536
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\setcounter{equation}{0} The Skyrme model is a soliton model for nuclear physics \cite{Sk,book,BR}. The soliton solutions are called Skyrmions, and the conserved integer-valued topological charge of the Skyrmions is interpreted as the baryon number of nuclei. The Skyrme Lagrangian is \begin{equat...
2,877,628,089,537
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The broad and blueshifted \ion{C}{4}$\lambda\lambda 1548,1551$ lines observed in broad absorption-line quasars (BALQs) reveal the unambiguous signature of outflows. Therefore, BALQs may be important sources of quasar feedback in galaxy evolution. In this context, an important pa...
2,877,628,089,538
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Atomic nuclei are known to exhibit a wide range of collective excitations~\cite{Boh75}. Amongst them, giant resonances (GRs) are of particular interest in our understanding of collective motion in nuclei. Macroscopically, they are associated to high energy modes of small ampl...
2,877,628,089,539
arxiv
\section{The model} We consider haploid populations with non-overlapping generations. In the absence of epistasis between alleles at a single locus, this analysis could easily be extended to consider diploid populations. We describe here the additive infinite population variants of the model (other variants are descri...
2,877,628,089,540
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent advances in natural language generation (NLG) have greatly improved the diversity, control, and quality of machine-generated text. However, this increased ability to quickly and efficiently create unique, manipulable, human-like text also presents new challenges for detecting the abuse of...
2,877,628,089,541
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The second planet, Venus, is similar to our own planet in terms of mass and size. In contrast, however, Venus has a massive atmosphere composed mostly of CO$_2$, and is shrouded by a thick layer of clouds, which blow around the planet with a period of about four days. This cloudy atmospher...
2,877,628,089,542
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The X-ray nova GS 2023+338 was discovered on 1989 May 22 by the Ginga X-ray satellite ~\citep{1}. Soon after the object was identified with the variable star V404 Cyg, which had been seen to brighten by seven magnitudes in the optical in 1938 ~\citep{2,3}. It is now well establi...
2,877,628,089,543
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} Quantum algorithms are designed to outperform the best classical ones \cite{NC10}. Many nondeterministic NP-hard problems still have only the exhaustive search way to solve them \cite{BBBV96}. The one-way function (oracle) $f(x)$ ($f:\{0,1\}^n\rightarrow \{0,1\}$) can identify t...
2,877,628,089,544
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} Despite the media hype, % collaborative security approaches are seldom implemented as they raise several important challenges. Security data, such as firewall logs or attack intelligence, might expose confidential and/or sensitive information, challenge corporations' comp...
2,877,628,089,545
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We first recall that for $c>0$, the classical prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs) were first discovered and studied by D. Slepian and his co-authors, see \cite{Slepian1, Slepian2}. These PSWFs are defined as the solutions of the following energy maximization problem : \begin{equation*} \m...
2,877,628,089,546
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \begin{figure*} \centering \begin{tabular}{c} \includegraphics*[scale=0.14]{plot/1998dk.pdf} \includegraphics*[scale=0.14]{plot/2003cq.pdf} \includegraphics*[scale=0.14]{plot/2006ef.pdf} \includegraphics*[scale=0.14]{plot/2007gi.pdf} \includegraphics*[scale=0....
2,877,628,089,547
arxiv
\section{Introduction} V2051 Ophiuchi was discovered by Sanduleak (1972). It is a dwarf nova, a compact binary in which mass is fed to a white dwarf (the primary star) by a Roche lobe filling late-type star (the secondary) via an accretion disk. V2051 Oph shows recurrent but sparse outbursts in which the disk expands ...
2,877,628,089,548
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are luminous explosions that mark the end of a massive star's life. These SNe are differentiated from their thermonuclear counterparts (Type Ia SNe) and are grouped into classes via spectral and photometric analyses \citep[e.g.,][]{1997ARA&A..35..309F}. The majo...
2,877,628,089,549
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The different response of a molecule to right- and left- circularly polarized light can be measured experimentally and can be explained with a semiclassical theory of multipole oscillators induced by the electric and magnetic fields of the optical wave \cite{book2}. Thanks to advances in comp...
2,877,628,089,550
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Vacuum asymptotically flat Robinson-Trautman spacetimes have been the subject of much study since their discovery over thirty years ago.\R(RT60) They possess some very nice features which make them amenable to analysis. They are in some sense the simplest asymptotically flat solutions which exhi...
2,877,628,089,551
arxiv
\section{ Introduction } Let $\{ \xi_k\}_{k\in {\Bbb Z}_{+}}$ be a homogeneous Markov chain defined on a probability space $(\Omega, {\cal F}, {\rm P})$. Denote by ${\Bbb S}$ and ${\cal S},$ respectively, the phase-space and its $\sigma-$algebra of measurable subsets. Further, denote by $P(x,A),\ x\in{\Bbb S},\ A\in...
2,877,628,089,552
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Arguably, individuals form groups to achieve more ambitious goals than they could achieve alone~\citep{allportInfluenceGroupAssociation1920,caporaelPartsWholesEvolutionary2001}. Yet, for groups to proverbially become more than the sum of their parts, they need to organize into effective structur...
2,877,628,089,553
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Our Galaxy presents a rich and contrasted X-ray landscape. Many different classes of Galactic objects can be the source of high energy emission and cover a wide range of spectral properties and X-ray luminosities. Active stellar coronae are by far the most numerous soft (kT\,$\sim$\,0.5\,keV) X-...