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2,877,628,090,254 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Sec:introduction}
CW~Leo (a.k.a. IRC\,+10216) is the nearest carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star at a distance around 120 to 150\,pc \citep[][and reference therein]{Menshchikov2001A&A...368..497M, Groenewegen2012A&A...543L...8G}. During the AGB-phase, the evolution is determine... |
2,877,628,090,255 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The time structure of hadronic showers plays a key role when evaluating the timing capabilities of calorimeter systems. This is of particular interest in the context of the development of detector concepts for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) \cite{Lebrun:2012hj}, where time stamping of signal... |
2,877,628,090,256 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{General remarks}
History of physics is full of situations when experimental observations lead
to deep mathematical results. Discovery of Yang-Mills (Y-M) fields in 1954
[1] falls out of this trend. Furthermore, if one believes that theory of
these fields makes sense, they sho... |
2,877,628,090,257 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace*{-0.1in}
In this paper, we consider the following stochastic optimization problem:
\begin{align}\label{eqn:stocn}
\min_{\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^d}f(\mathbf{x})=\mathbb{E}_{\xi}[f(\mathbf{x}; \xi)],
\end{align}
where $f(\mathbf{x}; \xi)$ is a random function but not necessarily convex.
Th... |
2,877,628,090,258 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
For Poynting-dominated jets, where field lines tie the black hole to
large distances, the energy flux is determined by the Blandford-Znajek
(BZ) process \citep{bz77} (for a review see
\citealt{rw75,rees82,begelman84,bk00,punsly2001,mg04,lev05}).
The BZ effect depends on the ... |
2,877,628,090,259 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
{A change-point model is a mixture-type model used to infer changes in a time series subjected to random shifts in its characteristics/features.} This means that the data can be broken down into segments and each segment follows a statistical model with different parameters. The time whe... |
2,877,628,090,260 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
After several decades from the pioneering work
of~\citet[][]{Oemler1974,Davis&Geller1976,Sandage&Visvanathan1976},
the role of environment in driving galaxy evolution still represents a research
frontier.
Several correlations have been observed between the
... |
2,877,628,090,261 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for an incompressible viscous
fluid are the fundamental governing equations of fluid mechanics.
In many cases, exact solutions can be constructed to these
equations \cite{DR06} and spectral and nonlinear stability of
these exact solutions can be analyzed \cite{DR... |
2,877,628,090,262 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
There is mounting evidence for the presence of massive galaxies with suppressed star formation
at $z>2$ (e.g., \citealt{2005ApJ...626..680D, 2008ApJ...677L...5V}).
These galaxies are known to be remarkably compact and dense compared to local ones
(e.g., \citealt{2006MNRAS.373L... |
2,877,628,090,263 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Clustering is inherently subjective \cite{Caruana06metaclustering,ScienceOrArt}: different users often require very different clusterings of the same dataset, depending on their prior knowledge and goals.
Constraint-based (or semi-supervised) clustering methods are able to deal with this subjec... |
2,877,628,090,264 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We prove that any two birational Mori fibre spaces are connected by a sequence of
elementary transformations, known as Sarkisov links:
\begin{theorem}\label{t_main} Suppose that $\phi\colon\map X.S.$ and $\psi\colon\map
Y.T.$ are two Mori fibre spaces with $\mathbb{Q}$-factorial terminal singula... |
2,877,628,090,265 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The utility of deriving galaxy redshifts from photometric data has
long been known (\cite{baum62,koo85,loh86}). Recently,
\cite{connolly95} developed an empirical approach as opposed to the
previous model fitting methods. Utilizing photographic data, they were
able to estimate a redshift out to ... |
2,877,628,090,266 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The game of Cops and Robbers (defined at the end of this section) is usually
studied in the context of the minimum number of cops needed to have a
winning strategy, or \emph{cop number}. The cop number (written $c(G)$ for a graph $G$) is a challenging
graph parameter for a variety of reasons, an... |
2,877,628,090,267 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Complex Machine Learning (ML) models have been adopted in many real-world decision-making tasks either to support humans or even substitute them. Despite their superior performance, the black-box nature of these models necessitates need for interpretability methods to explain their automated de... |
2,877,628,090,268 | arxiv |
\section{Quantum statistical mechanics}
\label{sec:zubarev:quant_stat_mech}
The aim of statistical mechanics is the description of systems which are known solely by the specification of some global variables.
Typically these systems are macroscopic, in the sense that they involve a great number of degrees of freedom... |
2,877,628,090,269 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the recent exiting discoveries in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
is the break detected in the afterglow light curve of some bursts
which could be interpreted as a consequence of the beamed emission
(e.g., Ref. \refcite{Rho97},\refcite{sar99}). If the afterglow emission
is beamed, how is the pro... |
2,877,628,090,270 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the generalized weight function $|x|^\rho $ $\exp(-|x|^m)$, $\rho >-1, $ $m>0$, began with G\'{e}za Freud, see for example \cite{Fr76}. We refer to \cite{CJ18} for a interesting historic summary about the studies of generalized Freud polynomia... |
2,877,628,090,271 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Microchip-based ion traps are being investigated in several laboratories
worldwide for purposes ranging from mass spectrometry
\cite{blain2004:ijm,shortt2005:jms} to quantum information
\cite{seidelin2006:prl,pearson2006:pra,stick2006:nat}. Such traps can be
precisely manufactured using micro-el... |
2,877,628,090,272 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Inverse problems occur widely in mathematical and engineering fields. The related mathematical theories and algorithms have been developed by many authors \cite{Tarantola}.
Recently, Bayesian inference establishes a convenient framework in order to analyze the uncertainty of the unknowns \cite{S... |
2,877,628,090,273 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Extensive experimental efforts are under way at Brookhaven National
Laboratory and CERN to produce and investigate the new deconfined,
chirally symmetric high-temperature phase of QCD, usually called the
quark-gluon-plasma (QGP). While the very high energy densities generated
in high-energy nu... |
2,877,628,090,274 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN will provide an unprecedented range of energies and luminosities
that will hopefully probe the Quark-Gluon Plasma and Chiral
Phase transitions. The basic picture of the ion-ion collisions in the
... |
2,877,628,090,275 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The crust of a neutron star (NS) is a rigid elastic shell around a
kilometre thick, which connects the supranuclear-density fluid core
with the star's magnetosphere, and in turn any observable
phenomena. As for any elastic medium, however, there is a maximum
strain it can sustain -- beyond which... |
2,877,628,090,276 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Toda systems \cite{LezSav92,RazSav97,MikOlsPer81} associated
with loop groups possess features attractive from both mathematical
and physical perspectives. The fact that they have the so-called
soliton solutions is certainly among such interesting properties.
Here, by an $N$-soliton solutio... |
2,877,628,090,277 | arxiv | \section{#1}}
\begin{document}
\vglue 2cm
\begin{center}
\title{New solutions of the star-triangle relation with discrete and continuous spin variables}
\author{Andrew P.~Kels}
\address{Institut f\"{u}r Mathematik, MA 8-4, Technische Universit\"{a}t Berlin,\\
Str. des 17. Juni 136, 10623 Berlin, Germany.}
\end{c... |
2,877,628,090,278 | arxiv | \section{Introduction \label{sec:outline}}
The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is very successful and it has withstood all precision tests over almost 40 years. All SM particles have been discovered\footnote{In addition neutrinos were found to be massive, which requires in its simplest form only the addition of... |
2,877,628,090,279 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and notations}
First we recall some definitions and fix notations. We shall be mainly
interested in two kinds of SLE: chordal SLE in the upper half-plane
$\H$, from a real point to $\infty$; and radial SLE in the unit disk
$\mathbb{U}$, from a boundary point to $0$. Corresponding SLEs in other
(s... |
2,877,628,090,280 | arxiv |
\section*{Introduction}
In a recent paper~\cite{Aragona2020}, the authors observed a rather
surprising coincidence between the sequence of integers
\begin{equation*}
1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 23, 32, 43, 57\ldots
\end{equation*}
representing the partial sums of the famous sequence $\{b_j\}$ of the
number of... |
2,877,628,090,281 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The storage of light in atomic gases has its roots in photon echoes, where it
was recognized that an intense $\pi$ pulse could reverse the free induction
decay produced by an initial pulse with arbitrary area. This inversion leads
to the emission of an echo of the original pulse
\cite{hahn1... |
2,877,628,090,282 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Superconformal field theories (SCFT) have long been of considerable interest
in many different contexts. In addition to the key role played by SCFT in $D=2$ in superstring theory, the advent of the remarkable AdS/CFT duality has brought to the forefront the SCFT's in $D=3,4,6$. This paper is dev... |
2,877,628,090,283 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Constraint programming (CP) has made significant progress over the last decades, and is now considered as one of the foremost paradigms for solving combinatorial problems. The basic assumption in CP is that the user models the problem and a solver is then used to solve it. Despite ... |
2,877,628,090,284 | arxiv | \section{Comparison-matrix landscape method for highly excited states}
In this appendix we discuss the limitation of traditional localization landscape methods to study excited states.
For concreteness we focus on the method of Ref.~\onlinecite{Lemut2019}, which introduced a variation on the localization landscape bas... |
2,877,628,090,285 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have obtained state-of-the-art performances on various tasks across a wide range of domains including computer vision \cite{girshick2015fast, redmon2016you, kroner2020contextual,clay2021learning} and natural language processing \cite{serban2016generating, andreas2016l... |
2,877,628,090,286 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
GR predicts that orbits about a massive central body suffer
periastron shifts yielding {\textit {rosette}} shapes. However,
the classical perturbing effects of other objects on inner orbits
give an opposite shift. Since the periastron advance depends
strongly on the compactness of the central bo... |
2,877,628,090,287 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Please see our new paper ``Tableaux combinatorics for the asymmetric
exclusion process and Askey-Wilson polynomials"
at \textsf{arXiv:0910.1858} instead.
\end{document}
|
2,877,628,090,288 | arxiv | \section{R\'enyi diagonal entropies are half of thermodynamic ones}
\label{app}
In this appendix we prove that R\'enyi diagonal entropies are half of thermodynamic one for arbitrary index $\alpha$, generalizing the
result for $\alpha=1$ presented in the main text.
However, this proof turn out to be more cumbersome a... |
2,877,628,090,289 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There exist a range of methods for extracting primary low-level features from images.
This include edge, corner and blob detection. Edge detection methods vary from convolution
based measurement of local image gradient \cite{Canny86} to morphology based
methods \cite{Smith97}. Numerous corn... |
2,877,628,090,290 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The observation
of jet quenching phenomenon
and hydrodynamical flow effects
in $AA$ collisions at RHIC and LHC
signals about formation of a hot quark-gluon plasma (QGP)
in the initial stage of $AA$ collisions. It seems likely
that the QGP formation goes via the thermalization of the
collective... |
2,877,628,090,291 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
On a compact Riemannian manifold $({\bf M},g)$ certain
objects of geometric
interest, such as Killing vector fields and harmonic $1$-forms
must satisfy
additional differential equations when appropriate Levi-
Civita curvature
conditions are imposed. This leads to obstructions to
the existence of
... |
2,877,628,090,292 | arxiv | \section{Experiments details} \label{Appendix: Exp details}
In all real world experiments we use the Adam optimizer with a default regularization (weight decay) of $3\times 10^{-4}$, unless in the `no regularization' case when it is set to 0. We split the data between 2 agents by giving a bigger part of data to agent 1... |
2,877,628,090,293 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro} The promising coupling between electric and magnetic order parameters and the potential to manipulate one by the application of the other has created much attention in the past few decades. Research on materials with such coupling has grown interest because of their wide range o... |
2,877,628,090,294 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
There are many results related to the algebraic and geometric
classification
of low-dimensional algebras in the varieties of Jordan, Lie, Leibniz and
Zinbiel algebras;
for algebraic classifications see, for example,
\cite{ack, ikm19, kkk18};
for geometric classifications and des... |
2,877,628,090,295 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Electron-neutrino and electron-anti-neutrino scattering off electrons
have played an important role in the searches for neutrino
oscillations. First hinted by the data from solar and atmospheric
neutrinos, oscillations have subsequently been confirmed with reactor
and accelerator data~\cite{fuku... |
2,877,628,090,296 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider the initial value problem
\[(P) \left \{ \begin{array}{ll}
i\,u_{t} + \omega \,u_{xx} + i\,\beta \,u_{xxx} + |u|^{2}\,u=0 &
\quad x,\,t\in \mathbb{R}\\
u(x,\,0) = u_{0}(x) &
\end{array}
\right. \] where $\omega ,\,\beta \in \mathbb{R},$ $\beta \neq 0 $
and $u=u(x,t)$ is a complex valu... |
2,877,628,090,297 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@
{-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex
{2.3ex \@plus.2ex
{\normalfont\bf\center }}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection {subsection}{1}{\z@
... |
2,877,628,090,298 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Kubernetes is an open-source software for automating management of computerized services, such as containers~\cite{miles:book2020:kubernetes}. Practitioners use Kubernetes because it reduces repetitive manual processes involved in container deployment and management. Kubernetes i... |
2,877,628,090,299 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Simulation of quantum channels is a central tool in quantum
information theory~\cite{NielsenChuang,Preskill,RMP,SamRMPm}. One
of the first seminal ideas was introduced in Ref.~\cite{B2}, where
the channel simulation was based on the standard teleportation
protocol~\cite{tele,teleREVIEW}, but wher... |
2,877,628,090,300 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The large number of exoplanets detected thus far provides
significant observational constraints for theoretical studies on
planet formation and evolution. The population-wide distributions of
these exoplanets are closely related to their formation history. Based
on the core accretion paradigm
\... |
2,877,628,090,301 | arxiv | \section{Apparent equations of mass and momentum conservation}
\label{sec:ApparentProperties}
We begin by recalling the equations of mass and momentum conservation for the anisotropic material $\Omega$:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
& \textrm{i}\omega P\big/ B= \nabla\cdot \mathbf{V} ,
\label{eq:Govern... |
2,877,628,090,302 | arxiv |
\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by NSF CNS-1111520 and gifts from Huawei, Intel, and Cisco. We thank our SIGCOMM'16 shepherd, Sujata Banerjee, and the anonymous SIGCOMM'16 reviewers for their thoughtful feedback; Changhoon Kim, Nick \nohyphens{McKeown}, Arjun Guha, and Anirudh Sivaraman for helpful... |
2,877,628,090,303 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many contemporary reviews of elementary particle physics start by
celebrating (or lamenting!) the success of the Standard Model.
Indeed, with some nineteen%
\footnote{I assume the neutrinos are massless, but count the ``vacuum
angle'' of QCD.}
parameters the SU(3)$\times$SU(1)$\times$U(1) gauge t... |
2,877,628,090,304 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Targeted sentiment classification is a fine-grained sentiment analysis task, which aims at determining the sentiment polarities (e.g., negative, neutral, or positive) of a sentence over ``opinion targets'' that explicitly appear in the
sentence. For example, given a sentence \textit{``I hated th... |
2,877,628,090,305 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The \kepler{} space-mission showed that hot-Jupiters are usually lone planets
that do not show transit time variation (TTV) signals \citep{Agol2005MNRAS.359..567A,HolmanMurray2005Sci...307.1288H,Steffen2012PNAS..109.7982S}.
The occurrence rate of companions to hot-Jupiters is currently uncerta... |
2,877,628,090,306 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hawkes processes \cite{hawkes1971} are self-exciting point processes
that have found applications in fields such
as neuroscience \cite{cardanobile},
genomics analysis \cite{reynaud-bouret},
as well as finance \cite{embrechts2}, or social media \cite{younglee}.
\medskip
The analysis of stati... |
2,877,628,090,307 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{secintro}
The goal of this paper is to present the theoretical underpinnings for
computer-assisted branch validation using functional analytic techniques
including the constructive implicit function theorem and Neumann series methods,
such that pointwise estimates result in solution bran... |
2,877,628,090,308 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\def\arabic{section}{\arabic{section}}
\def\mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$>$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}{\mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$>$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}}
\def\mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}{\mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lo... |
2,877,628,090,309 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
At zero temperature a heavy quark and antiquark pair forms a bound state
(quarkonium state) or a pair of heavy-light mesons. At sufficiently high
temperatures ($T > T_{c}$), (heavy) quarks are not confined anymore due to
color screening and collisions with the medium. The Polyakov loop and th... |
2,877,628,090,310 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia which increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and death~\cite{journal/cir/chugh2014}.
Radiofrequency ablation is a promising procedure for treating AF, where patient selection and outcome prediction of such therapy can be improved... |
2,877,628,090,311 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
Underwater vehicles are used for a wide range of applications, such as marine exploration \citep{bayatEnvironmentalMonitoringUsing2017}, ecosystem monitoring \citep{whitcombAdvancesUnderwaterRobot2000}, and ocean cleaning \citep{zahugiOilSpillCleaning2013}.
One class of underwate... |
2,877,628,090,312 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section1}
With the continuous development of deep learning~\cite{Lecun2015Deep}, deep neural networks have made significant progress in various fields, such as computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition. {Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been proved to be... |
2,877,628,090,313 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The possibility of achieving greater secrecy by introducing
additional randomness into the plaintext of a cipher before
encryption was known, according to \cite{massey88}, already to
Gauss, in the form of the so-called `homophonic substitution'.
Such a procedure is an example of a \emph{random ci... |
2,877,628,090,314 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep learning~(\cite{lecun2015deep}) is one of the most successful technologies in the last decade.
Most of its success comes from the use of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms~(\cite{robbins1951stochastic}) to optimize deep neural networks using first-order gradients over the network ... |
2,877,628,090,315 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Since Dubrovin's conjecture \cite{dubrovin}, the question whether the
big quantum cohomology ring of a variety is semisimple is important
and has been discussed in many articles
\cite{manin,bayer-m,HMT,irr,ciolli,semisimple}. In particular
necessary conditions for semisimplicity are given by He... |
2,877,628,090,316 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\PARstart{T}{o} compare two fuzzy sets (FSs) one may consider their similarity or distance. To assess their similarity, we measure the similarity of the membership values for each element in each set. The result is given within the interval $[0,1]$, where 0 indicates that... |
2,877,628,090,317 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, there has been various developments expanding our understanding of the structure of vacua from string and M-theory. First, conjectures are proposed which restrict the possible landscape of quantum gravity. In particular, a strong version, \cite{Ooguri:2016pdq, Freivogel:2016qwc}, of th... |
2,877,628,090,318 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Although most neutron stars are endowed with typical magnetic fields of order $10^{12}$~G, the subclass of magnetars~\cite{thompson1992} - including anomalous X-ray pulsars and soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGR) - exhibit much higher fields, up to a few times $10^{15}$~G at their surface~\cite{turol... |
2,877,628,090,319 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the past decade, science has been developing very rapidly, with connections between one branch and another forming in various fields. Physicists specializing in nonlinear phenomena and statistical physics, for example, have attempted to apply the relevant concepts to understand social and p... |
2,877,628,090,320 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theorem of Rabinowitz \cite{rabinowitz}, extending the work of Krasnosel'skii \cite{krasnoselskii}, provides a classical topological tool for analysis of global bifurcations.
It establishes that a continuous branch of fixed points bifurcating from a trivial solution either extends to infinit... |
2,877,628,090,321 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Growing number of network devices and services have increased the importance of network security. There is an increasing demand for protective measures as hackers launch attacks to paralyze or steal information from computer systems connected to network. Examples of these attacks are transmissio... |
2,877,628,090,322 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and notation}
Throughout the paper, $\CF=(0,1,+,-,\cdot)$ denotes the language of fields, $\TF$ the theory of fields and $\ACF$ the theory of algebraically closed fields. We use the notation and terminology of \cite{M} for the basic concepts of model theory. In most cases, our notation is the s... |
2,877,628,090,323 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Shaped and characterized femtosecond pulses are in widespread demand amongst the quantum control community \cite{Goswami2003,Ohmori2009,Dantus2004}. Through tailoring the phase, amplitude or polarization of the control pulse, the evolution of a quantum state may be manipulated ... |
2,877,628,090,324 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is expected to have more computing intensive tasks at user equipment (UE) such as smart phones, while UEs are limited in terms of computing power and energy source. Thus, as in \cite{Yang08} \cite{Kumar10}, computation offloading can be considered when computation cost exceeds communication c... |
2,877,628,090,325 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $X$ and $X'$ be two compact connected Riemann surfaces of genus $g$. The classical Torelli theorem says that if their Jacobians $J(X)$ and $J(X')$ are isomorphic as polarized varieties, with the polarization given by the theta divisor, then $X$ is isomorphic to $X'$.\\
In \cite{MN68} Mumfor... |
2,877,628,090,326 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many concurrent research areas are relying the quantized conductances, such as electric \cite{Wees_1988}, thermal \cite{schwab2000,schwab2001,schwab2006}, integer \cite{Klitzing1980}, fractional \cite{tsui1982,laughlin1983} quantum Hall, and spin quantum Hall effect. Many recent studies focu... |
2,877,628,090,327 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the last two decades, the rogue wave phenomenon has received acute attention, with extensive research being performed theoretically, numerically and experimentally. One particular area of interest within this field is that of the emergence of rogue waves within crossing sea states, or in ot... |
2,877,628,090,328 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The goal of \acf{LTR} in \acf{IR} is to optimize models that rank documents according to user preferences. As modern search engines may combine hundreds of ranking signals they rely on models that can combine such signals to form optimal rankings. Traditionally, this was done t... |
2,877,628,090,329 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Axion-like particles (ALPs) are hypothetical pseudoscalar particles appearing in
several extensions of the Standard Model \cite{Irastorza:2018dyq}. Original axions
were introduced in order to resolve the strong CP-problem in QCD
\cite{Peccei:1977hh,Peccei:1977ur}. Later, it was argued that ... |
2,877,628,090,330 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}
The Diophantine equation $x^4\pm y^4=z^2$, where $x,y,$ and $z$ are integers, was studied by Fermat, who proved that there exist no nontrivial solutions. Fermat proved this using the \emph{infinite descent} method, proving that if a solution can be found, then there exists a smaller solution (s... |
2,877,628,090,331 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As genomic-scale sequencing has become increasingly common, attention in phylogenetics has shifted from inferring trees of evolutionary relationships for individual genetic loci from a set of species to inferring relationships between the species themselves. A substantial complication is that po... |
2,877,628,090,332 | arxiv | \section{ introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Haldane's prediction concerning the finite spectral gap of the 1D
integer-spin antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain and its featureless ground state
was quite unexpected\cite{Haldane1D}, as it seemed incompatible with the
thereom of Lieb, Schultz and Mattis \cite{LSM} on half-int... |
2,877,628,090,333 | arxiv | \subsection*{Methods}
\noindent \textbf{Methods}
\noindent The memory nuclear
spin qubit can be initialized by swapping the initialized NV electron
qubit state to the memory spin or by using dynamical nuclear polarization.
Details on the swap operations are presented in Supplemental Information.
The LG decoupling fi... |
2,877,628,090,334 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The X-ray variability in both AGN and X-ray binaries could be assessed through the use of the Power Spectral Density (PSD). The PSD describes how the X-ray power varies on different timescales (or different temporal frequencies), which depends on the mechanisms responsible for the X-ray producti... |
2,877,628,090,335 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Detection of primordial gravitational waves (PGWs) is considered to be a smoking gun for the inflationary universe.
Their amplitude is often characterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$, and a number of experiments aim to pin down the value of $r$ through the B-mode polariza... |
2,877,628,090,336 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The non-strange baryon spectra below $\sim 2500$ MeV
reveal, isospin by isospin, as a striking phenomenon
mass degenerate series of $K$ pairs of resonances of opposite
spatial parities and spins ranging from
$\frac{1}{2}^{\pm}$ to $\left( K- \frac{1}{2}\right)^{\pm}$
which terminate by a high... |
2,877,628,090,337 | arxiv | \subsection{Network Architecture}
For the large set of image data, we employed a three-layer, large-scale deep neural network with a reconstruction independent component analysis (RICA) cost function,
\begin{equation}
\label{RICA}
\begin{split}
\min_{W,\alpha,b} & \sum_i \left\| W^T (\alpha W x^{(i)}) + b - x^{(i)} ... |
2,877,628,090,338 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Self-consistent field (SCF) methods are the starting point of virtually every quantum chemistry application. Kohn-Sham (KS) density-functional theory\cite{Kohn65} (DFT), Hartree-Fock\cite{Hartree1957} (HF) and even semiempirical methods\cite{Thiel2000} require as a fundamental numerical step the ... |
2,877,628,090,339 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we consider the problem of pricing perpetual American options written on dividend-paying assets whose price dynamics follow the classical multidimensional Black and Scholes model. In this model, under the risk-neutral measure $P$, the asset prices $X^{s,x,1},\dots,X^{s,x,d}$ on... |
2,877,628,090,340 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When the available data are multiple time series thought to be realizations of nonstationary random processes, estimation of their time varying mean and spectrum offers insight into the behavior of the processes, including whether and how they have changed over time.
For example, an analysis of ... |
2,877,628,090,341 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In superconductors, Cooper pairs provide a natural source of entanglement\cite{epr} in both spin and momentum space. If for some reason the constituent electrons of this pair are separated and are allowed to propagate in two different metallic leads or nanodevices such as quantum dots, one expe... |
2,877,628,090,342 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
The last decade has produced an increasing volume of methods and
algorithms to analyze community structure in social and other networks, as
witnessed by an abundance of recent reviews
\emph{e.g.}
\citep{Girvan2002,Newman2004,Balasundaram2005,Palla2005,Reichhardt2006,Blondel2008,Leskov... |
2,877,628,090,343 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s:intro}
The fundamental question of the final fate of a massive star,
when it exhausts its internal nuclear fuel and collapses continually
under the force of its own gravity, was highlighted by Chandrasekhar
way back in 1934 (Chandrasekhar 1934), who pointed out:
``Finally, it is nece... |
2,877,628,090,344 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Intro}
For decades, the distribution of the Local Group's satellite galaxy
population has presented a puzzle. This began with the discovery of the
alignment of a number of Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies with the
orbital plane of the Magellanic Clouds \citep{Lynden-Bell1976},
identifying ... |
2,877,628,090,345 | arxiv |
\section{Case Analysis}
We further demonstrate how set-RNN works with two examples.
In the first example from the RCV1-v2 dataset, the most probable set predicted by set-RNN (which is also the correct set in this example) does not come from the most probable sequence. Top sequences in decreasing probability order are... |
2,877,628,090,346 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Intermittency
is an important feature
in the theory of fluid and plasma turbulence \citep{sreenivasan1997AnRFM,matthaeus2015ptrs}, and
has gained increasing attention
in the
study of space plasmas, including the
corona, the magnetosphere, and the solar wind \citep{ abramenko... |
2,877,628,090,347 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Time-series classification (TSC) problems involve training a classifier on a set of cases, where each case contains an ordered set of real valued attributes and a class label. Time-series classification problems arise in a wide range of fields including, but not limited to, data mining, statist... |
2,877,628,090,348 | arxiv |
\section*{Acknowledgments}
\label{sec:acknowledgments}
This report is an outcome of a workshop in August 2014 on {\em Future
Directions in CSE Education and Research}, sponsored by the Society
for Industrial and Applied Mathematics~\cite{siam:homepage} and
the European Exascale Software Initiative~\cite{EESI-generic}... |
2,877,628,090,349 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Approximation theory in module categories was studied in the setting of finite dimensional algebras by Auslander, Reiten, and Smal\o \ and independently by Enochs and Xu for modules over arbitrary rings using the terminology of preenvelopes and precovers.
An important problem in approximation t... |
2,877,628,090,350 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
The study of neutrino properties is known to be a powerful tool for searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. The observation of flavour oscillations in experiments with solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrinos imply that neutrinos have nonzero mass; ... |
2,877,628,090,351 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec-1}
Different manifolds with additional tensor structures have been classified with respect to the structure $(0,3)$ tensors, generated by the covariant derivative of the
fundamental tensor of type $(1,1)$. For example, such classifications are: the Gray-Hervella classification of almo... |
2,877,628,090,352 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Throughout this paper,
we assume that
\begin{empheq}[box=\mybluebox]{equation}
\text{$X$ is a real Hilbert space}
\end{empheq}
with inner product $\scal{\cdot}{\cdot}$ and induced norm
$\|\cdot\|$.
Let $U$ and $V$ be closed convex subsets of $X$ such that
$U\cap V\neq\varnothing$.
The \emph{con... |
2,877,628,090,353 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Motivation }
Einstein spent the last years of his life trying
to build a geometric field theory in two main series of trails, to unify gravity and electromagnetism, known in the literature as
\lq\lq Unified Field Theories\rq\rq.\, In the first of these attempts, \lq\lq Einstein's absolute... |
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