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1,941,325,218,788
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Frames in Hilbert spaces were introduced by Duffin and Schaeffer \cite{Duff} in 1952 to study some deep problems in nonharmonic Fourier series. A frame for a Hilbert space $H$ provides a linear combination of the elements of frame for each element in $H$, but linear independence between the fr...
1,941,325,218,789
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Existing analytical models of the dynamical evolution of classical double radio sources (e.g. Kaiser et al. 1997; Blundell et al. 1999; Manolakou \& Kirk 2002) predict that the largest sources must represent a very late phase of their lifetimes. In fact, the most extended structures are observed...
1,941,325,218,790
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{seq:intro2} In modern statistical analysis, an important challenge lies in the control of finite-sample bias of classical estimators. For example, the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), which is asymptotically unbiased under some regularity conditions, has finite-sample bias that can res...
1,941,325,218,791
arxiv
\section{Adiabatic elimination of extended driven-dissipative reservoirs\label{app:A}} \subsection{Discrete reservoir} Let us consider some generic \emph{system} $S$ whose dynamics is governed by a Liouvillian $\mathcal{L}_S$ and a \emph{reservoir} $R$ described by a Liouvillian $\mathcal{L}_R$. The corresponding two...
1,941,325,218,792
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Protoplanetary disks form around low mass stars as a consequence of stellar formation when collapse of a slowly spinning molecular cloud core transforms it into a rapidly rotating star-disk system. Once formed, the disk undergoes viscous evolution via shearing stresses that are set up through di...
1,941,325,218,793
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The objective of this article is to review some of the physical ideas that have emerged from discussions of the information paradox over the past few years. The emphasis of the article is not only on various aspects of the paradox, but also on the broader lessons that the paradox holds for quantu...
1,941,325,218,794
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Definability in this article is meant in first order logic. Those not familiar with logic can simply consider the class of \emph{definable sets} of a structure $M$ as a class of subsets of $M^n$, for all $n$, determined in a unique way after assigning a language $L_M$, and that is closed ...
1,941,325,218,795
arxiv
\section{Acknowledgement} \label{sec.ack} \noindent We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This work was partially supported by NSF Awards CNS-1617627, CNS-1814551, and PFI:BIC-1632051. \section{\textit{arch2vec}} \label{sec.approach} In this section, we describe the details of \t...
1,941,325,218,796
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Of the 152 stars within 200~pc of the Sun known to harbor planets\footnote{For the updated catalog of extrasolar planet, their parameters, and the properties of the host stars see http://exoplanets.org.}, the majority are Sun--like, with masses between 0.7 and 1.3~M$_{\odot}$\ \citep{butler0...
1,941,325,218,797
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There is a huge literature in macroeconomics devoted to the analysis of knowledge-based economic systems, where production and learning play key roles. As a sample reference, we only cite here \cite{arrow} among the pioneering papers on this topic. The most recent contributions in this fiel...
1,941,325,218,798
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Optical trap arrays are a key ingredient in neutral atom based quantum technologies, including quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing, due to their stability and versatility \cite{Kaufman2021,Morgado2021}. This is the result of advances over the past two decades in creating lo...
1,941,325,218,799
arxiv
\subsection{DCSynth\xspace Specification and Controller Synthesis} \label{section:dcsynth-spec} This section gives a brief overview of the soft requirement guided controller synthesis method from \qddc formulas. The method is implemented in a tool DCSynth\xspace. (See \cite{WPM19} for details). This method and the t...
1,941,325,218,800
arxiv
\section{Proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:nocompile}} \end{toappendix} \begin{theoremrep}\label{thm:nocompile} There is an arity-two signature $\sigma$ for which there is no algorithm $\mathcal{A}$ with exponential running time and polynomial output size for the following task: given a conjunctive query $Q$ ...
1,941,325,218,801
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Modern electric grids are seeing an influx of distributed energy resources (DERs) and smart technologies like battery electric vehicles (BEVs) at the distribution level \cite{IEA} \cite{NAS} \cite{derreport}. These new resources and technologies present opportunities to achieve climate goals, amo...
1,941,325,218,802
arxiv
\section{Dark Energy} \subsection{The problem of scales} \label{sect1.1} In preparing a set of lectures on string cosmology, I originally set out to explain why I am going to focus exclusively on inflation from string theory, ignoring the important question of the dark energy of the universe, which is another very exc...
1,941,325,218,803
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Adaptive optics (AO)\renewcommand{adaptive optics (AO)\renewcommand{\ao}{AO\xspace}\renewcommand{\Ao}{AO\xspace}\xspace}{AO\xspace}\renewcommand{\Ao}{AO\xspace}\xspace systems have reached a new level of maturity in recent years, with many new strategies and algorithms being demonstrated and real...
1,941,325,218,804
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The theory of small deviations of random functions is currently in intensive development. In this paper we consider the most explored case of Gaussian processes in $L_2$-norm. Suppose we have a Gaussian random function $X(x)$, $x\in\Omega$, with zero mean and covariance function $G_X(x,y)=EX(x)...
1,941,325,218,805
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \rxj is an accreting neutron star with a $\sim$25 min spin period, the longest known period of any X-ray pulsar in a Be-star system. This fact was realized (Mereghetti, Stella \& De Nile 1993) only after the re--discovery of this source in the ROSAT All Sky Survey and its identification wit...
1,941,325,218,806
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The long-term evolution of a neutron star (NS) can be driven by spin-down, accretion of matter or external forces, like the tidal force due to the presence of a close companion or electromagnetic strains arising from strong internal magnetic fields. According to the current understanding of mat...
1,941,325,218,807
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent The model of random interlacements was recently introduced by Sznitman in \cite{SznitmanAM} in order to describe the local picture left by the trajectory of a random walk on the discrete torus $({\mathbb{Z}}/N{\mathbb{Z}})^d$, $d \geq 3$ when it runs up to times of order $N^d$, or on ...
1,941,325,218,808
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Following a physical interest in the context of supersymmetries, in 1977, V. Kac \cite{K1} introduced Lie superalgebras (known as $\bbbz_2$-graded Lie algebras in physics). He classified classical Lie superalgebras which are finite dimensional simple Lie superalgebras whose even parts are red...
1,941,325,218,809
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Optics was the original handle by which classical physicists learned to pry their way into the mysteries of quantum physics. This was appropriate because optics possesses a dual character, in one limit the purely classical wave theory, and in the other the purely quantum mechanical particle limi...
1,941,325,218,810
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Uranium compounds exhibit a rich variety of electrical and magnetic properties, such as heavy Fermion (HF) behaviors, a variety of superconductivity and magnetic ordering, due to their peculiar character of the U~$5f$ states. The U~5$f$ electrons are located at the boundary between localized and ...
1,941,325,218,811
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The notion of effective field theories (EFT) is central to modern particle physics both at the conceptual level and as a calculational tool. In particular the large range of quark masses in nature invites the EFT construction. If the quarks are very light as compared to the typical scales, their...
1,941,325,218,812
arxiv
\section{Epi-convergence: technical results}\label{appendix01} Throughout, let $X,Y,Z$ denote three finite dimensional euclidean real vector spaces. We denote by $\text{cl}(C)$ and $\text{clco}(C)$ the closure and closure of the convex hull of a set $C$, respectively. For a sequence of sets $(C^n)$, we define the \emph...
1,941,325,218,813
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Since the mid-1980's, spectroscopic observations of the bright southern star $\beta$\,Pictoris , or $\beta$\,Pic , have revealed variations in the calcium H and K lines, which have been interpreted as the transit of the gaseous tails of exocomets \cite{Ferlet_1987,Beu...
1,941,325,218,814
arxiv
1,941,325,218,815
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), the strong localization of electron wave function enhances hyperfine interaction (HFI). Simultaneous spin-flip via HFI transfers the spin angular momentum from an electron to the lattice nuclear spin ensemble, and thus, nuclear spin polarization (NSP) ca...
1,941,325,218,816
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Brief Review}\label{sec:intro} Although superstring theory is one of the candidates that include quantum gravity, its perturbative formulation seems to lack predictability in the sense that there is no criteria about the favored choice of the background or the vacuum. Therefore, we need its n...
1,941,325,218,817
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Sect:intro} The $\phi$ meson is a particularly interesting hadron for a variety of reasons. It is a non-strange particle composed of a $\text{s}\bar{\text{s}}$ pair of quarks, and is characterized by the narrow mass distribution centered at $m_{\phi} = 1.0195$~GeV/$c^2$, and decay width ...
1,941,325,218,818
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the recent work of \cite{Penington:2019npb} and \cite{Almheiri:2019psf}, the authors studied the geometry of an evaporating black hole. They found that there is a jump of the location of RT surface around Page time. In this paper we give an interpretation of this geometry from the point of ...
1,941,325,218,819
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A characteristic property of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) is their renormalization scale dependence, described by evolution equations whose derivation led to the very discovery of these functions more than a decade ago \cite{Muller:1994fv}. On a practical level, the...
1,941,325,218,820
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The worldwide ubiquitous use of smartphones allows for technical support in tackling the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the related ongoing COVID-19 pandemic \cite{FerrettiQuantifyingSARSCoV2Transmission2020}. Different countries with different cultures and different traditions r...
1,941,325,218,821
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Abstract interpretation \cite{CC77,CC79} is probably the most used and successful technique for defining approximations of program semantics (or, more in general, of computing systems) to be used for designing provably sound static program analyzers. Abstract domains play a crucial role in any...
1,941,325,218,822
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \lettrine[nindent=0em,lines=2]{A}nesthetic agents are neurotropic drugs that revolutionized clinical medicine. Employed for sedation or general anesthesia purposes they have enabled a series of medical procedures that would otherwise be unimaginable, being amid the neurotropic drugs most used al...
1,941,325,218,823
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $G$ be a finite subgroup of U$(m)$ acting freely on $\mathbin{\bb C}^m\setminus\{0\}$. Then $\mathbin{\bb C}^m/G$ has an {\it isolated quotient singularity} at 0. Suppose $(X,\pi)$ is a {\it resolution} of $\mathbin{\bb C}^m/G$. Then $X$ is a noncompact complex manifold modelled at infin...
1,941,325,218,824
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Social behavior between individuals in a network can often be characterized by short communication messages, or events, of one actor towards another actor or several other actors. In an information-sharing network of employees in an organization, a relational event can be an email message sent by...
1,941,325,218,825
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The smart grid is a critical cyber-physical system that plays a central role in modernizing the energy landscape. It stands to enhance energy security, facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, and enable significant improvements in energy efficiency. Enabling the...
1,941,325,218,826
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} One of the main tasks of the CMS experiment is to search for new phenomena in proton-proton (\Pp{}\Pp) collisions delivered by the CERN LHC. Good identification and precise measurement of muons, electrons, photons, and jets over a large energy range and at high instanta...
1,941,325,218,827
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last two decades, there has been an intense interest in nonlinear matter waves in the context of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs)~\cite{book1,book2,emergent}. In the three-dimensional (3D) setting, arguably, one of the most prototypical excitations that arise are vortex rings (VR...
1,941,325,218,828
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \acp{ris} are an emerging technology for the future $6$-th Generation (6G) of wireless communications, enabling dynamically programmable signal propagation over the wireless medium \cite{rise6g, RISE6G_COMMAG,huang2019reconfigurable, wu2019towards}. \acp{ris} are planar structures comprised typi...
1,941,325,218,829
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the common goals in the forthcoming experiments is the search for new phenomena. In the forthcoming high energy physics experiments (LHC, TEV22, NLC, ...) the main goal is the search for physics beyond the Standard Model (supersymmetry, $Z'$-, $W'$-bosons, ...) and the Higgs boson disco...
1,941,325,218,830
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper is concerned with convective flows confined in a cylindrical region by the action of the Taylor-Proudman (TP) constraint due to background rotation. Our prime motivation comes from the study of liquid planetary cores such as the Earth's. \color{black}{The Earth's interior is struct...
1,941,325,218,831
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since Valiant's seminal paper about the complexity of computing the permanent \cite{Valiant79}, counting complexity has advanced to a well studied subfield of computational complexity theory. By proving that the problem of counting the number of perfect matchings in a bipartite graph is complete ...
1,941,325,218,832
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Online learning is often described as a $T$-round repeated game between a randomized player and an adversary. On each round of the game, the player and the adversary play simultaneously: the player (randomly) chooses an action from an action set $\mathcal{X}$ while the adversary assigns a loss ...
1,941,325,218,833
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Present and future neutrino oscillation experiments in the few-GeV energy region will focus on the measurement of $CP$ violation in the neutrino sector, especially after observation of a nonzero value of $\theta_{13}$. This requires a precise determination of oscillation parameters to be determi...
1,941,325,218,834
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgement}}{} \newenvironment{romenumerate}[1][-10pt] \addtolength{\leftmargini}{#1}\begin{enumerate \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textup{(\roman{enumi})}}% \renewcommand{\theenumi}{\textup{(\roman{enumi})}}% }{\end{enumerate}} \newenvironment{alphenumerate}[1][-10pt] \addtolength{\leftmargini}{#1}\b...
1,941,325,218,835
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Palomar 5 (Pal 5) is an outer Milky Way globular cluster (GC) which presents some peculiar characteristics: a very low mass, $M_{tot}$ = 5 $\times 10^3 {\rm M}_\odot$, a large core radius, $r_c=24.3$~pc, and low central concentration, $c$=0.66 \citep[see][]{oden02}. Moreover, it is surrounded by...
1,941,325,218,836
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Motivation} Noncommutative geometry is a tool that f\/inds numerous applications in the description of a~wide range of physical systems. A celebrated example appearing in String Theory is in terms of the polarisation phenomenon discovered by Myers, in which $N$ D$p$-branes in the presenc...
1,941,325,218,837
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, we solve the Yamabe equation on small domains $(\Omega, g)$ in $\mathbb R^n$ equipped with a Riemannian metric $g$. We introduce an iterative method developed for hyperbolic operators \cite{Hintz}, \cite{HVasy} and elliptic operators \cite{Xu}, with a long history in PDE theory ...
1,941,325,218,838
arxiv
\section{0pt}{12pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt} \titlespacing\subsection{0pt}{10pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt} \titlespacing\subsubsection{0pt}{8pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt} \titleformat{\section}{\normalfont\large\bfseries}{\thesection}{1em}{} \titleformat{\subsection...
1,941,325,218,839
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When a cylindrical obstacle is moved in a viscous fluid with an appropriate velocity, vortices are periodically shed in the wake, forming a long-lived vortex street. This phenomenon was experimentally studied by B\'enard~\cite{Benard} and the stability of the vortex street was theoretically inve...
1,941,325,218,840
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since its introduction in \cite{Tukey75}, the concept of statistical depth has become increasingly popular in multivariate data analysis. For a distribution $P$ on $\mathbb{R}^d$ with $d>1$, by transporting the natural order on the real line to $\mathbb{R}^d$, a depth function $D(.,\; P):\mathbb...
1,941,325,218,841
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Active Galactic Nuclei (\emph{AGN}) have been a class of most interesting astronomical sources for a long time, mainly for their high variability on time scales from years down to minutes. Nowadays these variations may be observed from radio up to gamma-rays ($>10$ TeV). In most cases the variat...
1,941,325,218,842
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The first direct gravitational wave observations by Advanced LIGO \citep{2016PhRvL.116f1102A,2016PhRvL.116x1103A} opened a new era in observational astronomy. The two detected events (GW150914 and GW151226) plus a third candidate (LVT151012) are all consistent with merging black hole binaries (BH...
1,941,325,218,843
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Recently, we have introduced~\cite{dam} and modified~\cite{ejgta1} two graph-decomposition theorems based on a new graph product, motivated by applications in the context of synchronising periodic real-time processes, in particular in the field of robotics. More on the backgroun...
1,941,325,218,844
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The state-space of a measure-preserving dynamical system may be inspected through an analysis of the spectral properties of the associated Koopman operator on a Hilbert space. Within the applied dynamical systems community, a lot of interest has arisen recently in the computation of spectral prop...
1,941,325,218,845
arxiv
\section{Approach}\label{Approach} This section discusses the X-ray dataset generation process, the network architecture used for classification, and the joint training strategy used for combining the X-ray mode with the existing RGB mode for a combined RGB-X classification. In both these domains, we conduct experimen...
1,941,325,218,846
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent Throughout this paper, $R$ will denote a commutative ring with identity. An $R$-module $M$ is said to be a \emph{multiplication module} if for every submodule $N$ of $M$ there exists an ideal $I$ of $R$ such that $N=IM$ \cite{Ba81}. A proper ideal $I$ of $R$ is called a \textit{$z$-ide...
1,941,325,218,847
arxiv
\subsection{Bipartite Graphs}\label{bipartite} Our next goal is to introduce another set of tools we will use in this paper: bipartite graphs. Unlike last subsection, the bipartite graph technique seems to be applicable only to classical groups of Dynkin type $A_n$ but not other semisimple Lie groups in general. Let ...
1,941,325,218,848
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \hspace*{\parindent} In unified theories of fundamental interactions, a dilaton field usually appears and couples to other known matter field. It may play some important role in the history of the early universe or in astrophysics. It may also provide us a window to see some evidence of higher-...
1,941,325,218,849
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The remarkable creation of quantized vortices in a gas of $^{87}$Rb atoms without external rotation of the condensate~\cite{Lin09} has stimulated much theoretical and experimental activity. Previously, most vortex experiments in ultracold dilute Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) relied on rot...
1,941,325,218,850
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The `Mott' or correlation-induced insulating state is a fundamental unifying concept in modern condensed matter physics. The physical properties of many interesting materials, including organic conductors,\cite{organicref} colossal magnetoresistance manganites,\cite{CMRMott} actinides such as ...
1,941,325,218,851
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Pedestrian trajectory prediction plays an essential role in many vision systems, \emph{e.g.}, the automatic vehicle understands the future trajectory of the pedestrian to prevent the accident, and the monitoring system recognize the abnormal action in advance by predicting the future trajectory o...
1,941,325,218,852
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are among the most energetic phenomena associated with solar activity and space weather. These giant eruptions of solar plasma and magnetic field are due to the sudden release of energy built up in the complexity of the magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. M...
1,941,325,218,853
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Characterizing old stellar populations provide important constraints on the early star formation histories of galaxies. Only the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way (MW) are sufficiently close to resolve individual stars well below the oldest main-sequence turn-offs, which is a pre-condition for...
1,941,325,218,854
arxiv
\section{Results and Discussions} \subsection {Structural analysis} The XRD pattern along with Rietveld refinement are shown for two end members of the series i.e., Y$_2$Ir$_2$O$_7$ and Pr$_2$Ir$_2$O$_7$ in Figs. 1a and 1b, respectively. The XRD data for $x$ = 0.0 in Fig. 1a are in fact shown in our previous reports,...
1,941,325,218,855
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The study of the fission process is -- even more than half a century after its discovery -- still of general interest. This is caused by both the complexity of the process itself and the availability of new accelerators and techniques that enable the study of new aspects of fission. While severa...
1,941,325,218,856
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} String theory, in the ground-breaking works of Strominger and Vafa \cite{Strominger:1996sh}, has demonstrated its viability as a theory of quantum gravity by providing a microscopic interpretation for the macroscopic entropy of certain black holes. A similar microscopic ...
1,941,325,218,857
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}First-level heading:\protect\\ The line High fidelity single photon sources are an essential ingredient for quantum-enhanced technologies including linear optical quantum computation (LOQC) and secure quantum key distribution. Thus, the endeavor to generate single photons in controlled, well...
1,941,325,218,858
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Introduction} The energetic feedback from supernovae (SNe) and massive stellar winds are crucial in setting the basic properties of galaxies, including masses, sizes, and star formation histories, as studied in numerical and semi-analytical models (e.g., \citealt{Somerville14} and re...
1,941,325,218,859
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When dealing with stochastic series of data measurements, standard statistical tools, such as mean and centered moments, are able to catch the essential features of the distribution of observed values. Last end, sufficient high-order moments will retrieve a good approximation of the probability ...
1,941,325,218,860
arxiv
\section{\bookmarksetupnext{level=2}\oldSection} \section{Introduction} We study the propagation of the constraints in the Hassan-Rosen (HR) ghost-free bimetric theory \cite{Hassan:2011zd,Hassan:2011ea,Hassan:2017ugh,Hassan:2018mbl} where the evolution equations are expressed in standard 3+1 form \cite{Kocic:201...
1,941,325,218,861
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS)~\cite{BLAS1,BLAS2,BLAS3} interface has had a profound impact on scientific software development. It is now also of great importance to fields like machine learning and data analytics. By coding applications in terms of the BLAS, portable high perfor...
1,941,325,218,862
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The study of hadrons allows experimental access to a wide variety of phenomena. However, at low energies QCD does not provide easy theoretical tools for parsing experimental results into measurements of fundamental parameters. Here, experimentalists may turn to lattice QCD to provide first-princ...
1,941,325,218,863
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intr} Our main goal is the study of the distinguished dynamical role of the "quantum stationary states" for a model $U(1)$-invariant nonlinear discrete Schr\"odinger equation \begin{equation}\label{S} i\dot\psi(x,t)=-\Delta_L\,\psi(x,t)-\delta(x)F(\psi(0,t)),\quad x\in\mathbb{Z}. \end{...
1,941,325,218,864
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gas bubbles submitted to a sound field undergo radial oscillations, a phenomenon known as acoustic cavitation. For enough large amplitude of the driving field, such bubbles undergo an explosive growth followed by a rapid collapse. The density energy in the compressed gas at the end of the collaps...
1,941,325,218,865
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years it has become increasingly clear that some kind of $p$-adic version of the local Langlands correspondence should exist. In fact, Colmez \cite{Co1,Co2} constructed such a correspondence for $\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Q}_p)$. His construction is done in several steps using $(\varphi,\G...
1,941,325,218,866
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} Quantum correlations in linear optical networks are a crucial resource for quantum information processing. In particular, the correlations between multiple photons are described by the permanent of the transmission matrix of the optical network \cite{Scheel2004,*Scheel2008...
1,941,325,218,867
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Radio scintillation has long been associated with interstellar turbulence (e.g. Minter and Spangler 1997)). A major requirement of turbulence-based scintillation models is that the inner scale of the cascade is comparable to the smallest scale of the scintillation. An alternative model has b...
1,941,325,218,868
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introd} In Fermi's original model of particle acceleration~\citep{49Fermi,1954ApJ...119....1F}, charged particles can increase their energy in a stochastic fashion through repeated interactions with moving magnetized structures. Magnetized turbulence has consequently been recognized as ...
1,941,325,218,869
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Section: Introduction} The scientific interest in synchronization of coupled oscillators can be traced back to the work by Christiaan Huygens on ``an odd kind sympathy'' between coupled pendulum clocks \cite{CH:1673}, and it still fascinates the scientific community nowadays \cite{SHS:03,...
1,941,325,218,870
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0.2cm} Despite the fact that there has been enormous recent activity in simulating lattice QCD with dynamical quarks, the continuum limit is still poorly understood. There are few systematic scaling studies of hadronic quantities, and many results for phenomenologically interesting obs...
1,941,325,218,871
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We study local existence and uniqueness of the following equation \begin{equation}\label{e:2dsg} \partial_t h + \Delta^2 h + \Delta|\nabla h|^2 = \eta \end{equation} subject to periodic boundary conditions on $[0,2\pi]^2$ and with space--time white noise $\eta$. This equation arises in ...
1,941,325,218,872
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Most of the ordinary (visible) matter in the Universe, from a tiny terrestrial pebble to a giant star, is composed of protons and neutrons (nucleons). These nucleons can assemble in a suite of different nuclear configurations. The masses of such bound nuclei are actually smaller than the sum...
1,941,325,218,873
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Low-rank matrix factorization is one of the foundational tools of signal processing, numerical methods, and data analysis. Suppose we wish to factorize a matrix $M=UW^T$, imposing orthogonality constraints on $U$ or $W$. Solving for such matrix factorizations can be computationally burdensome, an...
1,941,325,218,874
arxiv
\subsection*{The current study} We developed \textit{MYND} to evaluate BCI control strategies in a realistic scenario on consumer-grade hardware. In the current study, we present results for the two strategies \enquote{Positive memories} \citep{Hohmann:vc} and \enquote{Music imagery} \citep{GroHohPetGro17}. Single-ses...
1,941,325,218,875
arxiv
\section{Body} Ohm's law can be written as $\vec{j}=\vec{E}/\rho$, showing the simple linear relation between the applied electric field $\vec{E}$ and the current density $\vec{j}$. The electrical resistivity $\rho$ comprises a wealth of information on the material and its careful measurement over the last century in...
1,941,325,218,876
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Graphene is one of the few two-dimensional materials that is made up of carbon atoms that form a hexagonal structure in the shape of a honeycomb \cite{Novoselov2004}. The thickness of which does not exceed the thickness of an atom. It has incredible mechanical, electronic, optical, thermal, and ...
1,941,325,218,877
arxiv
\section{Introduction and the main result} \label{sec:intro} Let $G$ be a finitely generated group with a finite generating set $S$. For $g\in G$, we denote by $l_S(g)$ the length of the shortest word over $S$ representing $g$. The growth series of $G$ with respect to $S$ is the series $A(t) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n ...
1,941,325,218,878
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Active galactic nuclei (AGN) feature narrow-line regions (NLRs) in which continuum radiation from the central engine photoionizes the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). The relatively hard AGN continuum emission injects more energy and photoionizes the ISM to higher ionization states than t...
1,941,325,218,879
arxiv
\section{Introduction and statements of the main results}\label{Introduction} In this paper we use the well-known fact that toric manifolds are compactifications of $\complex^n$ in order to prove two results, of Riemannian and symplectic nature, given by the following two theorems. \begin{teor} Let $N$ be a pro...
1,941,325,218,880
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Much work has been done on the 2-dimensional Ising model (IM) during the past over 60 years. Many analytic results for the partition function and correlations have been obtained. These have greatly contributed to establish our present understanding of continuous phase transitions in systems with...
1,941,325,218,881
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The principal-agent problem is a study of optimizing the incentives, so central in economics. In particular, the optimal contracting between the two parties, principal and agent(s), is called moral hazard, when the agent's effort is not observable by the principal. It has been widely applied in ...
1,941,325,218,882
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Throughout this paper, all terminologies and notations on graph theory can be referred to the textbook by D. B. West \cite{W}. A ({\it proper}) {\it k-edge-coloring} of a graph $G$ is a mapping from $E(G)$ into a set of colors $\{1,2,\ldots,k\}$ such that incident edges of $G$ receive distinct...
1,941,325,218,883
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:level0}{Introduction}} As a function of some external parameter, such as the temperature, the equilibrium state of a molecule may change, thereby modifying its physical properties. In such events, the energy barrier between the starting and ending free energy basins limits the transition rate. When...
1,941,325,218,884
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgment} \section{Disjoint route computation algorithm in the presence of complete topology information} We now introduce the algorithm employed to identify all possible disjoint routes in case full topology information is available to a node. This means that the node is fully aware of the topology ...
1,941,325,218,885
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/dsp/label}}{sec:intro} Over the past decade, superconducting detectors in mm-wave astronomy have matured from experimental development to proven technology. This maturation has been driven by a fundamental need to scale: because it is possible to build detectors that are ph...
1,941,325,218,886
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Imaging biomarkers play a crucial role in tracking disease progression, in supporting an automated prediction of diagnosis, and in providing novel insights in the pathophysiology of diseases~\cite{wachinger2016whole,wachinger2016domain,becker2018gaussian}. A prerequisite for many image-based ma...
1,941,325,218,887
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Consider a trip to a conference in a new city! A set $P$ of $n_P$ hotels (located at fixed locations) has already been identified from a travel guide. On reaching the city, the scientist identifies a set $S$ of $n_S$ sites to visit, say for example the conference venue, museum, ...