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1,941,325,219,688 | arxiv | \section{\label{intro}Introduction}
\section{introduction}
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of the molecules of life, which plays a central role in the cell as information carriers, enzymes, gene regulators, et cetera. It is made out of four elementary building nucleotides, being A(denine), G(uanine), C(ytosine) and U(ra... |
1,941,325,219,689 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
At the CERN LHC, instantaneous luminosities of up to $1.5 \times 10^{34}\cm^{-2}\unit{s}^{-1}$~\cite{CMS-PAS-LUM-17-001} are sufficiently large for multiple proton-proton ($\Pp\Pp${}) collisions to occur in the same time window in which proton bunches collide. This leads to overlapping of
partic... |
1,941,325,219,690 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Background}
This paper derives the Jordan structure of finite-dimensional quantum theory from a very lean set of postulates,
and in a conspicuously easy way --- easy, at any rate, if one knows the Koecher-Vinberg Theorem,
which relates euclidean Jordan algebras to homogeneous, self-dual co... |
1,941,325,219,691 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Abel-Jacobi maps for higher Chow groups\begin{equation}\label{eqn intro (*)}AJ_{\mathrm{X}}^{p,n}:\, CH^p(\mathrm{X},n)_{\mathbb{Q}} \to H^{2p-n}_{\mathcal{H}}\left( \mathrm{X}^{an}_{\mathbb{C}},\mathbb{Q}(p)\right)
\end{equation}were introduced (for smooth quasi-projective $\mathrm{X}$ over $k\... |
1,941,325,219,692 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Higgs mechanism is based on the fact that the potential must be
such that one of the neutral components of the Higgs field doublet
spontaneously acquires a non-vanishing vacuum expectation value.
Since the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field is different
from zero, the Higgs field va... |
1,941,325,219,693 | arxiv | \section*{Results}
{\bf Conditional supply-link probability.}
We determine the conditional supply-link probability $p(s|c)$ by comparing the firm communication network, shown in Fig. \ref{fig:call_nw_explanation}d, with ground-truth information on the real customer-supplier relations, obtained from a nation-wide su... |
1,941,325,219,694 | arxiv | \section{Guidelines}
For some time now D\O{} at the Tevatron has reported an excess in the
preliminary measurement for the ratio of
$W + \mbox{1 jet}$ events to $W + \mbox{0 jet}$ events \cite{dzerorten},
\begin{equation}
{\cal R}^{10}(E_T^{\rm min})
={\sigma (W + \mbox{1 jet} ) \over \sigma (W + \mbox{0 jet} )}\;... |
1,941,325,219,695 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Throughout this article we let $\omega$ denote the standard symplectic form on
$\mathbb C^{2n}$, \emph{i.e.}, $\omega(z)=\sum_{j=1}^ndz_j\wedge dz_{n+j}$.
If $\Omega\subset\mathbb C^{2n}$ is a domain, and $F:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb C^{2n}$
is an analytic map, we say that $F$ is a symplectomorp... |
1,941,325,219,696 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Although it is well-known that galaxy clusters are not spherical,
spherically averaged measurements of cluster properties are standard
practice owing to their comparative simplicity and the expectation
that non-spherical effects do not dominate the error budget. However,
as cosmolo... |
1,941,325,219,697 | arxiv | \section{\bf{Introduction}}\label{s0}
\subsection{The inequality} \ We start with an infinite-dimensional Euclidean space, whose coordinates are indexed by a set $A$, \\\
\begin{equation}\label{i0}
l^2 = l^2(A) := \big\{{\bf{x}} = \big({\bf{x}}(\alpha)\big)_{ \alpha \in A} \in \mathbb{C}^{A}: \sum_{\alpha \in A} |{... |
1,941,325,219,698 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The distribution of matter in the Universe is one of the main observables in cosmology.
Exquisite measurements of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies \cite{Ade:2013zuv} give convincing evidence
that at early times the Universe started out almost homogeneous and isotropic with only
small ... |
1,941,325,219,699 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\section{Introduction}
There have been many investigations on correlation functions in the
AdS/CFT context \cite{AdS/CFT}. Recently, several interesting
developments have been made by considering general "heavy" string
states. An efficient method to compute tw... |
1,941,325,219,700 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
Type Ib/c and II supernovae (SNe) are generated by core collapse in massive stars. When the central engine forms, a shock wave is launched through the hydrostatic core of the progenitor. The shock is radiation-dominated (or radiation-mediated), i.e. the radiation pressure i... |
1,941,325,219,701 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Illumination imbalance causes a lot of problems. Performance of models working on different tasks, such as face recognition, skin tone detection, and emotion recognition are greatly affected by imbalanced illumination. A lot of effort has been devoted to processing the photos taken under differ... |
1,941,325,219,702 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{eq:intro}
The number counts of massive galaxy clusters has long been known to
provide strong constraints on the cosmological model, provided one
understands how to map from observed mass proxies to a theoretical
halo mass \citep[for a recent review see][]{Allenetal2011}. Since the
first m... |
1,941,325,219,703 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
While most information-theoretic security works to date have revolved around the issues of confidentiality and authentication~\cite{Bloch2011,InfoTheoreticSec,Jorswieck2015}, the growing concern around mass communication surveillance programs has reignited interest in inv... |
1,941,325,219,704 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\sf
The Kohn-Sham (KS) approach to density functional theory (DFT) has become
very popular, being employed in more than 30,000 scientific papers each year\cite{PGB15}.
However, its claim to being first-principles is diluted by the fact that there
are literally hundreds of possible exchange-c... |
1,941,325,219,705 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
High cost of platinum could potentially slow down development and marketing
of low--temperature fuel cells. At present, standard oxygen
reduction reaction (ORR) electrode contains 0.4~mg of Pt per square
centimeter. This translates to nearly 100~g of precious metal
in a 100--kW stack for automot... |
1,941,325,219,706 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\indent Exoplanet research is an expeditiously changing field, driven by the discovery of more than 1,450 exoplanets to date. As many of these exoplanets are discovered either by the radial velocity or transit technique, there is a natural bias towards discovering planets that both have large rad... |
1,941,325,219,707 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The Boltzmann equation is a microscopic statistical tool that describes the evolution of
the distribution function in phase space undergoing collisions. Mathematically, it corresponds to a partial integro-differential equation, whose exact solution is hard to find. Therefore, s... |
1,941,325,219,708 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The inner structure of luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) is shaped
by the presence
of winds launched on accretion disk scales, as indicated by their large
terminal velocities
($\upsilon_{\rm{out}}\gg 5000$ km s$^{-1}$ and up to several $0.1$c).
Such winds cannot be sustained by thermal press... |
1,941,325,219,709 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
Low-mass X-ray binaries are systems in which a neutron star or black
hole accretes from a low-mass companion. Most systems have orbital
periods of hours to days and are consistent with the scenario
\citep{heu83} in which the donors are main sequence or evolved,
hydrogen-rich,... |
1,941,325,219,710 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}
A clear picture has emerged that most massive stars reside in multiple systems
\citep{2007ARA&A..45..481Z,2009AJ....137.3358M,2011IAUS..272..474S,2012MNRAS.424.1925C,2014ApJS..215...15S}, with $\sim$70\% expected to interact with a companion during their lifetimes
\c... |
1,941,325,219,711 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Scientists increasingly face the information overload-and-drown problem even in narrow research fields given the ever-increasing flood of scientific publications~\cite{johnson2018stm,landhuis2016scientific}. Recently, solutions are being implemented in the domain of the digital libraries by tran... |
1,941,325,219,712 | arxiv |
\section{Proofs for \cref{sec:main}}
\subsection{Proof of \cref{lemma:next}}
We first observe the following helpful result:
\begin{lemma}\label{obs:nextins}
Let $\partial = \ins{\zeta}{u}$ and let $x \leadsto_{w} y$ for $x,y \in D$. We have that $x \not\leadsto_{w'} y$ if and only if $x<u<y$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof... |
1,941,325,219,713 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Axial Killing fields play an important role in classical general relativity when defining the angular momentum of a black hole or a similar compact, gravitating body. The simplest example is the Komar angular momentum, which applies to regions of spacetime that admit a global axial Killing fie... |
1,941,325,219,714 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Numerical models in scientific research disciplines are usually extremely complex and
computationally intensive. A common feature to all is the dependency on
numerical model parameters that do not represent an actual property of the
underlying scientific problem.
They are either prescribed in the... |
1,941,325,219,715 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent intensive study of topological insulators (TI),
property of helical edge (2D TI) or surface (3D TI) states is
one of the key topics.
It has been
shown that these states are robust against interaction and disorder \cite{ {he2}, {he3}}.
The dissipationless spin current has potent... |
1,941,325,219,716 | arxiv | \section{Stochastic Gates}
\label{app:gates}
Let $U_j \sim \text{Unif}(0, 1)$ and $0 < \beta < 1$. A concrete random variable \citep{maddison2016concrete, jang2016categorical} $s_j \sim q(\cdot\ |\ (\phi_j, \beta))$ can be obtained by transforming the uniform random variable as:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:concret... |
1,941,325,219,717 | arxiv |
\section{Expectation Value of Signal Consistency Test Value in Noise} \label{app:avgderivation}
Expanding Eq.~\eqref{eq:autochisq} and taking the ensemble average, we find
\begin{align}
\langle \xi^2_j (t) \rangle &= \langle |z_j(t) - z_j(0)R_j(t)|^2 \rangle, \notag \\
&= \langle |z_j(t)|^2 \rangle - 2 \mathrm{R... |
1,941,325,219,718 | arxiv | \section{Mixture-theory equations for tumor growth}
\subsection{Mixture-theory-based models}
The interest toward mathematical modeling of tumor growth rose considerably in the last decades, to such an extent that it has now become one of the most studied topics in mathematical biology. Early mathematical models \cite{M... |
1,941,325,219,719 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The epoch of reionization is the current frontier in understanding
how galaxies form and evolve over cosmic time. After the Universe
cooled sufficiently to recombine hydrogen atoms at redshift $z\approx
1088$~\citep{spe07}, the Universe was fully neutral. Gravity grew
ever-de... |
1,941,325,219,720 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Long Josephson junctions are known as the most clean systems to
experimentally study basic properties of Josephson vortices, often
also called fluxons.\cite{Ustinov98} The interaction of a Josephson
vortex with a potential induced by an externally applied magnetic
field has been discussed in lit... |
1,941,325,219,721 | arxiv | \section*{Dynamical Behaviour of $O$ in Lattice Gases}
The dynamical behaviour of the anisotropic order parameter $m$ [see Eq.~\eqref{eq:def-m} in the Letter] following a quench to the critical point is well described by
the Gaussian theory for all the three lattice gas models studied, $i.e.,$ driven lattice gas with... |
1,941,325,219,722 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Andy Bacher, Allena Opper, and Ed Stephenson
for useful discussions and encouragement, without which this work would
not have been completed.
This research was partially funded by
FCT grant POCTI/37280/FNU/2001 (ACF),
NSF grant PHY-0457014 (AG),
DOE grants DE-FG02-97ER41014 (GAM) an... |
1,941,325,219,723 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
During the half-century since the prediction \cite{axford1962a,kellogg1962a} and measurement \cite{ness1964a} of collisionless shocks, considerable study on mechanisms for converting supersonic plasma flow into thermal energy
of plasma, fields, waves and accelerated particles has been expended... |
1,941,325,219,724 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:in}
The time-dependent brane solutions in string theory were introduced
in \cite{Gibbons:2005rt, Chen:2005jp, Kodama:2005fz, Kodama:2005cz,
Kodama:2006ay, Binetruy:2007tu, Binetruy:2008ev,
Maeda:2009zi, Gibbons:2009dr, Maeda:2009ds, Uzawa:2010zza, Maeda:2010ja,
Minamitsuji:2... |
1,941,325,219,725 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The 3.5-m {\it Herschel Space Observatory}\footnote{{\it Herschel} is
an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by
European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important
participation from NASA.} \citep{pilbratt10} is the first space
telescope to cover the entir... |
1,941,325,219,726 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction}
Massive stars ($M_{\star} \gtrsim 8\,\rm M_{\odot}$) dictate the dynamical and chemical evolution of the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM) and the galaxy through their mechanical, radiative, and chemical feedback. However, despite the tremendous theoretical, computat... |
1,941,325,219,727 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In \cite{kelmans},
Kelmans defined an operation on graphs
called the Kelmans' transformation.
This transformation has nice properties:
it increases the spectral radius of adjacency matrix (see Csikv{\'a}ri
\cite{csikvari-on-conjecture})
and decreases the number of spanning trees
(see S... |
1,941,325,219,728 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It has been known that a large part of soliton equations in $1+1$
dimensions have integrable matrix generalizations, or more generally,
integrable multi-field generalizations. Such generalizations have been
studied for a wide variety of single(or two)-component integrable
systems by virtue of va... |
1,941,325,219,729 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Group actions on $C^*$-algebras and von Neumann algebras are
one of the most fundamental subjects in the theory of operator algebras.
A. Connes introduced a non-commutative Rohlin property
and classified single automorphisms of von Neumann algebras
(\cite{C1},\cite{C2}),
and A. Ocneanu gene... |
1,941,325,219,730 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the main difficulties in elaborating viable
models of quantum gravity (QG) is that perturbations in the general
relativity theory (GR) from a flat Minkowski spacetime result in
non--renormalizable divergences from the ultraviolet region in momentum
space. This problem is caused by the dim... |
1,941,325,219,731 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathbb{H}^{N}$ denote the hyperbolic space of dimension $N\ge2$, $\nabla_{\mathbb{H}^{N}},\Delta_{\mathbb{H}^{N}}$ and ${\rm d}v_{\mathbb{H}^{N}}$ its Riemannian gradient, Laplacian and measure, respectively. It is well known that the L$^2$ spectrum of $-\Delta_{\mathbb{H}^{N}}$ is bounded... |
1,941,325,219,732 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}}
\noindent Let $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{g}_{\bar{0}}\oplus\mathfrak{g}_{\bar{1}}$
be a basic classical Lie superalgebra over an algebraically closed
field $\mathbb{K}$ whose characteristic $p>0$ is a good prime for
$\mathfrak{g}$. Note that the definition for a good prime i... |
1,941,325,219,733 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
In a series of papers starting in the late 1980s, D.~A.~S.~Fraser, N.~Reid and coworkers developed the tangent exponential model for higher-order likelihood inference. This chapter aims to explain the motivation and justification for this model and to describe how it is used to compute accura... |
1,941,325,219,734 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The physics of fractional statistics and vortices is well studied in quantum field theory.
If the positions of two identical point particles
in $(3+1)$ (or in higher) spacetime dimensions are interchanged, the corresponding wave function acquires a multiplicative factor of either $(+1)$ (Boson... |
1,941,325,219,735 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:introduction}Introduction}
The interaction of a fermionic (Dirac) field with a rotating charged (Kerr-Newman) black hole is of deep theoretical interest. The interaction depends on three couplings: coupling between quantum-mechanical spin and black hole (BH) rotation; coupling between field mass an... |
1,941,325,219,736 | arxiv |
\section{The effective top-BESS model}
\label{sec:tBESS}
\input{01-tBESS}
\section{The mass exclusion limits}
\label{sec:MELs}
\input{02-MELs}
\acknowledgments
The work was supported by the grant LTT17018 of the Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and by the COST Action CA15108
"Connecti... |
1,941,325,219,737 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The retrieval of classical data from quantum systems, a task described by quantum measurement theory,
is an overlooked -- though important -- component of quantum information processing~\cite{nielsen}.
The ability to precisely determine a quantum state is paramount to tests of quantum informati... |
1,941,325,219,738 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In a simple description of metals and plasmas, the conduction electrons may be regarded as weakly interacting because their kinetic energy is large compared to their mutual Coulomb repulsion.
Such is the case in the limits of both low and high temperature, where the respective ... |
1,941,325,219,739 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Future wireless communication systems will address unprecedented challenges to cope with a high degree of heterogeneity
in terms of services, applications, {\color{black}use} cases, deployment scenarios and mobility levels \cite{2017ICM-ZhangMulti,2018ICSM-ZaidiOFDM}.
In order to su... |
1,941,325,219,740 | arxiv | \subsection{Eigenvalue perturbation}
Let $u_1, \dotsc, u_r, v_1, \dotsc, v_r$ be two families of nonzero vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Let us note $U=(u_1, \dotsc, u_r)$ and $V=(v_1, \dotsc, v_r)$; those are real matrices with $n$ lines and $r$ columns. Our `nearly diagonalizable' matrix will be $S = U\Sigma V^*$ with $\... |
1,941,325,219,741 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The microscopic friction mechanism is an important subject of condensed matter physics and engineering\cite{BC06,KHKBC12,PP15,HBPCC94}, and various factors in this phenomenon, such as the lattice vibration and motion of electrons, have been studied\cite{MDK94,DAK98,MK06,PBFMBMV10,KGGMRM94}.
In p... |
1,941,325,219,742 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A tournament $T$ is an orientation of a complete graph. The set of vertices of $T$ is denoted by $V(T)$ and the set of arcs by $E(T)$. $v(T)$ will denote the order of $T$, $|V(T)|$. Sometimes, we write $|T|$ instead of $v(T)$. $T$ is said to be an $n$-tournament if $v(T)=n$.\\
The out-neighbour... |
1,941,325,219,743 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A remarkable feature of quantum field theory is the dependence of
coupling constants on the energy scale of the processes in which their
corresponding interactions occur. In QED, large momentum-transfers
probe virtual-loop corrections to the photon propagator, as sketched
in Figure~\ref{fig:1}, ... |
1,941,325,219,744 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Granular materials are large assemblies of particles which are athermal and dissipative and as such their statistical properties can hardly be characterized by using the standard tool box of statistical thermodynamics. It has then been considered a challenge in the community to devise a novel sta... |
1,941,325,219,745 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been considered as a promising solution for low-power neuromorphic computing. Inspired by the biological neural networks, neurons in the SNNs communicate asynchronously with each other through binary values that aim to represent the actual neuron spiking activ... |
1,941,325,219,746 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\section{Introduction}
Let $F$ be a local non-Archimedean field.
In 1980, A. Zelevinsky \cite{Z} defined an involution $\tau \mapsto \hat\tau$
on the Grothendieck group of finite length smooth representations of $\mathrm{GL}_n(F)$ and conjectured that this involution should preserve irreducibili... |
1,941,325,219,747 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The charmonium-like and bottomonium-like states are good subjects to study the exotic states and understand the strong interactions, if they are genuine tetraquark states, there are two heavy valence quarks and two light valence quarks, therefore the dynamics is complex compared to the te... |
1,941,325,219,748 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In recent years, with the rapid development of deep learning, face forgery technology based on deep learning has made great progress. As shown in \Cref{fig:pro}, face forgery technology mostly consists of three steps to manipulate the target face and create a fake image: 1) fac... |
1,941,325,219,749 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
By now, inflation \cite{Guth:1980zm,Linde:1981mu,Albrecht:1982wi}
is well established by the observational cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) data
\cite{Smoot:1992td,Spergel:2006hy}.
However, the inflationary universe is more like a paradigm than a theory, since a specific
compelling ... |
1,941,325,219,750 | arxiv | \@ifstar{\@ssection}{\@section}{\@ifstar{\@ssection}{\@section}}
\def\@section#1
\if@nobreak
\everypar{}%
\ifnum\LastMac=\Hae \addvspace{\half}\fi
\else
\addpen{\gds@cbrk}%
\addvspace{\two}%
\fi
\bgroup
\ninepoint\bf
\Raggedright
\ifAutoNumber
\global\advance\Sec \@ne
\n... |
1,941,325,219,751 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Despite lacking a net macroscopic magnetization, antiferromagnetic (AF) materials have moved into the focus of spintronics research \cite{Marti:2014, Wadley:2016, Jungwirth:2016, Baltz:2018}. Although L. N\'{e}el stated about 50~years ago that antiferromagnets ``are extremely interesting from ... |
1,941,325,219,752 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Compressed sensing~(CS) in MRI~\cite{Lustig2007} has led to a large reduction in scan time while maintaining a reasonable reconstructed MR image quality. Practically, CS is implemented by undersampling pseudo-randomly the k-space according to a variable sampling density~\cite{puy2011variable,cha... |
1,941,325,219,753 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Section.1 Intro}
In this paper, we establish sharp-in-time kernel estimates
and dispersive properties for the Schr\"odinger equation on
general Riemannian symmetric spaces of noncompact type.
Such estimates allow us to prove a global-in-time Strichartz
inequality for a large family of admi... |
1,941,325,219,754 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We review the one-loop corrections to the Higgs boson masses in the MSSM
with Non-Minimal Flavor Violation (NMFV) \cite{AranaCatania:2011ak}.
The flavor violation is generated from the hypothesis of general
flavor mixing in the squark mass matrices, parameterized
by a complete set of $\delta... |
1,941,325,219,755 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Connected vehicle (CV) applications are expected to revolutionize traditional transportation system. Connected vehicles exchange messages with surrounding vehicles and infrastructure units for extending perception range, exchanging traffic status in downstream, and coordinating planning and con... |
1,941,325,219,756 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and statements of the main results}
\label{introd}
The following question arose from the work of Furstenberg \cite{Fu}.
Fix $0 < \alpha \leq 1$, and suppose that $F \subset {\mathbb R}^2$ is a compact set such that for
every $e \in S^1$ there is a line $L_e$ with direction $e$ such that
${\rm dim... |
1,941,325,219,757 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Heavy quarks are extremely valuable probes for the tomographic study of the hot and dense nuclear matter known as the quark-gluon plasma (\qgp) produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions~\cite{Wang:1991xy,Qin:2015srf,Moore:2004tg,Borsanyi:2010bp,Dong:2019byy}.
Final observables from heavy qu... |
1,941,325,219,758 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ever since the discovery of the first high-redshift quasar (Schmidt
1965), quasars have maintained their title as the objects with the
highest known redshift; the present record holder is a quasar at
$z=4.89$ (Schmidt, Schneider, \& Gunn 1991). Nevertheless, the highest
known redshifts of gala... |
1,941,325,219,759 | arxiv |
\section{Preliminary results}\label{sec:prelim}
\subsection*{The Kobayashi metric}\label{sec:kobayashi-metric}~\cite{Kobayashi:book:hyperbolic}
Let $\mathcal{B}\subset{\mathbb C}^{N}$ be a bounded domain. The intrinsic Kobayashi metric of $\mathcal{B}$
is the \textit{largest} complex Finsler metric such that every ho... |
1,941,325,219,760 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterials have been predicted to transport
evanescent fields with large vacuum wave-vectors \citep{Shung1986,Yan2012,Iorsh2013,Sreekanth2013,MohamedA.K.Othman2013,Poddubny2013,Ferrari2015,Chang2016, Novoselov2016}.
This feature has immense practical importance, as i... |
1,941,325,219,761 | arxiv | \section{The two component Ginzburg-Landau theory}
In its nondimensionalised form, the energy density of a two-component Ginzburg-Landau (TCGL) model is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:erg}
E = \int \mathrm{d}^3 x \mathcal{E}\,,\quad \mathcal{E} = \sum_{a=1}^2 |{\bf D}\phi_a|^2 + \frac{|{\bf B}|^2}{2} + V(\phi_a,\phi_a^*)\,,... |
1,941,325,219,762 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is well known that the Standard Model (SM) particles are not the primary constituents of the Universe. Dark energy makes up $72\%$ of the energy budget, while dark matter makes up $24\%$, and only the remaining small fraction is due to the SM~\cite{Spergel:2006hy}.
The nature of dark matter (... |
1,941,325,219,763 | arxiv | \section{Vocabulary and Such}
To catch the reader up to speed, all relevant definitions and results are given in the introduction. My goal is to write such that any undergraduate can read the paper and understand every bit of mathematics.
A \textbf{Latin square} is an $n\times n$ matrix whose entries come from a symb... |
1,941,325,219,764 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The issue of the orgin of cosmic magnetic fields, despite much progress in the
field, remains an open issue in astrophysics. The problem is basically of a
topological nature, because the magnetic field, being a solenoidal
vector ${\bf B}=\nabla\times {\bf A}$ (${\bf A}$ is the magnetic vect... |
1,941,325,219,765 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
High dimensional time series data harvested from large network platforms such as social networks and financial networks has become increasingly available in recent years.
Much research interest has been devoted to model the dynamics of the associated network time series data. Examples include ... |
1,941,325,219,766 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Nowadays social networks have become a huge interdisciplinary
research area with important links to Sociology, Economics, Epidemiology,
Computer Science, and Mathematics among others~\cite{Jac08,EK10,AM11,HS14}.
We propose to analyze network creation in the context of social n... |
1,941,325,219,767 | arxiv | \section{Broadcast channel} \label{cqBroadcast}
\subsection{Marton-Gelfand-Pinsker region for private messages}\label{MGPpm}
In this section we will show how to achieve the Marton-Gelfand-Pinsker region, initially without the use of common messages for classical-quantum broadcast channels using polar codes.
Indeed, ... |
1,941,325,219,768 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) tapes are used in increasingly complicated geometries~\cite{Terzieva2010,Goldacker2014,wang2019,Hartwig2020}
and the accurate simulation of their current distribution in such geometries is being held back
by (i) the high aspect ratio of the mes... |
1,941,325,219,769 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The skew-normal and related families,
such as the more flexible extended skew-normal and extended skew-$t$ distributions \citep[Ch 5.]{arellano2010, azzalini2014}, are suitable for data that exhibit
an asymmetric distribution, while still providing relatively simple probabilist... |
1,941,325,219,770 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many important products are composed of inhomogeneous polymeric fluids which are processed in molten form and subjected to industrial techniques such as melt injection, blow molding, spin casting, and fiber drawing. The physical properties of these products are often dictated by the detailed dis... |
1,941,325,219,771 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This is a review of the method introduced by Sato and collaborators for
three active neutrinos\cite{as97,ks97} extended to three active neutrinos
plus one, two, or three sterile neutrinos. The transition probability for
a neutrino of flavor $f1$ to oscillate to a neutrino of flavor $f2$,
$\mathc... |
1,941,325,219,772 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The compact radio source Sgr~A*, associated with the supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass $M_{\rm BH} = 4.3 \times 10^{6}$ M$_{\odot}$, marks the location of our Galactic Centre (GC) at a distance of $\sim 8.3$~kpc \citep{genzel2010, chatzopoulos2015}. Observations ... |
1,941,325,219,773 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep convolution neural networks (CNN) are universally used in a wide range of applications including image classification~\cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet,simonyan2014very, szegedy2015going, wang2017residual, he2016deep, badawi2020computationally, agarwal2021coronet, partaourides2020self, stamoul... |
1,941,325,219,774 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
As deep neural networks are increasingly deployed in real-world scenarios, robustness of their automatically learned feature representations has emerged as a key desideratum. Prior works have defined many measures of robustness corresponding to different types of synthetically-... |
1,941,325,219,775 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
Reinforcement Learning (RL) solves Markov Decision Process (MDP) problems based on exploration and evaluation.
The development of deep neural networks further enables RL algorithms to master complex sequential control problems \cite{mnih2015human,silver2016mastering... |
1,941,325,219,776 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
High-mass star formation (SF) sites (hereafter HMSFSs) are the beacons
by which we probe a large part of the physics of external galaxies.
They generally represent the most important tracers of the properties
of their host galaxies in terms of star formation rate (SFR) an... |
1,941,325,219,777 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
There is a growing interest\cite{list} on the subject of non-extensive
thermodynamics introduced ten years ago by
Tsallis \cite{CONSTANTINO88}, by means of the entropy
\begin{equation}
S_{q}= \frac{1 - \sum_{i = 1}^{W}p_{i}^{q}}{q-1}.
\label{entropy}
\end{equation}
Note that this entropy is... |
1,941,325,219,778 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Complex iridium oxides recently emerged as a novel playground for correlated electron physics where strong spin-orbit coupling of 5$d$ Ir, comparable to its modest Coulomb $U$, plays a critical role to produce unprecedented electronic phases. A notable example is the spin-orbital Mott state w... |
1,941,325,219,779 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Document layout analysis (DLA) task usually uses semantic segmentation technology to divide images, tables, text, and background in the document layout into different areas, and DLA is a pixel-level classification. DLA plays an important role in document content understanding a... |
1,941,325,219,780 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
The study of the Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and especially the
Dichotomy Conjecture triggered a wave of research in universal algebra, as it
turns out that the algebraic approach to the CSP developed in
\cite{Bulatov05:classifying,Jeavons97:closure}
is the m... |
1,941,325,219,781 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introdution}
The ability to learn and transmit cultural symbol systems is central to human intelligence. From phonemes in words, to notes in a melody or the lines of a diagram, these systems rely on \textit{combinatorial structure}, reusing elements to compose new concepts.
People lea... |
1,941,325,219,782 | arxiv | \section{Additional Experiment Results}
\subsection{Additional experiment details}
\paragraph{Dataset collection}
For each environment, we collect five datasets: \{no-noise, eps-0.1, eps-0.3, gauss-0.1, gauss-0.3\} using a partially trained policy $\pi$. Each dataset contains 1 million transitions. Different datasets... |
1,941,325,219,783 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is well known that phase space representations of quantum mechanics
are powerful tools for studying the correspondence between the density
operator and classical distributions in phase space.
The several choices of representation are partially distinguished
by the different ways they high... |
1,941,325,219,784 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
J.K was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement for Young Scientists from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan.
|
1,941,325,219,785 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A normal subset of a finite group $H$ is defined to be any union of conjugacy classes of $H$. A normal subset is called trivial if it is equal to the identity. A well-known theorem of Liebeck and Shalev \cite[Theorem 1.1]{LS} is that there is a constant $c$ such that whenever $S$ is a non-triv... |
1,941,325,219,786 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Dynamic behavior of deforming porous media is significant problem in engineering and science \cite{zienkiewicz1999computational, lewis1998finite}. A fully coupled dynamic analysis of porous media is essential in earthquake engineering (soil liquefaction), geo-hazard engineering (dynamics landsli... |
1,941,325,219,787 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Novel categories of objects arise dynamically in nature. It is estimated that around 8000 species of animals and plants are discovered every year~\cite{numObj}.
However, current recognition models are quite incapable of handling this dynamic scenario when labeled examples of novel categories ... |
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