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1,108,101,562,615 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum CSS stabilizer codes\cite{css} can be understood in terms of homology\cite{csshomology1,csshomology2,csshomology3}, and different manifolds provide a rich source of
different codes. The two-dimensional toric code\cite{csshomology1,csshomology2} and four-dimensional toric code\cite{4dtoric... |
1,108,101,562,616 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Holographic principle in modern physics has been introduced as the fundamental property of quantum gravity, which was speculated on the basis of the area nature of the black hole entropy. After its concrete realization in the form of the AdS/CFT correspondence, it becomes one of main research ar... |
1,108,101,562,617 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the interesting achievements in the field of cold atomic gases is the realization of Fermi-Bose mixtures.
For example, in Ref.\,\cite{Schreck2001} the first observation of a mixture of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a
Fermi sea was reported. An interesting possibility is that where both c... |
1,108,101,562,618 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\par Let ${\mathcal P}_n$ be the space of all polynomials on the
complex plane ${\Bbb C}$ whose degree is at most $n$. Let
${\mathcal R}_{nm}$ be the space of rational functions
$R_{nm}=P_n/Q_m$ where $P_n\in{\mathcal P}_n$ and $Q_m\in{\mathcal
P}_m$.
\par If $f$ is a function on a compact set $K... |
1,108,101,562,619 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Flattening is a crucial operation in computer vision,
converting a multi-dimensional feature map or image into one dimensional vector.
In deep learning, when needing extract semantics from the learned feature maps or tokens,
we flatten these high-dimensional inputs into a vector of high-level r... |
1,108,101,562,620 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{remmorepictures}
\subsection{Historical background}
The notion of heat kernel has a long history. The oldest and the best-known
heat kernel is the Gauss--Weierstrass function
\[
p_{t}( x,y) =\frac{1}{( 4\pi t) ^{n/2}}\exp
\biggl(
\frac{\vert x-y\vert^{2}}{4t}\biggr) ,
\]
wher... |
1,108,101,562,621 | arxiv | \section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{iopart-num}
|
1,108,101,562,622 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Solvable lattice models, which originate from statistical physics, have been playing an important role in various areas of mathematics and mathematical physics, including algebraic combinatorics (e.g. \cite{BBBG,BSW,Kup,Kup2,WZ}), quantum field theory (e.g. \cite{Bax3,BPZ,DMS}), and integrable p... |
1,108,101,562,623 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conc}
In this paper, we have advocated the TIIS mission for quick
realization of ideas as working systems and the modernization of our
techniques and tools to better support programming in the coming
decades. Given the ubiquity of connected computer systems --- mostly
in the form of s... |
1,108,101,562,624 | arxiv | \section{Old Introduction}
\begin{acks}
We thank Dr Maria Angela Ferrario for her comments on an early version of this paper, and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback.
\end{acks}
\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}
\s... |
1,108,101,562,625 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec_intro}
The origin of Phobos and Deimos is intensively debated in recent years. Historically, a capture of a passing D-type asteroid, i.e., the capture hypothesis, has been motivated due to spectral similarities to those of the moons \citep{Bur92,Mur91}. Alternatively, a giant impact on... |
1,108,101,562,626 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $F\subset {\overline{\mathbb Q}}$ be a totally real number field, let $D$ be a quaternion algebra over $F$ and let $G/F$ be the algebraic group $D^*/F^*$. Let $d$ be the number of archimedean places of $F$ where $D$ is unramified and let ${\mathfrak p}$ be a fixed
nonarchimedean place of $F... |
1,108,101,562,627 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For a long time, discussion of the role of black holes in globular
clusters has been dominated by the theme of intermediate-mass black
holes. While no-one would doubt that stellar-mass black holes once
existed in these objects, one reason for their neglect is a
long-standing theoretical predic... |
1,108,101,562,628 | arxiv | |
1,108,101,562,629 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment is a proof-of-principle plasma wakefield accelerator with demonstrated energy gains for \SI{\sim1}{\pico\coulomb} electron bunches of up to \SI{2}{GeV} over \SI{10}{\metre} of rubidium plasma \cite{Adli2018}, using proton bunches from the SPS at CERN as a... |
1,108,101,562,630 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:1}
\indent\indent The spectral properties of quasars in ultraviolet-optical range have been a subject of a number of studies. The smooth part (continuum) of this UV bump, called the ``Big Blue Bump'', is traditionally considered to be thermal emission from an accretion disk, while the e... |
1,108,101,562,631 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For many years, scientists have used machine learning (ML) to decode and understand human brain activity in response to visual stimuli. The great progress of deep neural networks (DNNs) in the last decade has provided researchers with powerful tools and a large number of unexplored opportunities ... |
1,108,101,562,632 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Magnetic shape-memory alloys have drawn much attention in recent
years owing to their unique magnetomechanical properties such as
magnetic shape-memory \cite{OHandley98} and the magnetic
superelasticity \cite{Krenke07}. These properties are a
consequence of a strong coupling between magnetic and... |
1,108,101,562,633 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The interest in exotic theories beyond the Standard Model (SM) has been increasing over the past few decades. Among the motivations is the exploration of a phenomena not explainable either by General Relativity or Quantum Field Theory, as ... |
1,108,101,562,634 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In order to describe the automorphisms of a finite group
we often begin by locating a characteristic series from which
the automorphisms can be determined by a recursive process.
This thinking is also used in group-isomorphism tests and classification,
as seen in early work by Fitting and Hall ... |
1,108,101,562,635 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The purpose of the present note is to clarify an issue arising in
the study of compactifications of type I and heterotic string
theories. Such compactifications are specified by the choice of
an internal manifold, $X$, and of a gauge bundle over $X$
suitably embedded in $Spin(32)/{\ma... |
1,108,101,562,636 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, compelling dynamical evidence has indicated that supermassive
black holes (SMBHs) are ubiquitous in galactic nuclei (e.g., Ferrarese \& Ford 2005).
According to the standard modern theory of cosmological structure formation, the Cold Dark
Matter (CDM) paradigm (e.g., Blumenth... |
1,108,101,562,637 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The idea of compressing a teacher model into a smaller student model one by matching the predictions of the teacher was introduced by \citet{Caruana2006model}. After training the teacher, they performed the transfer on new, unlabelled data by minimizing the squared difference between the logits ... |
1,108,101,562,638 | arxiv | \section{#1}}
\newcommand{\col}[2]{\left(\begin{array}{c} #1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right)}
\newcommand{\fl}[1]{ \lfloor #1 \rfloor }
\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\vert #1 \rangle}
\renewcommand{\mod}[1]{\ (\mathrm{mod}\ #1)}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\M{\mathcal{M}}
\def\Im{\mathop{\mathrm Im ... |
1,108,101,562,639 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) {\em with qubits}\cite{BB84} is known to
be secure\cite{Mayers96,LC98,bbbmr,sp00,gl03}, and the security proofs are based on what are called information-vs.-disturbance results. The basic QKD protocol involves the following steps: Alice transmits one of four p... |
1,108,101,562,640 | arxiv |
\section{0pt}{12pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}
\titlespacing\subsection{0pt}{10pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}
\titlespacing\subsubsection{0pt}{8pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}{1pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}
\title{Automatic normal orientation in point clouds of building interiors}
\usepackage{auth... |
1,108,101,562,641 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this article we study $\mathbb{R}^d$-valued \textit{Stochastic Differential Equation}s (SDE) whose dynamics are confined to a subset $\mathcal{D} \subset \mathbb{R}^d$, namely, the solution $X_t$ is repelled away from the boundary $\partial \mathcal{D}$ by a reflection mechanism defined in t... |
1,108,101,562,642 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There have been extensive studies on vortex ordering and pinning
for superconductors with periodic arrays of pinning sites
where the arrays have square or triangular order.
In these systems the critical current or the force needed
to depin the vortices passes through maxima due to commensurati... |
1,108,101,562,643 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{one}
\noindent The conceptual basis of Quantum Mechanics has been the subject of heated debates since the beginning of the theory until these days. The EPR \cite{EPR} and Bohm \cite{Bohm} thought experiments set the context of the discussion on the nature of the physical reality, as unders... |
1,108,101,562,644 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is finding several applications in 3D visualization and quantification of the distribution of molecular target within biological tissue\cite{ntziachristos2006fluorescence}.
In particular, FMT has received substantial interest in small animal imaging for app... |
1,108,101,562,645 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Review}
\label{sec:Introduction}
The last few years have seen a remarkable resurgence of interest in an old approach to Conformal Field Theory (CFT), the conformal bootstrap \cite{Polyakov:1974gs, Belavin:1984vu}, with a great deal of progress leading to new results of phenomenological \cite{... |
1,108,101,562,646 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As well known, Bell's inequality implies that the correlations between the outcomes of measurements performed on far away quantum systems in entangled states exhibit an irreducible and unavoidable nonlocal nature. Obviously, such nonlocal correlations might, in principle, give rise to a con... |
1,108,101,562,647 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years we have started to appreciate that the outer banks of
galaxies contain valuable information about the formation process of
galaxies. In hierarchical galaxy formation the stellar halos and thick
disks of galaxies are formed by accretion of minor satellites,
predominantly in the ea... |
1,108,101,562,648 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum topology began in 1984 with the definition of the Jones polynomial \cite{Jo}, a knot invariant that Witten later retrieved in the Chern-Simons quantum field theory on the three-sphere with gauge group $SU(2)$ \cite{Wi}. Following Witten's intuitions from physics, several Topological Qua... |
1,108,101,562,649 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The recent past has seen a new interest on exactly marginal deformations of
${\cal N}=4$ SYM theory preserving ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry \cite{LS},
in particular after the supergravity duals of the so--called
$\beta$-deformations of ${\cal N}=4$ $SU(N)$ SYM theory have been found by
Lunin a... |
1,108,101,562,650 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent What happens when a quantum system interacts with a classical measuring apparatus? Why is it that the wave function collapses from being in a superposition of the eigenstates of the measured observable, to being in just one of those states, in violation of the linear superposition pri... |
1,108,101,562,651 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}
Many inverse problems are known to be severely ill-posed. This makes it extremely difficult to design reliable reconstruction algorithms and dramatically restricts their resolution in practice. However, in some cases, it has been observed numerically that the stability increases with respect ... |
1,108,101,562,652 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple undirected graph with vertex set
$V=V(G)=\{v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n\}$ and edge set
$E=E(G)$.
The {\it adjacency matrix} of $G$ is
defined as the matrix $A(G)=[a_{ij}]$ of order $n$, where
$a_{ij}=1$ if $v_{i}$ is adjacent to $v_{j}$, and $a_{ij}=0$
otherwise.
The {\i... |
1,108,101,562,653 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Galaxies at $z > 1$ typically have velocity dispersions greater than nearby galaxies \citep{Kassin2012,Wisnioski2015,Johnson2018,Ubler2019}. While observations of galaxies at $z > 1$ reveal a significant proportion of galaxies with velocity dispersions in the range 50 -- 100 km... |
1,108,101,562,654 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Anisotropic materials have properties that vary with respect to different spatial directions. Such feature is preferred in many applications, for instance, when the intended use is to carry loading that requires different stiffness and strength in different directions. While many materials might ... |
1,108,101,562,655 | arxiv | \section{Introduction - the Cantor set and regular star-polygonal attractors}
A classic example of a strictly self-similar fractal that can be constructed by Iterated Function System is the Cantor Set \cite{Mandelbrot_1982}.
Let us have the interval $E=[-1,1]$ and the contracting maps $S_1,S_2:$ $\mathbb{R}\to \mathb... |
1,108,101,562,656 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For a smooth projective variety $X$ over $\mathbb{C}$, let $A^i(X):=CH^i(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}$ denote the Chow groups (i.e. the groups of codimension $i$ algebraic cycles on $X$ with $\mathbb{Q}$-coefficients, modulo rational equivalence).
The domain of algebraic cycles is an alluring treasure... |
1,108,101,562,657 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this short note we shall sketch a particular first-principles approach to the structure of a physical description of nature. That is, we shall outline the development of a system of mathematical objects together with specifications of how these objects relate to nature in principle. This is t... |
1,108,101,562,658 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
\input{intro.tex}
\section{Key insights from PAC Generalization Bound by Vapnik and Chervonenkis\label{sec:bg-1}}
\input{vc.tex}
\section{Bayesian Optimization\label{sec:bg}}
\input{bg.tex}
\section{HyperTune - A Learning Theory based Hyperparameter Tuning Framework}
\inpu... |
1,108,101,562,659 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thanks E.~Reya and T.~Gehrmann for carefully reading the manuscript and useful discussions, S.~Kretzer for code, and S.~Alekhin and D.~de Florian for providing the acceptance corrections and the nuclear corrections respectively. This work has been supported in part by the `... |
1,108,101,562,660 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We acknowledge stimulating discussions with Richard Pausch and Dominik Kraus, and helpful comments by Michael Bussmann.
This work was partly funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) which is financed by Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by t... |
1,108,101,562,661 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Neutral hydrogen in the distant Universe}
Almost all our current knowledge about the amount and distribution of neutral hydrogen (HI) beyond the local (redshift $z\lesssim0.2$) Universe comes from optical studies of QSO absorption lines. The strongest of these lines, the Damped Lyman... |
1,108,101,562,662 | arxiv |
\subsubsection*{Lagrange multiplier terms}
In Section~\ref{secno:FrameB} we described a formulation of Einstein-Cartan gravitation with one field $\varpi$ which is defined over the frame bundle of spacetime.
The idea of the model proposed by Hélein and Vey in \cite{LFB} is to forget any a priori structure of frame bu... |
1,108,101,562,663 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
With the detection of solar-like oscillation in thousands of red giant stars, {\it Kepler} and CoRoT missions have opened the way to the derivation of basic stellar properties such as mass and age even for single stars located at distances of several kiloparsecs \citep[e.g.][and... |
1,108,101,562,664 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
During the last decade much work has been devoted to quantum plasmas, see
e.g. Refs. \citep{Haas-book,Manfredi,Shukla-Eliasson,Shukla-Eliasson-RMP,glenzer-redmer} and
references therein. Laboratory applications include quantum wells \citep%
{Manfredi-quantum-well}, spintronics \citep{Spintronics}... |
1,108,101,562,665 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In 1918 Hermann Weyl introduced, what is now known as Weyl geometries \cite{Weyl1918}. He observed that the Riemann curvature has a conformally invariant component $C\tensor{ij}{k}{l}$, which he referred to as the conformal curvature. In \cite{Weyl1921} Weyl discussed both conformal and projecti... |
1,108,101,562,666 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The dominant X-ray radiation mechanism in accreting black holes is
commonly thought to be inverse Compton scattering of low energy
photons by a cloud of hot ($T\sim 10^{8} - 10^{9}~K$) electron plasma
near the black hole \citep{st80}. The physical geometry
of the coronal plasma responsible fo... |
1,108,101,562,667 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An important part of our knowledge on the electronic properties
of graphene, which consist of a two-dimensional (2D) lattice of carbon atoms,%
\cite{CG09} can be deduced from optical spectroscopy measurements
(for recent reviews see Refs. \onlinecite{P10,OP10}). Infrared
spectroscopy experiments... |
1,108,101,562,668 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Background}\label{sec:introduction}
Generalizing the classical Laplace operator, Laplace-type operators have been
defined for functions on various geometric structures, including domains in
Euclidean space or on Riemannian manifolds, and graphs. From their spectra,
one can usually extract im... |
1,108,101,562,669 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The central object of study in this article is the following conjecture.
\begin{conj}[Andr\'e-Pink-Zannier] \label{APZ}
Let $S$ be a Shimura variety and $\Sigma$ a subset of
a generalised Hecke orbit in $S$ (as in~\cite[\S3]{RY}). Then the irreducible components of the Zariski closure of
$\Sig... |
1,108,101,562,670 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A key challenge in the molecular simulation of soft matter is posed by the separation of length-scales between its microscopic description and the existence or emergence of mesoscopic structure.
In such cases, one often relies on coarse-grained (CG) descriptions of the system that (approximately... |
1,108,101,562,671 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1intro}Introduction}
Germanium telluride (GeTe) is a metal chalcogenide that exhibits three structural phases at room temperature and one phase at high temperature.\cite{Schlieper1999,Bletskan2005} The room-temperature phases are amorphous GeTe and crystalline rhombohedrally distorted $\alpha$... |
1,108,101,562,672 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been received considerable attention owing to the property that it can programmably change the propagation characteristic of the signal~\cite{9140329}.
When it comes to millimeter-wave communications, RIS can make the signal bypass the blockage by refl... |
1,108,101,562,673 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Intro} \numberwithin{equation}{section}
The motion of a three-dimensional (3D) compressible
viscous fluid without heat conductivity in the presence of a uniform gravitational field in a
bounded domain $\Omega\subset {\mathbb R}^3$ with smooth boundary is governed by the following
Navier-... |
1,108,101,562,674 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Last few decades,
the phase structure of QCD has
been one of the main concerns regarding the physics of strong
interaction.
For the baryon chemical potential lower than the nucleon mass minus
binding energy per baryon in nuclei, the phase realized in nature is
the QCD vacuum where the chiral s... |
1,108,101,562,675 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
The authors acknowledge K. Ishii and K. Tomiyasu for their useful remarks. The experiments at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at J-PARC were performed under a user program (Proposal No. 2013A0052). M.F. is supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (16H02125... |
1,108,101,562,676 | arxiv | \section{Classification Framework Generalization}
\label{app: binary}
While outside the scope of our work, we note that there are two natural ways to extend our approach to a multiclass setting with one sensitive class. Let $\classes = \{1,2,\dots,c\}$, with \cs~being the sensitive class for which we aim to generate c... |
1,108,101,562,677 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}}
Quantum coherences are at the heart of many nonlinear and quantum optical phenomena. They are responsible for the appearance of such effects as coherent population trapping \cite{Arimondo1996}, electromagnetically induced transparency \cite{Fleischhauer2005}, extremely ... |
1,108,101,562,678 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of lattice quantum spin systems is a difficult problem.
These systems are important in condensed matter physics since they can describe strongly correlated electrons. At present,
the domain of applicability of the existing analytical methods able to analyze them is still very restrict... |
1,108,101,562,679 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{section1}}
Let $p$ be a prime, $\mathbf{Q}_{p}$ the $p$-adic number field and $\mathrm
SL}_{n}(\mathbf{Q}_{p})$ the special linear group. It is well-known that
\mathrm{SL}_{n}(\mathbf{Q}_{p})$ acts without fixed points on the affine
building $X,$ which is an $(n-1)$-dimensional $\mathrm... |
1,108,101,562,680 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main result}
Let $n \geq 1$. Denote by $\mathbb{T}^n=\mathbb{R}^n/\mathbb{Z}^n$ the $n$-dimensional torus. For $c \in \mathbb{R}$, consider the Hamilton-Jacobi equation
\begin{equation*}
H(x,Du(x))=c \quad (E_0)
\end{equation*}
where the Hamiltonian $H: \mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{R}^n \righta... |
1,108,101,562,681 | arxiv | \section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
|
1,108,101,562,682 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The distribution of charmonium states in $B$ meson decays is of special
interest, because it provides a testing ground for color suppression
in $B$ decays already attainable in the present experiments. At the $b$ mass
scale, a leading order calculation generates
a consistent pattern of color sup... |
1,108,101,562,683 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Inflation gives an elegant explanation for observations of the early universe and is a part of the standard model of cosmology. However, what causes inflation has not been revealed and various models of inflation have been proposed. Among these models, the axion inflation is well motivated, bec... |
1,108,101,562,684 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Modern text-to-speech (TTS) models can learn pronunciations from raw text input and its corresponding audio data, but in languages such as English, phonemes provide more precise pronunciation information than graphemes. As a result, many TTS systems use phonemic input during tr... |
1,108,101,562,685 | arxiv | \section*{Figures captions}
Figure~\ref{fig1tem}. A typical TEM dark field image of the UFG 1570 alloy with a corresponding SAED (a), a bright field image (b) and a grain size distribution (c)
Figure~\ref{fig2mech}. Engineering stress-strain curves for 1570 and 7475 alloys in UFG and coarse--grained states
Figure~\re... |
1,108,101,562,686 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Dense 3D shape acquisition of swimming human or live fish is an important
research topic for sports, biological science and so on.
Passive stereo is a common solution for capturing 3D shapes because
of its advantage on simplicity; \ie, it only requires two cameras.
In add... |
1,108,101,562,687 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}
\indent\par
A complete Riemannian manifold $(M^n,g,f)$ is called a gradient Ricci soliton if there exists a smooth function $f$ on $M^n$ such that the Ricci tensor $Ric$ of the metric $g$ satisfies the equation
\begin{equation}
Ric+\... |
1,108,101,562,688 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Active inference \citep{friston_active_2012}, and a range of other formalisms usually referred to as intrinsic motivations \citep{storck_reinforcement_1995,klyubin_empowerment_2005,ay_predictive_2008}, all aim to answer a similar question: “Under minimal assumptions, how should an agent act?”. Mo... |
1,108,101,562,689 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding natural language requires the ability to pay attention to the most relevant information. For example, people tend to focus on the most relevant segments to search for the answers to their questions in mind during reading. However, retrieving problems may occur if irrelevant segmen... |
1,108,101,562,690 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The world we live in today is very diverse, with over 7,000+ languages spoken across the globe\footnote{\url{https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages}}. These languages have varying traits and are spoken by communities of various sizes depending upon the popularity of the language. Fo... |
1,108,101,562,691 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Machine learning techniques have been extensively used in high energy physics data analysis over the past few decades \cite{Bhat2011}. Especially supervised, multivariate classification algorithms, such as neural networks and boosted decision trees, have become commonplace in state-of-the-art ph... |
1,108,101,562,692 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
If a significant primordial gravitational wave signal is detected in any near-future experiment, it will imply that the inflaton traversed a distance in field space larger than $M_{\rm Pl}$. This is the famous Lyth bound~\cite{Lyth:1996im} (for further refinements, see~\cite{Easther:2006qu,Bauma... |
1,108,101,562,693 | arxiv | \section{Introduction: BH accretion, the low
luminosity AGN, and X-ray emission}
Understanding the nuclear activity in nearby galaxies is essential for
constraining the galaxy formation and evolution process. While
energetically unimpressive, the nearby galactic
nuclei offer the best case scenario for (1) the most ... |
1,108,101,562,694 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Evolutionary computing relies on the evolution of candidate solutions over a finite number of generations to obtain accurate solutions for complex optimization problems. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), among other Bio-inspired algorithms (BAs), have been applied ... |
1,108,101,562,695 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s.intro}
Some instances of functional calculi are as old as modern mathematics.
The very concept of a functional calculus, however, even nowadays
still remains partly heuristic, with no definitive and widely accepted
precise mathematical definition. One reason for this situation
lies in... |
1,108,101,562,696 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Gaia mission \citep{2016A&A...595A...1G} and second Data Release 2 (GDR2)
\citep{2018A&A...616A...1G}
have provided positions, parallaxes, proper motions, and three photometric bands for 1.3\,billion sources across the sky. It also provided effective temperatures, luminosities, extinctions, ... |
1,108,101,562,697 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The subject of chirality is ubiquitous in many branches of physics. It plays a prominent role in the understanding of many physical systems, in particular magnetic systems. Recently, the influence of spin chirality in magnon excitations of ordered quantum magnetic materials has attracted consid... |
1,108,101,562,698 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Background}
Autonomous vehicles have been gaining popularity in the recent times and have also been successfully deployed in the field. Waymo, for instance, has launched their self-driving ride sharing service, which is the first to provide fully self-driving experience to the public.... |
1,108,101,562,699 | arxiv | \section{GRAPHICAL CAUSAL MODELS}\label{sec:graphical_models}
In graphical causal models, the causal relations among random variables are described via a directed acyclic graph (DAG) $G$, where the expression $X_i \rightarrow X_j$ means that $X_i$ influences $X_j$ 'directly' in the sense that intervening on $X_i$ chan... |
1,108,101,562,700 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
The properties of dark matter (DM), which is believed to be mostly
cold and collisionless, have been extensively explored in dynamical
simulations. A much touted result from these simulations is the
``universal'' density profile (Navarro, Frenk, \& White 1997,
her... |
1,108,101,562,701 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-14pt}
Since the twistor string formulation of scattering amplitudes in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills \cite{Witten:2003nn, Roiban:2004vt, Roiban:2004yf}, much effort has been expended in developing worldsheet approaches to scattering amplitudes in more general quantum field theories. A... |
1,108,101,562,702 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) \cite{epr} believed that the
results of measurements on a local subsystem of a composite physical
system which can be predicted with certainty would be determined by
the local variables of the subsystems. However, the violation of
Bell inequality \cite{bel... |
1,108,101,562,703 | arxiv |
\section{Acknowledgement}\label{sec:acknowledgement}
This work was partly funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) through the project DeepRUL (Project ID: 871357).
\section{Background}\label{sec:background}
\subsection{Plasma Etching}
Semiconductor device production aims to create structures with s... |
1,108,101,562,704 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Axial algebras are a new class of non-associative algebras introduced
recently by Hall, Rehren and Shpectorov \cite{Axial1} as a broad
generalization of the class of Majorana algebras of Ivanov \cite{I09}.
The key features of these algebras came from the theory of vertex
operator algebra... |
1,108,101,562,705 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Machine learning (ML) and data-science are evolving as a multi-disciplinary field, comprising of software engineering on one end and domain-specific knowledge on the other.
The ML community has largely adopted Jupyter notebook\xspace{}s as the de-facto standard for developing ML... |
1,108,101,562,706 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Block copolymer (BCP) melts can self assemble into well-ordered mesophases\cite{bates_block_1999,bates_block_1990,bates_fluctuations_1994,matsen_unifying_1996}, which are repeated periodically with a domain size $H_0$, typically of the order of $1-300$ nm \cite{hashimoto_domain-boundary_1980}.
... |
1,108,101,562,707 | arxiv | \section{}
\end{document}
|
1,108,101,562,708 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the Bayesian paradigm for presenting forensic evidence to court, it is recommended that the weight of the evidence be summarized as a \emph{likelihood ratio} (LR) between two opposing hypotheses of how the evidence could have been produced. Such LRs are necessarily based on probabilistic mode... |
1,108,101,562,709 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Szemer\'edi's regularity lemma \cite{Sz76} gives a rough structural
decomposition for all graphs and is one of the most powerful tools in
graph theory. A major drawback of the regularity lemma is that the number
of parts in the decomposition grows as an exponential tower o... |
1,108,101,562,710 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The presence of polycyclic aromatic molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM) is established by the ubiquitous observations of the unidentified infrared (UIR) emission bands at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, 12.7 and 16.4 $\mu \rm m$ (3030, 1610, 1280, 1150, 885, 787 and 609 cm$^{-1}$) towards variou... |
1,108,101,562,711 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) allows information to be relayed
through magnetic nuclei in a non-destructive and powerful
approach to structural elucidation. It is a fundamental tool in a
broad range of scientific disciplines and is a cornerstone
of modern spectroscopy. NMR spectra yield a w... |
1,108,101,562,712 | arxiv | \section*{Key points/Objectives}
\begin{itemize}
\item Theoretical foundation of density functional theory is reviewed.
\item Relations to experimentally observable quantities are highlighted.
\item Modern applications of density functional theory are introduced.
\end{itemize}
\section{Introduction} \labe... |
1,108,101,562,713 | arxiv | \section{Fast Neural Dynamics vs.\ Slow Adaption Processes}
Complex dynamical systems are often characterized by a
variety of timescales and the brain is no exception
here \cite{izhikevich2007dynamical,gros2013complex}. It
has been observed that the neural dynamics is contingent,
for time scales ranging from hundr... |
1,108,101,562,714 | arxiv | \section{1. Introduction}
Deep learning is developing rapidly in many areas of Natural Language Understanding. While the deep learning requires a large amount of data to ensure the generalization of the model. For example, in the famous pre-trained language model ''BERT'' \cite{devlin-etal-2019-bert} where Google provi... |
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